The best programs for partitioning (partitioning) a hard drive. Programs for working with hard drive partitions How to partition local drives in Windows 10

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Many computer users find it convenient to use multiple partitions on one hard drive, but not everyone knows how to partition a disk in Windows 10. Dividing a hard drive into logical volumes has a number of advantages over using a single volume. The most obvious thing is the safety of personal information in the event that you need to reinstall the OS. It is enough to transfer the data to a non-system local disk, and when formatting the system partition, it will not be affected. Another plus is the ability to install multiple OSes and increased performance of the current system. After all, the smaller the volume of the system partition, the faster Windows works.

So, how to partition your hard drive in Windows 10? Let's look at how to do this, first using standard Windows tools as an example, and then using third-party utilities.

From the operating environment

Windows 10 can partition your hard drive using built-in applications. If the system is already installed and functioning normally, it is advisable to defragment it before the division operation. File fragments may be located in different parts of the hard drive, and this will prevent the entire disk space from being used. Defragmentation collects everything in one place, thereby freeing up space. To partition a disk in Windows 10, right-click on the Start icon and go to Disk Management. The same result can be achieved by pressing the key combination “Win + R” and entering the command “diskmgmt.msc”.

All volumes will be displayed in the upper center of the window. Below - the connected drives are listed. When one hard drive is connected, most likely it will be signed as “Disk 0”. Typically, it will already contain several sections. You cannot perform any actions on volumes without a letter. These are specially created parts by the system that contain information for the OS boot loader. Divide only the main volume, in most cases it has the letter "C".

To start partitioning, right-click on the main disk and select the “Shrink Volume” menu item. In a new window you will be asked to determine how much space you want to allocate for the new section. It is highly undesirable to allocate all unfilled space for these purposes. For normal operation of the system, you need to leave about ten gigabytes.

Better yet, 30-60 GB of free space.

Click "Shrink" and the unallocated area of the disk will appear. Right-click on it and click “Create simple volume”. The “Create Simple Volume Wizard” will open. You will be asked to determine the amount of space you want to allocate for the new section. If this will be the only volume, select all free space. If you plan to create another one, allocate as much space as you need for the current one. Next, assign a letter, format the partition in the NTFS file system and click “Finish”. The breakdown occurs automatically, so you only need to wait for the operation to complete.

Using the “Extend Volume” function, you can increase the size of an existing partition using the free space of another logical drive. If you have multiple hard drives, Windows 10 can expand the volume of the partition using a volume on another drive.

Be sure to defragment the disks before repartitioning.

First you need to free up the area for expansion. This can be done either by shrinking one of the partitions or by deleting the existing volume. For the second option, you need to right-click on the required partition and select “Delete Volume”. Then click on the unallocated area and click “Extend Volume”. In the window that appears, the expandable section will be on the right side. Click “Next” and check if everything was specified correctly. To divide the area, click on “Done”.

Disk partitioning when installing OS

How to partition a disk when installing Windows 10? First of all, you should understand that in this case you will have to delete all information from the system partition. When installing Windows, after requesting an activation key, a window will appear in which you must select “Custom installation”.

Next, remove unnecessary volumes. After that, select the unallocated space and create a new partition based on it. First you need to determine the size of the system disk. Everything else will be under the second logical volume. You also need to select it and click on the “Create” button. To avoid problems with recognition, format it. This way you can create the desired number of volumes.

Helper utilities

You can also partition a disk in Windows 10 using third-party programs. Consider utilities such as:

Aomei Partition Assistant Free;
Partition Magic;
Acronis Disk Director.

As the name itself suggests, Aomei Partition Assistant Free is distributed free of charge. You need to download and install the program. Installing the application on Windows 10 is easy.

The main thing is to run as administrator.

With this program you can:

partition the hard drive into partitions;
resize logical volume;
delete or add a section.

To allocate disk space, open the previously installed Partition Assistant and select the drive in the main window. At the bottom left, click on “Partition disk”. Then distribute the space between the existing and new partition. Click “Ok” and wait for the process to complete.

Finally, let's look at how to partition a hard drive using the command line. Click “Win + R” or “Start” - “All Programs” - “Accessories” - “Command Prompt”. You need to run as administrator and enter the commands:

list disk - displays a list of available media;
list volume - shows logical partitions on all hard drives;
to select a hard drive, enter “select disk N”, where N is the number of the desired disk;
create partition - create a partition, primary - primary, logical - logical.

