The evolution of materials in the manufacture of mobile phones. The first mobile phones

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Mobile phone in modern world– this is already a necessity. A person cannot imagine himself without this device and experiences discomfort when he finds himself “separation” from it. Needless to say, this truly unique invention not only simplified life, but also pulled humanity into the technological chain of progress. It's hard to imagine, but many people remember life without phones. It would seem that just yesterday a communication device was more of an invention of the science fiction genre, but today it is an essential item.

Pioneer of the mobile era

Motorola can hardly be called a leader in the mobile phone market. However, it was this company that released the very first mobile phone in the world. It was a Motorola DynaTAC 8000X model.

Motorola DynaTAC 8000X

The release took place in 1983. Its first development was presented 10 years before this historical moment.

In the US, the story of 1973 is told as a legend. It was then that inventor Martin Cooper, walking around Manhattan, defiantly made a call on the mobile phone he had created. Witnesses to this spectacle questioned the adequacy of Cooper's condition, mistaking him for being overly drunk or sick.

What characteristics did the device have:

The phone's memory stored up to 30 numbers;
The weight of the first mobile phone was 1 kg;
a fully charged battery provided 1 hour of operation;
the cost of such a phone was $3,995 (it’s worth noting that this was the price of a good car in those days).

The modern generation, reading this, will smile sarcastically, but such an achievement was not just a breakthrough, but also the first step towards today's successes in this area.

Top 5 legendary telephone inventions

After the world received a mobile phone, many companies began to work in this direction, trying to invent something similar, or even better, surpass the previous creator. As in any field, the success of an invention is confirmed by its widespread use. In our case, these are people who used phones. Some models were promising and ended up not being liked by the public, others were not so advertised, but became real favorites. Let's consider the most sensational models:

Nokia Mobira Senator is a car phone. Most mobile devices of those times weighed a lot, so they found their application in cars. This Nokia model weighed about 10 kg. It earned its fame in our country due to the fact that it was Gorbachev who used it.

Nokia Mobira Senator

Nokia 8110 – or better known as the banana phone from the movie “The Matrix”. It is unknown what made this model so popular, the film or the unusual shape. However, this year it returns to store shelves in a re-released version. Its cost is about $120 in our country, the phone is made in black, as well as the original yellow. There is no doubt that it will find its audience in today's mobile world.

Nokia 8110 reissue

Motorola StarTAC - the world's first flip phone (1996). About 60 million copies were sold. Such a high demand was associated with an ultra-modern and unique design; in addition, the weight of the device was 90 grams, which was also unusual. The price for this model was about 1 thousand dollars, but this did not stop it from gaining such popularity.

Motorola StarTAC

Benefon Dragon - was released in 1998. Like no other phone, it is associated with the era of crimson jackets and the so-called “new Russians”. After all, it was precisely this segment of the population that could afford such an expensive pleasure. It was not particularly distinguished by its design or attractive appearance, but in the absence of a choice, it was considered a luxury item. The weight of the phone was 200 grams, thickness 2.cm, the functionality was quite simple - calls, calculator, alarm clock, calculator.

Nokia 3310 – 2000 year of manufacture. The stories about the indestructibility of this phone do not end now. More than 130 million copies have been sold worldwide. Everything ingenious is simple - this is how this phone can be described. loud speaker, bright screen, ease of operation and durability. In addition, everyone has a couple of stories in stock of how the Nokia 3310 helped out in hammering nails and cooking chops, how it survived the flood and was reborn from the ashes.

Smart - era

Having discovered the convenience of using a mobile phone, the world could not stop there. From modern gadget began to demand more: they began to fill it with more and more functions, improve its capabilities, sharpen appearance and find new uses. Finally, the time has come when the phone has become not just convenient, but also “smart”. This is a real helper and savior.

“Smart phone” – combines the functions of a mobile and personal computer.

