Mainly modular computer organization presentation. Backbone-modular principle of computer construction
BACKGROUND-MODULAR COMPUTER DEVICE Information highway (bus) Input devices Output devices Long-term memory The architecture of modern PCs is based on the backbone modular principle: building a computer from functional blocks interacting through common channel(channels) – buses. The bus includes three multi-bit buses: a data bus, an address bus and a control bus, which are multi-wire lines. Data bus (8, 16, 32, 64 bits) Address bus (16, 20, 24, 32, 36, 64 bits) Control bus Controllers RAM Processor Controllers
BACKGROUND-MODULAR COMPUTER DEVICE Information highway (bus) Input devices Output devices Long-term memory Data bus. This bus transfers data between various devices. The data bus width is determined by the processor capacity, i.e. the number of binary bits that the processor processes in one clock cycle. Data bus (8, 16, 32, 64 bits) Address bus (16, 20, 24, 32, 36, 64 bits) Control bus Controllers RAM Processor Controllers
BACKGROUND-MODULAR COMPUTER DEVICE Information highway (bus) Input devices Output devices Long-term memory Address bus. Each device or RAM cell has its own address. The address is transmitted along the address bus from the processor to the RAM and devices. The address bus width is determined by the amount of addressable memory. The number of addressable cells can be calculated using the formula: N = 2 I, where I is the address bus width. N = 2 64 cells. Data bus (8, 16, 32, 64 bits) Address bus (16, 20, 24, 32, 36, 64 bits) Control bus Controllers RAM Processor Controllers
BACKGROUND-MODULAR COMPUTER DEVICE Information highway (bus) Input devices Output devices Long-term memory Control bus. The control bus transmits signals that determine the nature of information exchange along the highway. Control signals determine what operation - reading or writing information from memory - needs to be performed, synchronize the exchange of information between devices, etc. Data bus (8, 16, 32, 64 bits) Address bus (16, 20, 24, 32, 36, 64 bits) Control bus Controllers RAM Processor Controllers
LOGICAL DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM BOARD North bridge Processor South bridge RAM Memory bus PCI Express AGP Monitor Projector Video card SATA PATA Hard drives CD drives DVD drives USB PCI Network card Internal modem Network wifi adapter Sound card Printer Scanner Digital camera Web camera PS/2 modem Keyboard Mouse Digital video cameras IEEE 1394 Sound chip Microphone Speakers Headphones
Throughput The performance of the device depends on clock frequency clock generator (measured in MHz) and bit depth, i.e. the number of bits of data that a device can process or transmit simultaneously (measured in bits). Additionally, the devices use internal frequency multiplication with different coefficients. The data bus bandwidth (measured in bits/s) is equal to the product of the bus width (measured in bits) and the bus frequency (measured in Hz = 1/s). Bus Bandwidth = Bus Width × Bus Frequency
NORTH AND SOUTH BRIDGE To match the clock frequency and bit capacity of devices on system board special chips are installed (their set is called a chipset), which includes a RAM and video memory controller (the so-called north bridge) and a peripheral device controller (south bridge)
PROCESSOR FREQUENCY The Northbridge provides data exchange with the processor, RAM and video memory. The processor frequency is several times higher than base frequency highways (FSB bus - from the English FrontSide Bus). If the FSB frequency is 266 MHz, the frequency multiplication factor is 14, then the processor frequency will be equal to: 266 MHz × 14 3.7 GHz
SYSTEM BUS Between the northbridge and the processor, data is transferred via the system bus at a frequency four times higher than the FSB bus frequency, i.e. The processor can receive and transmit data at a frequency of 266 MHz × 4 = 1064 MHz. Since the bit depth system bus equal to the processor bit capacity (64 bits), then the system bus bandwidth is equal to: 64 Bit × 1064 MHz = Mbit/s 66 Gbit/s 8 GB/s
MEMORY BUS Data exchange between the processor and RAM is carried out via the memory bus, the frequency of which may be lower than the processor bus frequency. If the memory bus frequency is 533 MHz, and the memory bus width equal to the processor bit width is 64 bits, then the memory bus bandwidth is: 64 Bits × 533 MHz = Mbit/s 33 Gbit/s 4 GB/s
AGP AND PCI Express BUS To connect the video card to the northbridge, a 32-bit AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port) bus with a frequency of 66 MHz or an AGP×8 bus, the frequency of which is 66 MHz × 8 = 528 MHz, is used. The video data bus capacity of AGP×8 is: 32 Bit × 528 MHz = Mbps 16.5 Gbps 2 GB/s. Higher throughput has a PCI Express bus - an accelerated bus for the interaction of peripheral devices. A monitor or projector is connected to the video card using an analog VGA connector or a digital DVI connector. AGP×8
PCI BUS The PCI bus (peripheral device interaction bus) provides information exchange with peripheral device controllers ( LAN card, built-in modem, network adapter Wi-Fi), which are installed in the expansion slots of the motherboard. Bit depth PCI buses can be 32 bits or 64 bits, and the frequency is 33 MHz or 66 MHz. The maximum PCI bus bandwidth is: 64 Bit × 66 MHz = 4224 Mbit/s = 528 MB/s.
ATA BUS On the ATA bus to south bridge devices are connected external memory (hard disks, CD and DVD drives). The data transfer speed on the parallel PATA bus (Parallel ATA) reaches 133 MB/s, and on the serial SATA bus (Serial ATA) – 300 MB/s.
