Copy and move

1 way. Place two windows on the desktop: a copy source and a copy destination. Select the required icons in the source window. Several icons are highlighted when the Ctrl key is pressed. Drag the selected icons into the destination window with the mouse, pointing at any of the selected icons. When the Ctrl key is pressed simultaneously, copying occurs; without it, elements are moved (provided that the folders are on the same disk).

Method 2. Select the elements to be copied. Select menu Edit / Copy (Cut). When choosing " Cut" will move. Open the destination folder. Select menu Edit / Paste.

Deleting files and folders

Deleting files is done by selecting items and pressing Delete keys. In this case, the marked items are moved to a special folder - Trash. Emptying the Recycle Bin destroys files. There is also an operation for erasing files, when special utilities fill the clusters that contained the erased files with random data.

Group operations with files

If you need to perform a copy or delete operation on a large number of files at the same time, then selecting them while holding Ctrl is not very convenient. You can select a whole group of consecutive icons by clicking on the first one and, while holding down the Shift key, on the last one. However, in this case, you need to arrange the icons in a certain way. To do this, open the folder with files and go to the menu View / Arrange Icons. There are 4 ways to organize icons in a folder: by name, by type, by size, by date. For example, you need to copy all files with the extension .txt. In this case, you should arrange the icons by type, after which all files of type .txt will be grouped together and, use Shift key to highlight them. A similar technique is used to select “old” files (organized by date), “small” files (organized by size) and in other standard situations.

If the window does not show full information about files (extension, volume and creation date), you should refer to the folder window menu View/Table and all the characteristics of the files will be displayed in the window.

Renaming files and folders.

Renaming a file or folder is done either through the menu Rename, caused by clicking right button mouse on the corresponding icon, or by clicking on the name of the selected icon.

Comment . Deleting or renaming is not possible if specified file is already open by some application.

Working with the clipboard

Windows OS creates and maintains a special area of ​​memory called the clipboard. The clipboard is used to exchange data between Windows OS applications. The second copying method described above involves using the clipboard.

On the menu Edit for operations with the clipboard, items are used Copy, Cut And Insert. The first two place an object on the clipboard, the last one copies it from the clipboard. If an object (part of text, picture, etc.) is not selected, then the first two items will not be active. If the clipboard is empty, then the third item will not be active.

Operations with the clipboard are performed very often, so quick access buttons are placed on the window toolbar.

The fastest way to work with the clipboard is to use key combinations: Ctrl+C - copy; Ctrl+X - cut; Ctrl + V - paste.

Copy and move

• 1 way. Place two windows on the desktop: a copy source and a copy destination. Select the required icons in the source window. Several icons are highlighted when the Ctrl key is pressed. Drag the selected icons into the destination window with the mouse, pointing at any of the selected icons. When the Ctrl key is pressed simultaneously, copying occurs; without it, elements are moved (provided that the folders are on the same disk). excel printing file archiving
• Method 2. Select the elements to be copied. Select the Edit/Copy (Cut) menu. Selecting "Cut" will cause movement. Open the destination folder. Select the Edit / Paste menu.

Deleting files and folders

Deleting files is done by selecting elements and pressing the Delete key. In this case, the marked items are moved to a special folder - Trash. Emptying the Recycle Bin destroys files. There is also an operation for erasing files, when special utilities fill the clusters that contained the erased files with random data.

Group operations with files

If you need to perform a copy or delete operation on a large number of files at the same time, then selecting them while holding Ctrl is not very convenient. You can select a whole group of consecutive icons by clicking on the first one and, while holding down the Shift key, on the last one. However, in this case, you need to arrange the icons in a certain way. To do this, open the folder with the files and go to the View/Arrange Icons menu. There are 4 ways to organize icons in a folder: by name, by type, by size, by date. For example, you need to copy all files with the extension .txt. In this case, you should organize the icons by type, after which all files of type .txt will be grouped together and use the Shift key to select them. A similar technique is used to select “old” files (organized by date), “small” files (organized by size) and in other standard situations.