The world's first famous smartphone is the IBM Simon. Its appearance is far from its modern counterpart, but the functionality and design are undoubtedly the same. The 1kg device included telephone functions, faxing, email, a notepad, a calculator, a clock and several games. The gadget was controlled using a stylus; the screen was fully touch-sensitive. The cost of such pleasure was 1 thousand dollars. The device should have become a real sensation. However, it was not appreciated and passed through fingers. Most likely this is due to the limitation of technological capabilities of that time; no one believed in a smartphone. In addition, the Internet in those memorable times was not entirely in working order, but rather had mythical properties, as well as the prospects for development mobile communications were not clear to humanity.

The world's first smartphone - IBM Simon

In 1996, an attempt to conquer mobile world repeated by Nokia together with Hewlet-Packard, presenting to the public their development - the HP 700LX PDA. Following it, at the end of the same year, the Nokia 9000 Communicator appeared. A year later, the Taiwanese company known as HTC announced the development of cutting-edge devices that combine the properties of a phone and a PDA. The company's success was not immediate, despite loud statements and colorful promises. Only in 2000 they were able to enter the world market and introduce wide choose of its undoubtedly high-quality products.

Modern technologies

When reviewing mobile phones, it is impossible not to dwell on the story about the IPhone. Probably everyone already knows the notorious story with apples, and incredible story creator Steve Jobs. However, the mystery of what lies behind the company’s success has not been solved and cannot be fully solved. Either it was superintuition that made it possible to understand what modern man wants, or it was just a coincidence that happened in right time. On June 29, 2007 went on sale iPhone smartphones, with its own operating room iOS system. In just six months, the device gained incredible popularity, while in many ways inferior in characteristics to many phones. Favorite smartphones are still the standard.

Today's competing Android OS first went on sale in 2008 on the T-Mobile G1 (HTC Dream). What's next? It would seem that smartphones have reached perfection, surpassing yesterday's computers and phones, becoming an inseparable and accessible companion to humans. Then the time begins to increase power and marketing tricks. There is no technological sensation expected in the near future, but sales are needed. In order to sell, you need to surprise. This is how phones with a wide diagonal appear, combining a phone and a tablet, curved devices, shockproof and other unusual gadgets.

Modern leaders

Global analytical companies annually work to provide data on the leaders of world markets, including mobile ones. Based on the results of the first quarter of 2018, the leader is Samsung company. During the reporting period, they managed to sell 78 million smartphones, which is 22% of the total. Apple takes second place, having sold 52.2 million smartphones – 15%. Huawei is in third place with 11%. In the North American market, Apple has always been the leader for many years, occupying 40% of the market.

The market for smartphones and mobile phones has expanded greatly since the advent of the first telephone. Today, almost anyone can buy a smartphone. The assortment panel is so wide that it allows you to choose a gadget to suit every taste and budget.

Interesting facts about mobile phones

Using a mobile phone every day, a person is not even aware of many unusual things and facts related to this gadget:

The most popular function of a mobile phone is not calls, or even SMS, but the clock. It is to check the time that a person most often uses the phone;
the contamination of the mobile phone exceeds the contamination of the handle of the flush tank;
text of the world's first SMS message: “Merry Christmas”;
Florida resident became famous by a large margin for mobile communications – 201 thousand dollars. Not knowing about the roaming tariff, she used mobile communications while in Canada;
a driver talking on the phone while driving reacts one third slower than a driver under the influence of alcohol;
In England, an invention was presented - a toilet capable of recharging a mobile battery.

Man has reached the highest heights in the field of technology. The mobile communications niche is now one of the most popular. People have long been trying to find something similar for themselves: notepads, alarm clocks, players, watches, calculators, etc. The mobile phone combines everything. This pocket assistant stores an incredible amount of information about its owner. In addition, the model of the gadget characterizes the owner as much as possible. Elegance and glamor are preferred by the female part of the population, business people prefer brevity and functionality, and older people prefer ease of use. Whatever the choice, a telephone in our time is a necessity that makes a person mobile, efficient and open.

We have long been accustomed to our smartphones. We use them every day and don’t think about how we would live without them and how our lives were influenced by the invention of the telephone and the history of its creation, which we will briefly discuss.

