How to unlink Samsung from your account. "Rough" account deletion


By phone or Android tablet You can add Google accounts. The device automatically synchronizes data from accounts that are configured on it. To download applications from Google Play, you must add at least one account to your device.

Are multiple people using the device? Before making any changes, make sure you are signed in to the correct account.

How to add an account to your device

  1. Open your device settings.
  2. Select Accounts. If this item is not there, click Users and accounts.
  3. At the bottom of the screen, tap Add account.
  4. Select your account type.
    • To add Google account, press Google. When you log in to your account, all data associated with it, including messages Email, contacts and calendar events are automatically synchronized with your device.
    • To add another account, select Personal (IMAP) or Personal (POP3). This option suitable for users Microsoft Outlook and Apple Mail. How to use IMAP and POP3 protocols to work with Gmail...
  5. Follow the instructions on the screen.
  6. If necessary, enter a PIN, password, or pattern.

Advice. If you plan to lend your device to someone else, you don't need to set up new account. Instead, you can create a separate profile or enable Guest mode.

How to delete an account from a device

If you delete your account from your phone or tablet, all data associated with it will also disappear from the device (including emails, contacts and settings).

Note. Settings may vary depending on the device. For more information,

After resetting your smartphone from using Hard Reset, when next turn on phone, you need to enter your Google account credentials. This is exactly how the situation was described to me by a user who brought me a phone with a request to confirm an account that was previously synchronized with a smartphone.

In general, this is something similar to Apply ID, which has long been used in devices manufactured by Apple. Since many have complained that Android data are not protected at all, and you can hack any password on your phone with a regular hard reset, Google decided to improve several aspects of this protection.

As a result, starting from the series Android firmware 5.1.1, hard binding to your Google account has begun. That is, even after resetting the settings, you will not be able to fully use your smartphone until you enter the credentials of the account that was linked to it when you first turned on the device.

Of course, the user who contacted me had no idea about such protection and calmly reset the settings without any second thoughts. Of course, no one remembers the account details, since it was created in a hurry just to have access to the Play Market.

So, after another such smartphone, I decided to share my experience and show how I managed to bypass the protection with Google account confirmation after resetting the settings ( Hard Reset).

Resetting your smartphone to its factory state through phone settings

Very often a simple reset directly from standard menu settings. This is explained by the fact that the settings are reset directly from the phone and the security system recognizes this as if the user did it himself, and accordingly does not request Google account verification (FRP).

Of course, the most difficult thing we have to do is get into that very settings menu, but we’ll still try to do it. I tested this method on Android 6.0 and 6.0.1.

Bypass Google account verification (FRP) after reset using QuickShortcutMaker

If you have not become the happy owner of a device that was helped by the first method, then most likely you will have to turn to third party applications, which will help us remove the Google account linking.

One such application would be QuickShortcutMaker. By the way, I would say that this method helps 80% of cases that are associated with FRP. So I recommend using it first.

You can see a visual implementation of points 10 to 17 in this video, starting at 5:30 minutes:

Important information for those who have " Google Accounts“There will be no option to enter your login and password. In order for it to appear, you will have to additionally, in addition to QuickShortcutMaker, install the Google Account Manager patch. After this, the desired item should be displayed without problems in Google list accounts.

Third option to bypass Google FRP using Test DPC

The third option is also to install and use additional programs, this time it's " Test DPC" If the previous method did not help you, then you should definitely try this option.

A clear example of execution this method, look at the video:

It was precisely these images that I personally managed to bypass the protection with Google confirmation account after resetting the settings on Android. If none of the described methods work for you, don’t worry, it happens.

There are many different options for bypassing this protection, you just need to find it on our website or on some forum. Where users could share the option that is right for you.

There is also a theory that by turning off the phone and putting it on a shelf for about 72 hours, the binding disappeared on its own and the smartphone turned on the next time as if it had just been taken out of the box.

First version Android platforms Since its release it has undergone several updates. Google, paying great attention further development systems, is constantly working not only to correct detected errors, but also to expand the functionality of the popular OS.