If the window does not show complete information about the files (extension, size and creation date), you should go to the window menu of the View / Table folder and all the file characteristics will be displayed in the window.

Renaming files and folders.

Renaming a file or folder is performed either through the Rename menu, called up by right-clicking on the corresponding icon, or by clicking on the name of the selected icon.

Comment. Deleting or renaming is not possible if the specified file is already open by an application.

Archiving is the recoding of data in order to reduce its volume. Data compression is a procedure for recoding data performed in order to reduce its volume. Used for more rational use of data storage and transmission devices.

Compression can be lossless (when it is possible to restore the original data without distortion) or lossy (recovery is possible with distortions that are barely noticeable to the human eye or ear). Lossless compression is commonly used in processing computer programs and data, less often - to reduce the volume of audio, photo and video information. Lossy compression is used to reduce the volume of audio, photo and video information; it is much more effective than lossless compression. Compression is based on eliminating redundant information contained in the source data. An example of redundancy is the repetition of fragments (for example, words of natural or machine language) in the text. Such redundancy is usually eliminated by replacing the repeated sequence with a shorter value (code). Another type of redundancy is due to the fact that some values ​​in the compressed data occur more often than others, and it is possible to replace frequently occurring data with shorter codes, and rare ones with longer ones (probabilistic compression). Compression of data that does not have the property of redundancy (for example, a random signal or noise) is impossible without loss. Also, it is usually not possible to compress encrypted information.

When storing data, two problems are solved: how to store data in the most compact form and how to provide convenient and convenient access to it. fast access(if access is not provided, then this is not storage). To ensure access, the data must have an ordered structure. This generates address data. Without them, it is impossible to access the necessary data elements included in the structure.

Since address data also has a size and must also be stored, storing data in small units such as bytes is inconvenient. They are also inconvenient to store in larger units (kilobytes, megabytes, etc.), since partially filling one storage unit leads to storage inefficiency.

The unit of data storage is a variable-length object called a file.

A file is a sequence any number bytes, with a unique name of its own.

Usually in separate file store data belonging to the same type. In this case, the data type determines the file type.

Since there is no size limit in the file definition, one can imagine a file having 0 bytes ( empty file), and a file having any number of bytes.

In the file definition Special attention given to the name. It actually carries address data, without which the data stored in the file will not become information due to the lack of a method to access it. In addition to addressing-related functions, a file name can also store information about the type of data contained in it. This is important for automatic data manipulation tools because, based on the file name, they can automatically determine the appropriate method for extracting information from the file.

The file name consists of two parts: the actual name and the file extension.

The actual file name can consist of letters of the Russian and English alphabets, numbers and special characters. However, its length should not exceed 256 characters.

Depending on the extension, all files are divided into two large groups: executable and non-executable.

Executable files are those files that can be executed independently, i.e., do not require any special programs to launch them. They have the following extensions:

• - exe - file ready for execution (tetris.exe; winword.exe);
• - com - file operating system(command.com);
• - sys - operating system file (Io.sys);
• - bat - batch file operating room MS-DOS systems(autoexec.bat).

Non-executable files require the installation of special programs to run. So, for example, in order to view Text Document, requires the presence of some text editor. By the extension of a non-executable file you can judge the type of data stored in this file. You can combine several files into one using the cat(1) utility, short for "concatenate". This utility was originally developed to combine several text files in one, but can be used for other purposes.

To combine two or more files into one, you simply list the files after the cat command and redirect the output to new file. The cat utility works on standard input and output, so you must use shell characters for redirection. For example: $ cat file1 file2 file3 > bigfile

This command will take the contents of files file1, file2 and file3 and merge them into a bigfile.