Modern devices, in addition to their direct functions, also perform great amount operations. A smartphone is a compact multifunctional device that we cannot live without. Using mobile phones every day, hardly anyone thinks about their distant “ancestors”. But the device we are used to has quite an ancient history. Let's study the main stages of the evolution of telephones and human communication with other people at a distance.

General information about the device

Before delving into history, let's understand the basic features: what a telephone and telephone communication are, and also why we need these devices.

Any telephone device is a mechanism by which speech is transmitted over a distance. Now this device fits in the palm of your hand or pocket, but since childhood we remember other options - landline or radiotelephones. They were quite bulky and therefore impractical. Such devices are still used, but less and less often.

And payphones have already become exclusively a tourist attraction where they still stand on the city streets.
The ability to contact one telephone with another is provided by telephone communication - this is the transmission of voice information remotely, which is carried out through electrical signals transmitted through wires or radio signals. Telephone users are called subscribers. You can distinguish between city, intercity and international connections.

Wireless is noted as a separate type. There is a difference between satellite and mobile. In the first type, contact is made directly through a communications satellite. Mobile communications provide connections through cell towers. This definition is explained by the fact that they operate on the principle of an antenna and provide a certain area with communications. They call it the hundredth.

The main purpose telephone communication- give information. Previously, we used only oral speech. Now we can exchange text messages. Send videos and images via messengers. We can also make video calls and see the subscriber “on the other end of the line.”

Ancient ways to “call”

Man is a very inventive creature. His resourcefulness and imagination drive evolution. Our ancestors have long been interested in methods of data transmission. And there were inventors who realized that the process of data transfer could be significantly accelerated. Who is the creator of the telephone in the past? Messengers and doves have long been used. But this is still very slow and upon the arrival of the speedster the information became irrelevant.

Some African tribes used drums to transmit signals. The aborigines used this musical instrument not only for ritual dances. A certain rhythm of drumming carried some encrypted information. Such messages were transmitted quite long distances. And they meant certain eventful moments within the tribe - readiness to go hunting, general anxiety or, conversely, joyful events.

In the Land of the Rising Sun, a gong was used to transmit information in the emperor's palace. Its sound echoed throughout the palace. But only a specially trained servant could use such a tool. There was a transmission system information messages, it consisted in the number of blows and the length of the interval between them. The courtiers knew very well what each signal meant.

The Indians used whistles for signaling purposes. The same method of communication is known in some African tribes, some still use it. This transfer method short messages and commands is effective in hunting conditions. It's fast and clear, sounds loud enough, and won't be confused with the noise around you.

Information was transmitted over longer distances using smoke or fire. In this way, the Slavic tribes signaled a disaster or threat. Fire pits were built on hills or on specially built watchtowers. Such signal fires were located at certain distances from each other and were set on fire when it was necessary to inform the neighboring tribe about the imminent danger that threatened them.

And in Rus' there were signals used in certain situations. For example, in battle, the enemy was informed about the imminent attack by playing the horn or large drums - timpani. And with the advent of Christianity, bells were used in some cases - the ringing of the alarm bell announced a disaster, and the pleasant sound of the chime gathered people for a service or veche.

note

Everyone knows that flags are used as symbols of states and armies. But flags were also used as a way to transmit encoded information. Even a special alphabet has been formed. Over the years it has been improved and supplemented. This system of signs is still used in our time for emergency situations in the navy.

A technical achievement in the field of transmitting information messages was the optical telegraph (semaphore). This is the invention of the French inventor Claude Chappe. The birthday of the semaphore is considered to be March 2, 1793 - it was on this day that the inventor and his brother transmitted the first message over a distance of 16 kilometers. And after 2 years, the Paris-Lille semaphore line was successfully operating. Data was transmitted, or rather depicted, using a mast equipped with rulers at both ends. This design was driven by pulleys and cords, allowing it to take 196 positions, transmitting letters and some commonly used words.

A little more than 50 years later, the world's first electric telegraph was designed by the English inventor Francis Ronalds. Although previously many scientists from different countries Development of devices for transmitting information over long distances was carried out, but there was no particular success. In the annotation for the device, the inventor explained it as a way to transmit telegraphic intelligence at considerable speed. It is the electric telegraph that can largely be considered the first prototype of modern smartphones.