For dividing a hard drive into logical volumes, the Windows 10 environment is just more convenient than the above method. However, the choice is yours.

Most users are accustomed to using two partitions on one hard drive, usually a drive called C and D. Many have become interested in the question of how to change the disk size in Windows 10 using the built-in system tools (during installation of Windows or after) and third-party free programs.

Use the Disk Management utility

Open the utility by right-clicking on the Start menu and selecting Disk Management.

In the search bar of the Start menu, type “Control Panel” and open it.

Select "System and Security".
In the window that opens, in the “Administration” item, click on the “Create and format a hard drive” sub-item.

Shrinking a volume, freeing up space to create a new partition in Windows 10

To create a new volume in the utility, you first need to get free space somewhere for this; it can be obtained by compressing space on an existing volume. In the Windows operating system, no more than 4 partitions can exist on one physical HDD, including system ones (for example, the Recovery Partition). Typically there are two local drives C and D.

To create a third volume, you need to right-click on the partition that has more free space, in our case it is drive D. An explorer window will appear, click on the “Shrink volume” item to free up free space, change it to unallocated.

Partition D to create a new volume.

After this, the message “The volume is being polled to determine the available space for compression” will appear. Wait…". The process can last from several seconds to several tens of minutes.
When the system finishes polling the volume, a window will appear in the “Size of volume to be compressed” column, you need to indicate how much space needs to be separated from the donor disk to create free space for now. It will not be possible to allocate more space for a new partition than specified. In the example in the screenshot, the limit is 78880 MB, a little more than 77 GB.

You can specify any other number less than the one specified above, for example, by setting the value to 51200 MB, allocate exactly 50 gigabytes for the new volume. After selecting the “Compress” option, no result will be noticeable for some time. To check whether the compression process is in progress, you need to hover the cursor over the utility window; a spinning blue circle should appear. When a black strip with unallocated space appears at the bottom of the window, this will indicate that compression has occurred.

This frees up space to create a new volume on the HDD in Windows 10. Now the unallocated space needs to be turned into a full-fledged hard drive partition.

— Creating a hard disk partition from unallocated space

You need to right-click on the area labeled “Unallocated” and select “Create a simple volume.”

The “Create a Simple Volume Wizard” will open, click “Next”, in the next window you will need to specify the size of the new volume. You can leave the value unchanged, or, if you want to create two or more sections, specify a smaller value. Click "Next".

After this, select the Latin letter that will denote the disk, for example, F. Select the letter and click “Next”.

You will then be able to format the new partition if necessary.

Continue by clicking “Done”.

After a few seconds or minutes, the partition is formatted and a new Windows 10 hard drive partition will be created. When choosing the amount of memory you want to allocate for creating a new one, you must take into account that a small amount of compressed space will be taken by Windows for system needs.
So, when choosing 50 GB of memory, we got a volume of 49.9 GB in size.

Creating partitions when installing Windows 10

When installing Windows 10 on a computer from a flash drive or disk, you can divide the disks into volumes. For those who reinstall the operating system, please note that this will lead to the deletion of data from the system partition.
During Windows installation, after entering (or skipping) the activation key, select “Custom Installation”, after which you will be able to select a partition for installation; tools for setting up partitions are available.

In our case, drive C is partition 4.
To make two partitions from one HDD, you need to use the “Delete” button to create a partition; as a result, it will be converted into “Unallocated space on the disk” (step 4).
Then select an unallocated space, click the “Create” button, set the size of the future “Disk C”. After its creation, there will be free unallocated space that will need to be converted into a second disk partition in the same way.

After creating the second partition, it is recommended to select it and click “Format” (otherwise it may not appear in Explorer after installing Windows 10 and will have to be formatted and assigned a letter through “Disk Management”). Then select the volume that was created first, click “Next” to continue installing the operating system on drive C.

Programs for partitioning disks

In addition to the built-in Windows tools, there are many programs for working with disk partitions. Some of the best free programs are Aomei Partition Assistant Free and Minitool Partition Wizard Free.
First, you will need to download the Aomei Partition Assistant program from the official website, install it on your PC and run it. The application has a Russian language; we select a non-system drive, in our case it is “E”.
Right-click on it and click “Resize partition”.