The cat utility is also used to view the contents of files. Many users use cat to view text files, specifying the filename, and then pass the output through more or less:

$ cat file1 | more

cat is also often used to copy files. Any file can be copied by running:

$ cat /bin/bash > ~/mybash

The /bin/bash file will be copied to your home directory under the name mybash.

The examples discussed here are just a few possible options applications cat. Because cat provides extensive control over standard input and output, it is ideal for scripting and for use as part of more complex commands.

Computer objects Questions and assignments, Informatics 6th grade Bosova Questions and assignments, Informatics 6th grade Bosova answers to questions, Informatics 6th grade Bosova GDZ, Informatics 6th grade Bosova answers

Exercise 1
What is a file?
Solution
A file is an area on a storage device of some kind that contains logically combined information and is named by a specific name.

Task 2
What parts does a file name consist of?
Solution
The file name consists of two parts separated by a dot:
a) name - to the point;
b) expansion - after.

Task 3
What rules should you follow when writing a file name?
Solution
It is better to name the file in Latin letters, using no more than 9 characters.

Task 4
Describe the disk file storage system.
Solution
Each disk is divided into two areas - a file storage area and a directory. The directory contains the name of the file and an indication of where it begins on disk. If we draw an analogy between a disk and a book, the file storage area corresponds to its contents, and the directory corresponds to the table of contents. Moreover, a book consists of pages, and a disk consists of sectors.

Task 5
What actions can you perform with files?
Solution
The file can be: opened, scanned for viruses, renamed, copied, sent by mail, deleted.

Task 6
What actions should I avoid when working with files?
Solution
1) delete the file without clearly determining whether this should be done;
2) give the file a name that does not explain its contents;
3) save the file in a folder where it will be difficult to find later;
4) delete or move files located in folders application programs- this may cause programs to stop working.

Task 7
Name the properties of the operating system object "Desktop".
Solution
1) icons and shortcuts of Windows objects;
2) windows open applications;
3) the taskbar containing the "Start" button, the display panel and a number of desktop toolbars;
4) Desktop background containing a uniform background, background picture or active desktop elements. As you work, there may be additional objects: folder windows, dialog boxes, application windows, etc.

Task 8
One of the actions in the operating system object's context menu is always highlighted in bold. What action is this? Why was it chosen? How can I perform this action without a context menu?
Solution
In the context menu of an operating system object, the Open action is always highlighted in bold. This action was selected because the system considers this action to be the most likely to be performed by this object. This action can be performed without a context menu by clicking left button mice.

Task 9
As you know, actions on the main objects of the operating system can be performed in several ways: using menu commands; using toolbar buttons that duplicate menu commands; using context menu commands; using Drag&Drop technology. Why do you think so many methods are needed? Why didn't the developers give preference to one of them?
Solution
In Windows, for the convenience of users, it was created a huge number functions that often replace each other. One person, for example, will select the context menu to control an object, another will select the menu bar. Every person has a habit; someone who is used to acting in one way will consider that another way is inconvenient and is not needed at all.

Task 10
What's happened

Before you start working on your PC, you should create a folder structure for saving files.

A folder is always created in the folder window in which it will be located. To create a folder, follow these steps:

1. Open the folder window in which the new folder will be created.
2. IN empty space window, right-click and execute New - Folder.
3. Using the keyboard, enter the name of the folder to be created.

Creating files

Typically, files are created using application programs (MS Word, MS Excel, etc.). However, some types of files can be created without running the corresponding program.

The file is created in the window of the folder in which it will be located. To create a file, follow these steps:

1. Open a window for the folder in which the file will be created.
2. In an empty area of ​​the window, right-click and execute the New command and select the desired file type in the submenu that appears.
3. Using the keyboard, enter the name of the file to be created.
4. Double-click the left mouse button in an empty area of ​​the window.

Renaming folders and files

To rename a folder or file, follow these steps:

1. Right-click on the object icon and execute the Rename command.
2. Double-click the left mouse button in an empty area of ​​the window.