Who and when invented (invented) the very first telephone in the world

It is unlikely that anyone associated the invention of word transmission with the name of the Italian scientist and inventor Antonio Meucci, but this is so. The ability to transmit sound over a distance through electrical energy The scientist discovered it completely by accident. Meucci first discovered that electrical impulses have a beneficial effect on human body. For these purposes, the scientist designed a generator and began to treat people with electric current.

In one of the receptions, having attached the ends of the electrodes near the lips of the patient being treated, the scientist went into another room to the generator. Having turned on the generator to a certain power, Antonio recognized the patient’s voice as if the latter were standing nearby. Thus, a “miracle” appeared to the scientist - the ability electric current carry sound over a distance.

When was the first telephone invented in America?

For a long time, Antonio Meucci could not begin to design his design. Only after the death of his wife and, having migrated to the United States, in 1860, using his savings, he published a note in an Italian newspaper about his invention - the telephony. This newspaper was read by a clerk from Western Union, who bought all the diagrams and other information on the invention for a very small sum. In 1871, Meucci wrote a patent application for his invention and began to wait for the start of cooperation promised by the above-mentioned company. But Western Union responded to all the scientist’s requests that the documentation was lost.

But how great was Antonio Meucci’s surprise when in 1876 he read in a regular newspaper about the scientist who invented the telephone. This scientist was Alexander Bell. Of course, Meucci launched a trial and still managed to get his drawings and patent back, but these papers were no longer worth anything because time had expired. Antonio Meucci died in poverty, never receiving recognition from his contemporaries.

The same cannot be said about Alexander Bell. The hype around the “discoverer” and “his” invention brought him worldwide fame. But on June 11, 2002, the US Congress recognized that the inventor of the telephone was, after all, Antonio Meucci.

It was impossible without communication even under the Soviet Union. Telephone exchanges at that time were mainly developed and installed by the Swedish company Ericsson and the German Siemens. The first automatic telephone exchange was erected in 1926 in Rostov-on-Don. The advantage of automatic telephone exchange the fact that it can function without the participation of telephone operators, that is, it was no longer necessary to shout “young lady” into the receiver. Next, you can read not only information about when the construction of automatic telephone exchanges began, but also when cell phones appeared in Russia.

In one of the issues of the Bulgarian magazine “Cosmos” for 1958 there was a scientific note about the discovery of a portable telephone device by scientist Hristo Bachvarov. This device was housed in a plastic case and weighed about 700 grams. The range of such a device was 80 km. This phone vaguely resembled a walkie-talkie, but still it was not practical enough. After the creation of this sample, similar models of similar design and range appeared in Bulgaria.

Who came up with (invented), when did it appear and how much did the first mobile phone in the Soviet Union weigh?

Everyone knows that the initial conversation over a wireless device took place in 1973 in New York. But another version also has the right to life: that several years earlier in 1961, radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich designed the first mobile phone, the connection through which was carried out via radio communication.

This device was 500 grams, and the range was about 25 km. Such a phone could work from 20 to 30 hours. The device looked like a small box with a dial dial. Handset joined the device. It could be transported, but this was quite impractical.

American know-how

The first radio communications were launched by the American company AT&T Bell Labs in 1946. A radio transmitter was built into the telephone set of that time, through which communication was carried out. But the device still only vaguely resembled a modern device. It has not become widespread.

But on March 6, 1983, a commercial apparatus was created. Who made such a device popular?

The development of this device was carried out under the leadership of Martin Cooper. At that time, such a phone was not available to everyone: to purchase it, you had to sign up for a waiting list. In addition, calling on it was quite inconvenient - it was necessary to make a call to the station, say the number of the other subscriber and, after waiting for the connection, talk while holding down special button and letting her go, hear the answer. First cellular telephone belonged to the developers of Motorola.

Since the time of its first developments, Motorola has long established an authoritative position. But 37 years passed from the first portable device to the mass production copy. According to 1990 data, there were 11 million subscribers in the world. A large-scale advertising campaign was carried out around these devices, but even these gadgets could not provide reliable communication.