The selected amount of memory will appear, in our case – 15 GB.
Right-click on the system local drive C and select “Resize partition” from the context menu.

Again, drag the slider to the right to the desired size, or set the required space for expansion in the “Unallocated space after” field. A warning will appear to make a Windows 10 system recovery image or a backup copy using third-party tools, click “Ok”. To save changes, click “Apply” in the upper left corner.

A message will appear that there will be several reboots, during which drive C will be merged with unallocated space, select “Go”. A message will appear that the program will work in PreOs mode, click “Yes”.
Windows 10 will begin to reboot.
When you boot for the first time, AOMEI Partition Assistant PreOS Mode will launch.
The process of completing the task will begin.

Greetings to all of you in the next issue! The conditional division of a hard drive into two partitions C and D is something that almost every user is used to, especially experienced users. The first disk is intended primarily for recording the OS and programs with which the user works.

The second one is intended primarily for storing various files. This partitioning of the device is very convenient, since if it is necessary to reinstall the OS, only the data from drive C is erased from the computer. In the material, we will pay attention to the question of how to split the hard drive into an even larger number of partitions, which will allow you to distribute and organize your files, as well as improve their safety.

Features of dividing a hard drive into partitions in Windows 10

So, in what cases might it be necessary to partition a hard drive?

The first time you may need to partition a hard drive is when purchasing a new device. When you buy a computer, the hard drive on it usually has one common partition. Recording the OS on one partition of the hard drive is neither rational nor safe, so it is recommended that immediately after purchasing a computer, divide the hard drive into partitions.

The second case when partitioning a hard drive may be necessary is the need to organize files stored on the computer: music, documents, photos. If all this data is stored in specific sections of the hard drive, and not in folders, then their security will increase.

It is important to know ! In the material we will look at how to partition a hard drive into partitions in various ways. There are enough of these methods, so let’s analyze each option and then choose the most optimal one..

Partitioning a hard drive using Windows 10 tools

Initially, we will pay attention to the question of how to divide a hard drive into partitions when there is already a working OS with two disks C and D. Let's add another partition to these disks, in which important photos will be stored. To break a hard drive you will not need to use third-party software, so the algorithm of actions will be as follows:

The process begins with the user needing to click on the Windows icon on the desktop and then right-click, causing a pop-up window to appear. In this window, select “Disk Management” as shown below.

This is the easiest way to call this option, but you can do this using the “Run” command by holding down two “Win + R” buttons at the same time, and then enter the command in English in the window that opens: diskmgmt.msc.

After this, information about all available partitions on the computer will appear in the window that opens. Here you can find out the size of each partition, system type, load. In the lower part, in the form of rectangles, you can estimate the ratio of the sizes of each section.

Before you start partitioning, you need to free up some space. To do this, you can use partition D. It is this disk that we will divide into two partitions. In order to shrink disk D, you need to right-click on it, and then select the “Shrink Volume...” command, as shown below.

After selecting this command, a window will open where you should carefully specify the volume of the partition to be compressed. The information in this window is indicated in MB. In this case, we will compress up to 10 GB by writing the value 10,000 MB in the “Size of compressed space” cell.

After this, the compression procedure begins, but no process progress bar will appear. The compression procedure takes about 3-5 minutes, so you need to wait a little.

Let's start creating a new section. To do this, right-click on the space that appears and select “Create simple volume”.

A simple volume creation wizard window will appear, where you need to agree to the system by clicking the “Next” button. The Volume Creation Wizard will ask you to specify the volume that will be allocated for the new partition. You can specify the entire volume, which is indicated above under the name “Maximum size”. The main thing is that the specified value does not exceed this value.

Now the system will definitely ask you to indicate the name of the future volume in the form of a letter. According to the alphabet, this will be the letter F, but the user can specify any letter.

After this, you will need to specify the file system type. Of course, the file system will be NTFS, and in the “Volume Label” section you simply need to enter the volume name.

As you can see, the procedure is quite simple, but it is necessary to take into account the fact that you should not compress the disk to the limit. This will affect its functioning for the worse.

Partitioning a disk using special applications

To divide your hard drive into partitions, you can use special applications. These applications include:

Acronic Disk Director;

Minitool Partition Wizard Free;

Aomei Partition Assistant.