1. Open a window for the folder in which the object to be renamed is located.
2. Perform two or three single left-clicks on the object name so that the cursor begins to blink in the name field.
3. Using the keyboard, enter a new object name.
4. Double-click the left mouse button in an empty area of ​​the window.

Moving and copying folders and files

Moving and copying folders and files can be done in two ways: different methods: by towing (dragging) and using the clipboard.

When moving and copying objects by towing, follow these steps:

1. If necessary, place windows on the screen so that both are visible at the same time.
2. When moving - tow (drag) an object icon from the window of one folder to the window of another folder.
3. When copying - drag (drag) the object icon from the window of one folder to the window of another folder while pressing the key.

Moving and copying folders and files can also be done by dragging objects with the right mouse button. In this case, after completing towing, select the necessary command: Move or Copy.

When moving and copying objects using the clipboard, follow these steps:

1. Open a window for the folder from which the object will be moved or copied.
2. When moving, select the object being moved and move it to the clipboard in one of the following ways:

When copying, select the object to be copied and copy it to the clipboard in one of the following ways:

Open a window for the folder into which the object will be moved or copied.

Paste an object from the clipboard using one of the following methods:

Copying folders and files to floppy disks can be done in another way. To do this, right-click on the object icon and execute the command Send - Disk 3.5 (A:).

Deleting folders and files

Deleting folders and files can be done in several ways.

For the first method, follow these steps:

1. Select the object icon and press a key on the keyboard.

For the second method, follow these steps:

1. Right-click on the object icon and execute the Delete command.
2. In the window that appears, click Yes.

With the third method, you should drag the icon of the object to be deleted onto the Desktop to the Trash icon.

Recovering deleted folders and files. Setting up your cart

Deleted folders and files are usually not destroyed, but placed in a special “Trash” folder.

To restore accidentally or by mistake deleted folders and files, follow these steps:

1. Right-click on the icon of the object to be restored and execute the Restore command.

In this case, the folder or file will be restored to the same folder from which it was deleted.

To restore a deleted object in any arbitrary folder, you should move it to the desired folder using one of the methods described above.

It should be noted that folders and files deleted from a floppy disk are not placed in a special “Trash” folder and, therefore, cannot be restored.

To avoid problems when restoring folders and files, you should check and, if necessary, change the settings special folder"Basket". To do this, right-click on the icon of the special “Trash” folder and execute the Properties command.

Rice. 8. Properties dialog box: Recycle Bin

In the Properties: Recycle Bin dialog box (Fig. 8), you should pay attention to the absence of a checkmark against the command Destroy files immediately after deletion, without placing them in the Recycle Bin. If such a mark is set, restore deleted files will be impossible. In the same dialog box, you can configure the maximum basket volume. Recommended volume - 10... 15% of size hard drive.

1. Open the special “Trash” folder.
2. Right-click on the icon of the object to be deleted and execute the Delete command.
3. In the window that appears, click Yes.

In the second case, follow these steps:

1. Right-click on the “Trash” icon of the object and execute the Empty Trash command.
2. In the window that appears, click Yes.

If desired, files and folders can be deleted without placing them in the Recycle Bin. To do this, you can use any deletion method, but any of them must be performed while holding down the keyboard key.

Actions with groups of folders and files

You can move, copy and delete not only separate folders and files, but also groups of folders and files. You can only group files and folders located in the same window. To combine files and folders into a group, you need to select them.

To select all folders and files in a window, the easiest way is to use the Edit - Select All command.

To select folders and files located in a window one after another, you must first select the first object from the group, and then select the last object while pressing the keyboard key.

When selecting an arbitrary group of folders and files, select them while pressing the keyboard key.

When selecting all folders and files in a window, except some, you should first select the objects that cannot be selected, and then execute the command Edit - Invert Selection.

The selected group of files can be moved, copied, deleted using any of the methods described above.