Connected with the breeze

Even with the first steps in mobile communications, portable telephone devices were installed on emergency vehicles. Closer to the 70s, such a car accessory became available to ordinary citizens, but it was not cheap at all. The downside of this equipment was that the phone quickly drained the car's battery. Such devices could not be used outside the car.

The operating principle of the device for cars was the same as for radiotelephones. But with the same shortcomings. The radius of action did not exceed the length of the city. The quality of communication was affected weather, creating interference on the air.

The weight of the “car” phone was 12-14 kilograms. Cellular landline varieties are also now in use. Crews are equipped with them emergency services(police, ambulance, emergency services). Such communications are used by special services as a backup or secret source of communication.
Modern models are equipped with additional functions. Naturally, they weigh much less. And most importantly, they do not affect the battery in the car. Such devices have become more accessible and of better quality. They provide reliable communication at any distance.

American journalist Robert Sloss predicted the appearance of the cell phone back in 1910 in one of his articles. He described many of its characteristics, as well as the consequences of the appearance of such a device. First portable options did not differ in unique characteristics and were not very compact. But the developers took into account all the shortcomings of their predecessors. And they developed more practical models. With all the development of technology, the devices were still very expensive.

"Extraterrestrial Relays"

The idea of creating systematized communication satellites was voiced back in 1945 by the English scientist and writer Arthur C. Clarke. The merger could provide reliable connection on a planetary scale. But the scientist did not patent his invention because he himself did not believe in the possibility of creation.

The first research in this area began in the 50s of the twentieth century in the USA. But artificial satellite was launched not by the USA, but in the USSR in 1957. Radio equipment was built into it. But technology developed in the USSR only for the purposes of the Ministry of Defense.

The 1980s marked the beginning of the development of civil satellite communications. The principle of operation of such networks is that a signal from an orbiting satellite arrives at an earth station - a receiver. The disadvantage of this mobile connection- high cost.

Externally, the satellite device is similar to the first Cell phones, but in addition it has an antenna. And successful developments were carried out by Nokia. The publicly available model was presented in 1987. The weight of such a “pipe” was close to 800 grams. And the design cost a lot of money.

IP telephony

The progress of telephone communication has reached the Internet. Global network can ensure stable connection and availability. Thanks to its widespread use, the Internet allows you to make a call to any number mobile network. A VoIP gateway is used to ensure voice transmission over the network. It is provided and installed free of charge.

This type of communication is multi-channel, but you can connect additional options. Internet telephony for calls between countries will cost many times less than calling over a mobile network.
Thanks to Internet communications, smartphones, communicators, which have long become familiar to us, have appeared. These devices are equipped with many additional functions. Computer geniuses came up with a lot mobile applications– this greatly makes our life easier.

The first device, an analogue of a smartphone, was released for sale in 1994 by the American company IBM. He could work with faxes and by email. There were no control keys on the case; everything could be done using touch screen. And the weight was about 1 kilogram.

Nokia developers decided to combine a cell phone and a compact Personal Computer, and they ended up with a rather bulky device, when opened, the user received a quite productive device. The weight was already quite comfortable - 397 grams.

Who invented the smartphone

Many people believe that this gadget was invented by Steven Jobs, but this is not true. In 1992, Frank Canova was named the creator of the smartphone. At that time, his know-how created a real breakthrough in mobile technology. But it could not be called light - the weight was 510 grams. Popular model didn’t even after the price dropped.

In 2000, Ericsson coined a new term: smartphone. But the disadvantage of the first of the first smartphones was the inability to install additional applications And OS. Further, different telephone companies released smartphones one after another, their “filling” was improved with each new model. The main disadvantage of the smartphone models of that time was the lack random access memory. The very first touchscreen phone in the world was quite compact and light, unlike its “ancestors” - it weighed only 164 grams.

The latest technology

Science does not stand still for a second. And telephone communications are also developing and improving every day. Scientists are using their knowledge to increase the functionality of our devices.
We've all been in situations where our phone is low on battery and we don't have a charger at hand. But a solution to this situation has been found - a portable charger, in other words, external battery. Such a gadget could be different sizes and weight.