There are other applications, but it is better to choose one of the proposed ones. Some of them are paid, but you can use an application with a demo version, which is Acronic Disk Director. Using this application as an example, we will look at how you can divide a disk into partitions.

Initially, you need to download the application by downloading it from the official website, and then install it on your computer. After installing the file, you will need to launch the application, after which the following window will appear.

After launching the application, you will need to right-click on the partition, and then select “Split Volume”, as shown in the screenshot above.

Using the application slider, you can resize the two new partitions.

In order for the changes to take effect, you will need to click the button called “Apply pending operations,” which is highlighted in the screenshot below with a red frame.

The changes made will be applied, and the selected section will be divided into two parts. If you are partitioning the system disk, you will simply need to restart the computer for the changes to take effect.

This application is quite easy to use, but its most important advantage is the presence of a Russian-language version.

Disk partitioning during Windows 10 installation

You can also partition a physical disk during a clean installation of the Windows 10 OS. This method is suitable primarily for that category of users who purchased a clean computer and are going to perform partitioning during the installation of the OS. If you carry out separation in this way when files are stored on the computer, then during the markup process all information will be erased. This is important to consider before choosing this option.

If the user has decided that this option is suitable for him, then the algorithm of actions will be as follows:

First, the Windows 10 OS installation process starts. How this is done can be read in more detail on the website. Let's start with the following window appearing during the installation process.

It is in this window that you can add as many sections as necessary. To perform partitioning, you must remove the existing disks. How this can be done is shown in the photo below.

After deleting all existing partitions, an entry called “Unallocated Disk Space” will appear. This entry can also be seen during OS installation if a new computer was purchased. To create a section, select “Create”.

In the next window you need to specify the size of the logical disk. Volumes should be indicated depending on the overall size of the hard drive. Since a 60 GB hard drive was selected for the example, we will create a C drive with a capacity of 40 GB, although Windows 10 requires at least 80 GB for normal operation.

After clicking the “Apply” button, a warning window will appear that additional partitions must be created to ensure correct operation. You just need to agree. After this, a window will appear with our created 40 GB partition. Now all that remains is to use the unallocated space, for which we use the “Create” button again.

The cell with the volume of the future volume will be automatically filled. After creating the disk, you will need to format it. To do this, select the appropriate disk, and then click on the “Format” item. We agree that the system warns about the loss of all data. If you do not format the disks, the system will experience failures and errors, so this procedure is mandatory.

After formatting the disks, you can continue further installation of the OS. After the installation is completed and Windows starts, you can see that the disks that were created during the installation phase actually appeared in the “This PC” folder.

In conclusion, it is worth noting that dividing a hard drive into volumes is not as difficult as it might initially seem. All that is needed to achieve the final goal is to decide on the methodology and study each step. The risk of errors is minimal, but it is better to practice on a computer where important information is not stored in one copy. It is believed that the most favorable way to partition a disk is to use third-party applications. At the same time, the specialist is told that the best way to partition a hard drive is to perform the procedure during OS installation.

It is not always possible to create the required number of local disks during the installation of the operating system. For some users, this need arises during the operation of the computer - an overabundance of information requires order. In this case, the flexibility of the Windows 10 operating system allows you to configure the hard drive at any time.

How to allocate local disks on Windows 10

Why is this necessary? Initially, when installing Windows on a new machine, there is only one media, known to most users as the letter “C”. It stores the operating system itself, all system files and programs installed during operation. If you do not split the hard drive, then all user files (movies, music, photos and documents) will be saved here. Then, if Windows crashes or is reinstalled, these files will disappear along with the system ones, unless they are transferred to some third-party media (which takes a lot of time and is quite inconvenient).

All these problems can be solved simply - before you start using Windows, it is advisable to divide your hard drive into several partitions (maximum 4) and store user files on a separate partition from the system.

How to distribute a hard drive and create a partition on it

Distributing hard drives into partitions is possible both using third-party programs and using the operating system itself. And as long as standard tools help manage disk space, we see no point in using other methods. Therefore, we will describe step by step how to create partitions using Windows 10 itself.