Search folders and files

To search for a folder or file on your PC, open Home Windows menu and execute the command Search - Folders and Files.

The search is performed in the Find: All files window (Fig. 9). Folders and files can be searched based on the following criteria:

You can search by any one characteristic or by all characteristics at the same time. The search result can be several objects.

From the search window, files can be moved, copied, deleted using any of the methods described above

Create and use shortcuts

A shortcut is a special kind of file intended for quick opening other files, folders and program launches. Shortcuts are usually placed on the Desktop.

To create a shortcut, follow these steps:

1. Open the window of the folder in which the object for which the shortcut is being created is located.
2. Drag an object to the Desktop while pressing the right mouse button.
3. After towing, in the context menu that appears, execute the Create shortcut(s) command.

The shortcut can be renamed like a regular file.

If desired, you can change the shortcut icon. To do this, follow these steps:

1. Right-click on the shortcut icon and select Properties.
2. In the Properties:... dialog box, go to the Shortcut tab.
3. In the tab, click the Change icon button.
4. In the Change Icon dialog box, select the desired icon.
5. In the Change Icon dialog box, click OK.
6. In the Properties:... dialog box, click OK.

Double-clicking the left mouse button on a shortcut icon opens the window of the object for which this shortcut was created.

Renaming, changing the shortcut icon, copying, moving and even deleting it has no effect on the object for which it was created. On the contrary, renaming or moving an object may cause the shortcut to not work properly. Deleting an object for which a shortcut was created makes the shortcut completely inoperable.

Archiving files

Archiving is the process of reducing the size of files to make them easier to store and move. Archiving is carried out using special archiving programs. Among the many archiver programs in Lately The most popular program is WinZip. This program is not included in the standard Windows programs and must be pre-installed on your computer.

When archiving files, a new file is created, which is called an archive file. An archive file contains one or more compressed files.

To create an archive file, follow these steps:

1. Select files to be archived.
2. Right-click on the selected icons and execute the Add to Zip command.
3. In the Add window, in the Add to Archive field, enter the name of the archive file to be created.
4. In the Action drop-down list, you can select how files will be placed in the archive: Add (adding, copying) or Move (moving).
5. In the Compression drop-down list, you can select the degree of file compression.
6. In the Add window, click Add button or Move, depending on the chosen method for storing files in the archive.
7. Close the WinZip program window.

To add files to an existing archive, drag the icon onto the archive file icon.

To extract files from an archive, the easiest way is to open the archive file and drag the extracted file from the archive file window to the desired folder window.

2 In Windows 95/98, almost all actions can be performed different ways. In this textbook Only the most common and convenient options for actions using windows in the special “My Computer” folder are given.

4 When copying objects to a folder on another logical drive, you do not need to hold down the (Ctrl) key.

5 To search for a file named Letter to ZAO Zarya.doc, just specify the name letter.

6 The search can be carried out for the last period (several days or months) or for a specific period (from one date to another date).

7 The terms “compression”, “packaging” are also used.

The main operation to be carried out with programs and documents in Windows is launch. This operation is performed by double-clicking on the program or document icon in the right panel Conductor. If the item you want is not shown in the right pane, you need to navigate in the left pane and find the folder in which it is located.

To perform any operation with a file, folder or group of files, you need them highlight. In the case of a single file or the same folder, you just need to point to their icon with the mouse cursor. And literally in a second you will see that the signature to the icon will darken, and next to it a small window will appear with a complete “dossier” of the file or folder.

Now you can do whatever you want with the selected file - “drag” it to another folder using the mouse pointer or call it context menu(clicking on the right mouse button).

However, situations often arise when it is necessary to work not with one file or folder, but with several at once. This means that you will have to select several icons at once. At first glance, this is not easy to do: as soon as you move the mouse cursor from the selected file to another, the “selecting” background also jumps there... However, this will not happen if you first press the key CTRL, and then (without releasing it) alternately point the mouse cursor at all the objects that you want to select (Fig. 1.5).