But if this charging method is not surprising, then how do you feel about charging your smartphone with the touch of a finger? You may not believe this possibility, but Georgia Tech nanotechnology specialist Zhong Lin Wang has developed a static energy generator. To charge your mobile device, you just need to slide your finger across the screen. But these are still only experimental developments.

And at Tel Aviv University they came up with the most quick way charging gadgets. The process lasts only 26 seconds. This method is based on the actions of biological semiconductors. If there is no outlet nearby, but there is a park, this is also a method to recharge your mobile phone. Ask how? Scientists have learned to use leg loads to charge devices. To do this, chips capable of generating current were built into waterproof insoles. This idea belonged to Kenyan Anthony Mutu.

For modern mobile devices, the screen, and especially its quality, is of considerable value. Scientific developments are also underway in this area, and there is not much time left before their implementation. Smartphone screens with “augmented reality” are already being explored. Scientists have achieved additional functions - soon it will be possible to twist the screen into a tube or give it any other shape. Nokia is already working on creating a mobile phone in the form of a bracelet.

Already heard by many mobile technologies 5G format. The advantages of such communication include high-speed Internet and high-quality mobile communications, regardless of conditions and distances. Scientists will also make sure that 5G technologies are energy-saving. According to the plans of the creators, the first devices supporting the latest fifth-generation technologies will see the light closer to 2019. The first steps have already been taken - in 2016 at the exhibition latest technologies A 5G modem was presented in Hong Kong. The data transfer rate was 1 gigabyte per second.

The history of the creation of the device, which forever changed people's lives, is quite interesting and extensive. They originate from the forties of the last century, from walkie-talkies. They were so large in size that they barely fit into the trunk of a cargo all-terrain vehicle. To conduct a communication session, it was necessary to look for a free channel. It is believed that the first device was the MotorolaDynaTAC, through which engineer and physicist Martin Cooper made the first ever mobile phone call. The event occurred on April 3, 1973.

Martin Cooper (photo from 2007) holds the first model of a cell phone in his hand.

The call was made to a competitor company called BellLaboratories. To create such a miracle of technology, Cooper and his colleagues spent 90 million dollars and 15 years of hard work. The first phone was quite large in size (22.5 by 12.5 by 3.75 cm) and weighed 1.15 kg. It took 2,000 parts to assemble one copy. However, the phone could not work for long: its charge was enough for only 20 minutes of conversation.

The first Motorola DynaTAC mobile phone.

After this, the phone began to prepare for mass production and retail sales, which was launched 10 years later. At first, the device was quite expensive, about $3,500, which meant that to an ordinary person In those days such a phone was unaffordable. And it wasn’t cheap to call: subscription fee was 50 dollars per month, and 24-40 cents were taken per minute. To understand how expensive this is, we can give an example: with this money you could easily buy a whole gallon of gasoline.

But this is the official history of the appearance of the mobile phone. In fact, its prototype appeared much more before the phone Cooper, namely on April 9, 1957 in the Soviet Union. It owes its creation to Leonid Ivanovich Kupriyanovich, a Soviet radio engineer and popularizer of radio technology. A group of like-minded scientists who came from all over the Soviet Union also helped him in implementing the project. There were specialists from Leningrad, as well as from Belarus and Moldova. The work was carried out at the Voronezh Research Institute of Communications. What is very interesting is that antennas for such phones were assembled in another organization - GSPI. The first portable telephone was the LK-1. The day of his test became the birth of the first mobile phone. It could operate within a radius of about 20-30 kilometers, and the weight of the device itself was as much as 3 kilograms. Typically, such a telephone was installed in the cars of party leaders. To dial a number, you had to press keys with the corresponding numbers. This dialer was introduced later, and before it the device had a regular rotary dialer. Kupriyanovich, realizing that the device turned out to be too cumbersome, nevertheless continued to improve it and the following year, 1958, introduced new model called "Kazbek". It also came with a power source that weighed half a kilogram. The device itself had a fairly compact size, comparable to a pack of cigarettes. Its advantages include not only the ability to call anyone on the same device, but also answer calls made from home phones or street phones. Another advantage of the Soviet apparatus is the ability to conduct conference calls.