One of the developers' innovations operating system Android has become latest system protection that appeared on devices starting from version 5.1. This function (Factory Reset Protection or FRP lock) is as follows: if a smartphone is lost or stolen, the owner will be able to block his gadget, after which, without a login/password pair from a Google account, the phone will not be subject to further use. The same protection will work if you try full reset settings (hard reset).

But how can we bypass the Google account if we reset the settings ourselves, for example, when flashing the device or deleting graphic key? In addition, there are often cases when the system does not accept the correct password/login.

In any case, when you first start the device and try to access wi-fi networks, a request will appear on the smartphone screen to confirm your Google account on Android:

This is where the need arises to find a way to cope with the problem.

Google account bypass

It should be noted that the situation is complicated by the fact that, given the large number of smartphone manufacturing companies in Android based, and even more models, a single universal solution for all devices simply does not exist. Therefore, we will now look at several proven options.

How to avoid the reset problem

To avoid getting into an unpleasant situation, do not forget to take advantage of the opportunity provided by the developers. To do this, before performing a reset, go to “ Settings", select the section " Accounts" (May be " Accounts"), we find " Google", open.

Next, call up the menu by clicking on the three dots in the upper right corner and select “ Delete account"(on some models, the action selection is caused by a long press on the account field). Now we need (USB debugging) and activate the “ OEM Unlocking»:

Five ways to bypass Google account protection

Method No. 1

The first step is to remove the SIM card and then turn on the smartphone. Next, select desired language, ignore the window with SIM (button " skip"). In the next window where you need to enter a phone number or email. mail, press and hold the symbol @ until the settings button appears, first press it, and then “ Settings Android keyboards " After that, click touch button « back" at the very bottom of the display, then press and hold the submenu button there (you may also have to press the " home", differently on all devices) until the Google search bar appears:

In the search bar that opens, write the word “ settings" Once in the settings section, select “ Recovery and reset", and then turn off " Auto recovery" And " Saving backups"(and in exactly this sequence), after which we reset the settings:

Method number 2

Another universal method which can help in difficult situation, when there is no way to enter the Internet or settings or it is also impossible to perform other actions.

What should be done:

We insert the SIM card into the locked phone, from which we will delete the drone account. Then, call this number from another device. We accept the call and select the action “ Add new challenge", then enter any numbers in the dialer:

Now we need to enter our Google account, for which we know the password (or create a new one). After that, we save the contact to this account:

After the completed manipulations, reboot the smartphone.

Method number 3

We insert a SIM card into the smartphone that we will unlock and call this number from another phone. Next, as described in the second method, click on + (i.e. add a new call), and drop the call. After this, the keyboard will open, use it to enter the following combination: *#*#4636#*#* (see screenshot):

Immediately after entering the last character, automatic transition to a new window with information and advanced settings. Now click on the arrow located on the left top corner screen and go to the standard device settings, select the section “ Recovery and reset", disable " Copying data" And " Auto recovery" (May be " Archiving" And " Data recovery"), after which we perform a factory reset (or hard reset):

All you have to do is wait for the procedure to complete, and then go to your account. Google entry via Wi Fi.

Method number 4

You can try to enter the standard settings in another way: on the main screen, press and hold the “ Home", and when the Google icon appears, tap on it and go to search bar, press, the keyboard appears, type the word “ Settings»:

Method number 5

Please watch the video that tells you how to bypass your Google account using the application after resetting the settings QuickShortcutMaker which will help ensure fast access to the settings of a locked smartphone, as well as to the menu of applications installed on it:

We talked about the simplest and most popular methods that can help resolve the issue without harming the device. You can find a lot of other methods on the Internet, but do not forget that if you are not confident in your actions, then there is a danger of causing even more damage to your gadget. Therefore, if you have saved the receipts and the warranty period has not expired, then service center specialists will help you completely free of charge.

*Note: if the described actions did not bring the desired result, do not rush to try everything at once. It makes sense to wait from one to three days, and then proceed to the next attempts, because this is exactly the period provided by the developers for unlocking the device.