USB BUS The USB bus (Universal Serial Bus) provides connection to the computer simultaneously of several peripheral devices (printer, scanner, digital camera, Web camera, modem, etc.). This bus has a throughput of up to 60 MB/s. USB port
Sound A microcircuit integrated into the system board can be connected to the south bridge, which provides processing digital audio(this function can also be performed sound card, which connects to the PCI bus). Audio connectors can be used to connect a microphone, speakers, or headphones to the motherboard. Audio connectors
SYSTEM BOARD TESTING Memory bus bandwidth = 64 bits × 199.9 MHz Mbps 1600 MB/s 1.5 GB/s
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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Objectives: to help you understand the backbone-modular principle of building a computer; give the basic concepts necessary to start working on a computer; cultivate information culture, attentiveness, accuracy, discipline, perseverance; develop cognitive interests, self-control, and note-taking skills. Lesson No. 26-27 backbone modular principle of computer construction
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Processing data on a computer The user launches a program stored in long-term memory, it is loaded into operational memory and begins to execute. Execution: The processor reads the instructions and executes them. The necessary data is loaded into RAM from long-term memory or entered using input devices. The output (received) data is written by the processor into RAM or long-term memory, and is also provided to the user using information output devices. Lesson No. 26-27 backbone modular principle of computer construction
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Architecture computer Von Neumann Lesson No. 26-27 backbone modular principle of computer construction
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Data and programs Lesson No. 26-27 backbone modular principle of computer construction Information presented in digital form and processed on a computer is called data. The sequence of commands that a computer executes while processing data is called a program.
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Computer design diagram Lesson No. 26-27 backbone modular principle of computer construction
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Backbone-modular design of a computer Lesson No. 26-27 backbone-modular principle of computer construction To ensure information exchange between various devices, some kind of backbone must be provided to move information flows. Processor Data processing Random access memory Data and program storage Input devices Data input Output devices Data output Long-term memory Data and program storage Network devices
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Backbone-modular design of a computer Lesson No. 26-27 backbone-modular principle of computer construction To ensure information exchange between various devices, some kind of backbone must be provided to move information flows. Highway Data bus Address bus Control bus Processor Data processing Random access memory Data and program storage Input devices Data input Output devices Data output Long-term memory Data and program storage Network devices
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The backbone (system bus) includes: Data bus; Address bus; Control bus. Simplified, the system bus can be thought of as a group of cables and electrical (current-carrying) lines on the system board. The processor and RAM, as well as peripheral input, output and information storage devices that exchange information on machine language(sequences of zeros and ones in the form of electrical impulses). Lesson No. 26-27 backbone modular principle of computer construction
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Data bus Lesson No. 26-27 backbone modular principle of computer construction This bus transmits data between various devices. For example, data read from RAM may be sent to the processor for processing and then sent back for storage. Thus, data on the data bus can be transferred from device to device in any direction. The data bus width is determined by the processor, i.e. the number of binary bits that can be processed by the processor simultaneously. The capacity of processors is constantly increasing as computer technology develops.
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Lesson No. 26-27 backbone modular principle of computer construction The processor selects the device or memory cell where data is sent or from where data is read via the data bus. Each device or memory cell has its own address. The address is passed along the address bus from the processor to memory or devices. The width of the address bus determines the amount of addressable memory. Address bus
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The control bus transmits signals that determine the nature of information exchange along the highway. The signals indicate what operation - reading or writing information - needs to be performed, synchronize data exchange, etc. Lesson No. 26-27 backbone modular principle of computer construction Control bus
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Lesson No. 26-27 main modular principle of computer construction The modular principle allows the consumer to complete the computer configuration he needs and, if necessary, upgrade it. Each individual computer function is implemented by one or more modules - structurally and functionally complete electronic units in a standard design. Organizing a computer structure on a modular basis is similar to building a block house. The main modules of a computer are memory and processor. The processor is a device work manager all computer blocks. The processor's actions are determined by program commands stored in memory. Thanks to the use of the above principle, it becomes possible to create a wide variety of products from one set of basic components. From a set of modules it is possible to create a wide variety of computers (complex technical systems), differing from each other in performance, purpose (home, office, application server, etc.), architecture, platform. Modular principle
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Lesson No. 26-27 backbone-modular principle of computer construction Backbone-modular principle The backbone-modular principle has a number of advantages: 1. for working with external devices The same processor commands are used as for working with memory. 2. connection to the main line additional devices does not require changes to already existing devices, processor, memory. 3. By changing the composition of the modules, you can change the power and purpose of the computer during its operation.
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Lesson No. 26-27 backbone modular principle of computer construction Principle open architecture The principle of open architecture is the rules for building a computer, according to which everyone new block should be compatible with the old one and easily install in the same place in the computer. In a computer, you can easily replace old blocks with new ones, wherever they are located, as a result of which the operation of the computer is not only not disrupted, but also becomes more productive. This principle allows you not to throw away, but to modernize a previously purchased computer, easily replacing outdated units in it with more advanced and convenient ones, as well as purchasing and installing new units. Moreover, in all of them, the connectors for connecting them are standard and do not require any changes in the design of the computer itself.
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1. Choose the odd one out. Data bus; Controller; Address bus; Control bus. Lesson No. 26-27 backbone modular principle of computer construction
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2. What is the system bus called? Highway; Highway; Controller; Adapter; Lesson No. 26-27 backbone modular principle of computer construction
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3. What is the name of the connector for connecting individual modules? Port; Expansion slot; Adapter; Motherboard. Lesson No. 26-27 backbone modular principle of computer construction
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