Leonid Kupriyanovich with the first mobile phone he created.

Then an entire national system was created, the trial operation of which began in 1963. She received the name "Altai".

National telephone communication system "Altai".

The original frequency was 150 MHz, but then, by 1970, it was allocated 330 MHz. The system covered as many as 114 cities of the Soviet Union. It turned out to be very successful. It performed well during the Olympics - 80. It was decided to install the base station on the Ostankino TV tower and all the news about the Olympics, reports were sent through the Altai system. The last working system still exists in the city of Novosibirsk. Previously there were two of them, but the second, Voronezh, was closed at the end of 2011. The closure was due to economic inexpediency.

Another interesting fact from the history of the first mobile phones: once in the USSR they even planned to make a mobile communication system accessible to the entire population, since the Altai and other systems were used at that time only by the country's leadership.

The system, intended for the population, was to receive the name “Volemot”, derived from the abbreviated name of the cities that took part in the creation. These are: Voronezh, Leningrad, Molodechno and Ternopil.

The device was supposed to receive a conference call, the same as that of party devices, with the ability to talk with another interlocutor without interrupting communication with the first. If this device were not forgotten, but developed and supported by the country’s leadership, then it would be an excellent help for both tourists and workers Agriculture and for summer residents. He could easily provide good connection over a vast territory, something its Western counterparts could not. But, ultimately, the project did not receive proper development, mainly due to the fact that the country's leadership feared the leakage of various data, including secret ones, since telephone conversations were not encrypted and could easily be wiretapped. Scientists still completed the device by the end of the eighties, but time had already been lost. In addition, the collapse of the Soviet state was approaching, and the unique phone became history. True, there was a short period when ordinary citizens were still able to use these devices that they installed in their cars. But after the collapse of the USSR, imported Motorola tubes began to be supplied to the country, which were smaller in size than Volemots and Altai and had higher reliability. The championship was immediately seized by the United States. However, the Altai and Volemot networks can sometimes be found at ambulance stations.

Articles and Lifehacks

It is always interesting to discover the history of things that are so common today that it is difficult to imagine that they once did not exist. It was difficult for American Nathan Stubblefield, the inventor of the world's first mobile phone, to imagine a world without a mobile phone.

He was obsessed with the idea of creating a reliable telephone network in his hometown of Murray, Kentucky. Nathan and his family (wife and six children) lived in extreme poverty and invested all their money in research. And then one day the work was crowned with success. In his garden, he installed a 35-meter mast that transmitted speech from one telephone to another.

And so, when the first mobile phone appeared, it was a rather voluminous box with an antenna, the size of a sewer manhole. However, this design allowed conversation with more than 5 cell phones at a distance of about 700 meters. Nathan Stubblefield demonstrated this device in 1902 in the city's central square.

But unfortunately, his dream was not destined to come true. His invention was not approved by the population and did not become commercially successful. His wife left him, and Stubblefield recent years He lived his life as a wandering hermit. Nathan Stubblefield died penniless in 1928, and was buried in an unmarked grave as a tramp.

Today there are about 3.3 billion mobile phones in the world, and every year this figure increases by 20%...

Do you remember how it all began? Everything was for the first time and again! Once upon a time, a person dreamed of the opportunity to communicate at a distance, using some wonderful device. Today it's hard to imagine modern man without a mobile phone. When the first telephone was released, it immediately became an integral part of our lives.

However, at the dawn of telephone production, mobile devices were not distinguished by the sophistication of their forms and the functionality of their contents. The first working prototype of a mobile phone was presented in 1973. It was this year that American engineer Martin Cooper made the first ever cell phone call at a press conference in New York. The ancestor was strikingly different from his descendants. However, judge for yourself.

However, the first-born was not put into production.

Production of serial phones

The world's first serial mobile phone was released in 1983, when, by the way, it already existed, but did not release a single device.