If you want to select a large group of files at once, located sequentially (i.e. one after another), then you can simplify your life using the key SHIFT: by clicking it, click the mouse cursor on the first file in the group, and then on the last one - the entire column will be selected.

The same operation can be performed without any keys, using only the mouse: place its cursor next to the header of the first file (but without pointing to it yet) and click on the left mouse button. Now, without releasing it, drag the cursor down, “throwing a network” over all the necessary files (Fig. 1.6).

You can select all files in a folder by pressing a key combination ALT+X (Latin), or using menu commands Edit Select all.

Copy files from folder to folder (or, for example, from hard drive to floppy disk) can be done in several ways:

Moving files and folders is carried out similarly to the copy operation. Only instead of a button Copy in the context menu or toolbar Conductor choose another - Cut. And the easiest thing is to simply drag the file from one folder to another with the mouse. To make the process easier, by the way, you can open two copies of Explorer: in one, open the folder in which the source file lives, in the other, open the destination folder where you transfer the file.

If you no longer need any document or whole folder, delete an unnecessary object can be used in two ways:

call the context menu of the file (folder) and select the command Delete;

drag it with the mouse to Cart on the desktop.

For renaming file or folder, you can select Rename context menu or press the key F2. Please note - if Conductor can show not only the file name, but also its extension; be especially careful when renaming. If the file name can be changed, then its extension must remain intact.

To create new file, shortcut or folder, use the item Create context menu, after opening it on the right side Conductor the folder in which you want to place the "newborn". You can also use the point Create context menu by right-clicking on an empty area of ​​the folder you have opened.

Archiving is a way of packing files and folders in which they lose a significant part of their volume. This happens due to the fact that repeating groups of characters in each file are replaced, for example, by one or two special characters, which represent exactly this combination.

Why is archiving needed? Let's say you created a large text document on your computer (for example, more than 2 MB), which you need to transfer to another computer using a floppy disk. The capacity of the floppy disk is only 1.44 MB. You will encounter the same problem if you need to send a file by email. This is where archiving comes in handy, i.e. the operation of placing a file or folder in a special archive file with simultaneous compression of information. Thus, some text documents are compressed by 5-10 times during archiving.

An archive can contain not one file, but several, and include entire folder structures. There are no restrictions on the number of files “packed” into one archive, as long as there is enough disk space. But in any case, the output is a single file, which is called archive.

Modern OS and file managers allow the user to work with archives as with regular folders. The process of extracting information from the archive and, conversely, packaging it occurs completely unnoticed in this case. You can open “packed” files directly from “archive” folders by simply clicking the left mouse button. Windows itself will unpack them into a “temporary” folder, and after the work is completed, it will place them back into the archive.

Windows has a built-in system Compressed Folders, supporting archiving format ZIP. Using its capabilities, you can turn any folder into a “compressed” one. To do this, select the folder or all the files that you want to send to the “compressed folder” (archive). Now right-click the context menu and select Send CompressedZIP-folder. Now, next to your original folder, a new one has appeared - more precisely, an archive file similar to the folder with the extension .zip. This is what you can copy to a floppy disk or send by e-mail (the easiest way to do this is to use the item Send context menu).

Thanks to the same archiver built into Windows, you can work with archive files as if they were the most regular files, opening them with a simple click of the left mouse button. A “compressed” document can be opened directly from an archive file - Windows itself will unpack it into a “temporary” folder, and after completion of work, place it back into the archive.

We are all not perfect and anyone, even the most experienced user, can make a mistake. Imagine you unintentionally deleted or renamed important file or the whole folder, or replaced new version the required old document. To rectify the situation, in Conductor there is a possibility cancellations By at least last operation performed:

Windows supports "multi-stage" rollback - i.e. you can go back several steps by undoing many operations in succession.