Right-click on the Start menu.
Select “Disk Management” from the list.
Now let's allocate free space to create a partition. Select the signed media (C:), right-click, and select “Compress volume.”
In the dialog box that appears, we see information about the total size of the hard drive before compression begins and the space available for compression. In the “Size of compressed space” field, we enter the amount of memory that we want to free.
After we are sure that we have entered everything correctly, click the “Compress” button and wait. After compression, look at the bottom bar in the active window. A new sector with unallocated (that is, free) memory has appeared on the right. This is a place vacated as a result of our actions.
Right-click on the sector and select the first item - “Create a simple volume”.
Then everything is simple - click the next button. If we decide to assign our own letter of the alphabet to the storage, we do this in the third window (in the picture).
In the next window, in the “Volume Label” field, we can also enter the desired name for the disk space. We don't change anything else. At the end, click “Done”.
Now open “Explorer” and in “My Computer” we see the disk we created.

Important! The size is indicated in megabytes. 1 gigabyte contains 1024 megabytes. This means that if we want to free up 10 GB, then it will be equal to 10240 MB. Please take this into account when entering a number.

How to change the logical drive letter

In general, why all this walking through the English alphabet? Sometimes the reason is the desire to “beautify”. Another reason is habit. For example, on the old computer there was a certain system for arranging sections, and on the new one I want to transfer this order. But mostly this is necessary for order in Windows itself. The fact is that when installing Windows 10, letters are assigned in automatic order: the storage with system files receives the letter C, the DVD (CD) drive receives the letter D, and the remaining letters are “distributed” to local storage and USB devices.

Changing the name for the media occurs in the same Disk Management utility in which we created the new partition (local). Select the desired media, right-click on it, select “Change drive letter...”. Then everything is simple. And, of course, you understand that simply swapping letters won’t work. First, we assign the letter F to drive D, for example. Then we change the carrier E to D. And only then we return to F (former D) and give it the letter E.

How to remove a local disk

Everything happens in the same Disk Management utility. Select the media to be deleted, right-click, select “Change drive letter...”. In the dialog box that opens, click the “Delete” button and agree with the question that appears. Ready. Now we see the freed up space as a memory sector labeled “Not allocated”.

Important! Before deleting, transfer all necessary data from one medium to another, since deleting will erase all data.

Why can't I delete a volume?

There are several reasons for this:

It is not possible to delete a local drive that stores Windows system files, boot files, or the so-called “swap file.”
Your account does not have System Administrator rights. Then try going to the control utility via “Start” - “Control Panel” - “System and Security” - “Administration” - “Creating and formatting hard disk partitions”.
Well, sometimes they confuse the impossibility of deleting a volume with the impossibility of deleting a partition. If you cannot delete a partition, then first you need to delete all volumes from it (remember to copy the necessary information) and only then delete the partition.

"Reserved by Windows 10"

The section with this inscription contains service data necessary for the operation of Windows (Windows boot loader parameters and data for hard drive encryption). The disk itself, as a rule, takes up little space - about 100–350 MB. Sometimes the user has a desire to remove it, despite its small size. However, removing this drive requires special skills, so we will describe a method to hide this drive from File Explorer.

Open the Disk Management utility, select the partition labeled “Reserved by the system,” right-click and select “Change letter...”. Click the “Delete” button. In this case, we will confirm the deletion twice - as a warning about the use of this section will appear. Now you need to restart your computer. Done - the disk has disappeared from Explorer.

How to create a network drive

It is necessary to be able to simultaneously access data over a local network (office work, schools, universities).

In Explorer, right-click on the My Computer icon. Select "Map network drive". Select a letter for the name. Select the path to the shared resource (a folder that will be shared) by clicking on the “Browse” button. Next, enter the login and password of the account with which we will connect to this medium.

Ready. Now in Explorer there is the network drive we created.

The flexibility of the Windows 10 operating system allows you to configure local disks using standard tools while working with the system: create, merge, rename, delete. The main rule of all manipulations is to retain information before each serious action. Successful work!

In this short article I step by step I'll tell you with pictures, how to partition a hard drive in Windows 10. Finding programs on the Internet that can do this will not be difficult. However, in my opinion, there is no need to use often dubious third-party programs when the Windows 10 operating system itself has a built-in ability to divide the hard drive into several partitions. That is, we will consider how to partition a hard drive using built-in tools in Windows 10 itself.

This method is suitable not only for Windows 10, but also for “seven” and “eight”.

Attention! It is highly advisable to perform defragmentation before dividing an existing hard disk partition. This will free up more space for the new partition.