It should also be noted that this particular phone was first advertised through cinema in the film “Wall Street”. This model was approved by the US National Communications Commission, and was recognized for the first time as suitable for commercial use. The use was truly commercial, since its price was $4,000. The phone weighed about a kilogram, had a talk time of less than an hour, and needed to be charged for 10 hours. But still this did not stop wealthy lovers of technological innovations. The ability to always be in touch using a mobile phone impressed the consumer so much that thousands of people signed up to purchase it. The first call on this phone was made on April 3, 1983, by its inventor, the same Martin Cooper we know.

Few people will believe this today, but there was another group of devices. Such “mobile phones” were accompanied by a kind of shoulder bag with a huge battery, compared to today’s ones. The wire from the battery ran to the tube. It turned out to be something like a portable payphone.

A true breakthrough in design and a milestone in history cellular communications a phone released in 1989 appeared. This phone was positioned as innovative, with a flip-up microphone cover on the front. At that time, this phone model was the smallest and lightest. The price for the first “folding phone” also became noticeably lighter - only $3,000. Mobile phones continued to be a luxury, and their prices prevented widespread adoption of mobile communications.

Mobile phones today

Today the situation has changed, unlike at that time, mobile communications have become a part of our lives. Everyday life makes the colors less bright, and what was once a luxury is today perceived as a necessary and familiar attribute of a modern person. A look into history allows you to take a fresh look at familiar things. To truly appreciate the work of people whose dream has become our reality.

Few people know that the first mobile phone appeared in the Soviet Union. Its creator was the Soviet radio engineer and popularizer of radio technology Leonid Ivanovich Kupriyanovich. The prototype of the portable automatic duplex mobile radiotelephone LK-1, created by him, was tested on April 9, 1957.

The world's first mobile phone and its inventor Leonid Ivanovich Kupriyanovich

It is officially believed that world's first mobile phone was manufactured in the USA. Legend has it that on April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, director of Motorola's mobile communications department, while walking around Manhattan, made a demonstrative call on his cell phone, which supposedly surprised passersby who saw it.
The company Travel Electronics first released a cell phone for sale in 1979. It weighed 907 grams and cost $3,895 at the time, which was approximately the price of an average car. Thus, the first cell phone was more expensive than the then Toyota Corola, which was sold in the USA for $3,698. The subscription fee was 50 dollars a month, and one minute of conversation cost users from 24 to 40 cents, that is, equal to the cost of a whole gallon of gasoline (3.78541178 liters).

However, few people know that long before Motorola’s prototype, a mobile phone appeared in our Soviet Union. Its creator was the Soviet radio engineer and popularizer of radio technology Leonid Ivanovich Kupriyanovich. The prototype of the portable automatic duplex mobile radiotelephone LK-1, created by him, was tested on April 9, 1957. The mobile phone had a range of 20-30 km, but weighed about three kilograms.

Such weight characteristics did not allow it to be used as a wearable nickname, and then in 1958 Kupriyanovich improved his LK and reduced its weight six times to 500 grams! New device It was also much smaller in size - like two packs of cigarettes. Foreign mobile phones would only reach this weight and size in the early 80s. Kupriyanovich’s mobile phone, like modern ones, communicated with the GTS via base station(APR). It not only received and transmitted mobile phone signals to the wired network, but also transmitted signals from wired network to mobile phones. Thus, from the personal account it was possible to call any landline phone, and it was also possible to call the personal account from a regular city number or from a street payphone...

Mobile phone LK-3, 1961

In 1961, Leonid Ivanovich again improved his invention, which he called a radiophone. As a result, Kupriyanovich's Mobile Phone shrank so much that it fit in the palm of your hand and weighed only 70 grams! It was the size of a modern mobile phone, but without a screen and not with buttons, but with a small rotary dialer.

The first nationwide national telephone communication system was the Soviet Altai system, which was put into trial operation in 1963. Altai system initially operated at a frequency of 150 MHz, but by 1970 the Altai system operated in 114 cities of the USSR and the 330 MHz range was allocated for it. In Voronezh, this system operated until the end of 2011 and was closed for economic reasons. Until now, the Altai system has been operating in Novosibirsk.

Altai system.

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