Step 1. Open the built-in Disk Management utility

In order to divide your hard drive into several partitions, you need to open the built-in Disk Management utility. There are two ways to do this. Option #1 is only suitable for Windows 10, Option No. 2 - for almost all previous versions of this operating system.

Option #1

In Windows 10, RIGHT-click on the menu “ Start" and select item 7 " Disk management».

Option No. 2

In the search bar of the Start menu, type “Control Panel” (number 1), and then open it with a mouse click (number 2).

In the window that opens, select and click on the “System and Security” item.

A new window opens. In it we go down and in the “Administration” item, click on the sub-item “Creating and formatting a hard drive”.

We are presented with the Disk Management utility itself.

Step 2: Shrink the volume and free up space to create a new partition in Windows 10

In order to create a new hard disk partition in the Disk Management utility, you first need to “pinch off” the space for it from an existing partition.

In the picture I presented, there are already two partitions C and D on the hard drive. Let's assume that I want to create a third partition. To do this, I select partition D, which has more free space, and right-click on its name with the right mouse button.

Note! In the Windows operating system, a single physical hard drive can contain no more than 4 sections, including system ones (for example, Recovery Partition).

An explorer window appears, in which I select “Shrink Volume”.

It’s worth going into a little more detail about why exactly compress. The fact is that in order to create a new partition, you first need to find free space for it somewhere. We get it by compressing the space on an existing volume. Section D in my case is a donor for creating a new section.

After this, the message “The volume is being polled to determine the available space for compression. Wait...". Polling a volume can last from several seconds to several tens of minutes. Here you will have to wait for some time.

When the system finishes polling the volume, a window will appear where in the “Size of compressed volume” column you can specify how much space you want to pinch off from your donor disk to create free space for now.

It will not be possible to take more space for a new partition than indicated. In my case, the ceiling is 78880 MB - a little more than 77 GB.

I'll put 51200 MB. This is exactly 50 gigabytes for the new partition. They can be used, for example, to install Windows 10 on a new partition next to the existing Windows 7.

After you click "Compress" for some time, you will not see any result. The only thing that will tell you that the compression process is in progress is a spinning blue circle that appears when you hover over the utility window.

You will know that compression has occurred when a black bar with unallocated space appears at the bottom of the utility window (for me it’s 50 GB).

So we have freed up space to create a new partition on the hard drive in Windows 10. Now we’ll figure out how to organize the unallocated space and turn it into a full-fledged partition of our hard drive.

Step 3. Create a hard disk partition from unallocated space

In order to turn our unallocated space into a full-fledged hard drive partition, you need to click on the “Unallocated” inscription with the right mouse button and select “Create a simple volume”.

The “Create Simple Volume Wizard” will open. Click the “Next” button there. A window appears in which we can specify the size of our volume (hard disk partition). Here we can change nothing and click next.

We can change it if we want, for example, to create two new partitions from the freed unallocated space.

After this, we have the opportunity to choose the Latin letter for our hard drive partition that will be used to designate it. I already have two drives C and D, I will call the third one F. Select and click “Next”.

In the next step, we will be asked to format our new partition. I'm leaving everything here as default.

After that, wait for “Done”.

Then a few more seconds or minutes our section is formatted and that’s it. A new hard drive partition has been created in Windows 10.

As you can see, I wanted to create a partition of exactly 50GB, but I ended up with 49.9 gigabytes. A small amount of compressed space was taken by Windows for system needs.

Now on this section, for example, you can install Windows 10 next to Windows 7 .

If for some reason you need to merge hard drive partitions back together in Windows 10, then I also have an article on this topic with step-by-step instructions and pictures: How to merge hard drive partitions in Windows 10 .

P.S.: Unfortunately, the above method in some fairly few cases causes certain difficulties for Windows 10 users. The scale of the problems that arise became clear to me thanks to the comments located below on this page. Apparently, sometimes the Microsoft operating system “plays it safe” and does not allow us to separate the free space we need from the existing hard drive partition. In some cases, dividing a volume into two is not possible at all due to supposed lack of space. Also, the Disk Management utility built into the OS may sometimes not allow you to merge some partitions of one hard drive. It was to solve these problems that I began to look for another option that would allow me to manage the hard drive in Windows 10 using third-party, but most reliable and safe developments. Found. For those who have encountered such problems, I wrote an article “