Was the information provided useful to you? Have you encountered such a problem? If yes, then tell us how you managed to bypass Google account on Android. That's all for me, good luck!

There are several ways to properly delete a Google account on Android. Removal methods depend on the firmware version and whether you have superuser rights.

Let's take a closer look at the simplest and quick ways reset your account to .

Google account is a universal account that is used to link all your devices with video hosting sites, search engines, online documents and others useful services.

Registering and linking an account is a mandatory step for the first setup of the device.

In the future, users can “unlink” or completely delete existing accounts.

Contents:

Method 1 – Using OS Settings

The first removal method is the easiest and safest. The service recommends using it Google support. Use this option if:

  • You are deleting your profile to troubleshoot problems and then re-login into the system with the same account;
  • You are giving your smartphone or tablet to a loved one for use, without fear that he may have access to your contacts and files;
  • You want to log out of your existing account and re-login with a new account.

After deleting your account using this method, all files, phone numbers, the settings will remain unchanged:

  • Open the application menu and click on “Settings”;
  • In the window that opens, find the field "Accounts…" and click on it. Select the profile you are using that you want to delete;
  • In the new window, click on the button additional parameters– it is located in the upper right corner. In the drop-down list, click on "Delete entry".

Uninstall error

Sometimes during execution standard removal An error or device freeze may occur. As a result, the old profile remains in place and nothing happens.

You can solve the problem by adding another account to the application. If several accounts are registered in the system, one of them will be deleted without problems.

Follow the instructions:

1 Open your Gmail email application. It comes pre-installed on all Android devices;

2 In the main program window, click on the menu key and select from the list of options "Add another account";

3 In the list of suggested services, select Google and click on "Continue";

4 A new window prompts you to choose one of two options for adding a profile– creating a new account or logging into an existing account existing account, which is not yet bound to . Choose the option that suits you;

5 After authorization, open Gmail again. The newly added address will appear in its settings window. One mail is loaded as the main one, the rest are additional services. To make a new account your primary account, simply click on the icon with the user's photo.

Now that you have selected another account as your primary mail storage, log in again and repeat the first method of deleting your account. It should be deleted without any problems, since there is already another user profile on the smartphone.

Method 2 – Forced removal

This type of account reset involves a "hard" deletion of all associated user accounts, data, and files.

Creating a Backup

The resulting file will be saved to the application root folder, which you can open using .

Move backup copy to another device and only after that start deleting your Google account.

"Rough" account deletion

Important! Before performing the settings described below, we recommend that you create a backup copy of your data and download it to your computer or cloud storage. This way you will save all your files and phone book contacts.

Is the most in an effective way complete removal account for devices without superuser rights.

As a result of the reset you will receive a completely new shell software phone with the version that was preinstalled at the time of purchase.

To start using the gadget, you must add or register - data about the old account is not saved.

Follow the instructions:

1 Open the settings window and select the field "Restore and reset";

2 In the new window, click on "Reset";

3 Next, a window will open with system message about what data will be deleted. Confirm the action by clicking on "Erase everything". Next, wait until the phone reboots and add a new Google account during the activation process.

Method 3 – Forced stop of the serviceGoogle Accounts

Google preinstalls a set of its web services and applications on all smartphones and tablets. This allows you to simplify the setup of your smartphone and speed up its operation.

The Google Accounts service is responsible for managing user accounts.

With this service you can install Latest updates security systems and easily manage connected accounts.

In the system settings, you can forcefully stop Google Accounts and delete all utility data.

So all tied Accounts will be automatically erased from the gadget.

Follow the instructions:

  • Open settings;
  • Select the "Applications" tab;
  • Find the “Google Accounts” utility and select it;
  • In the new window, click on "Forced stop" And "Erase data".

If your smartphone does not have separate application“Accounts”, select the “Google Services” utility and erase all its data.

Under Android control(By at least that is certified by Google) contains not only components assembled from AOSP, but also an impressive number of proprietary Google programs. These are the same Google Play, Gmail, Hangouts, Maps and a bunch of other applications, including a dialer and a camera (starting with KitKat).

For all these components there is not only source code, but also no explanation at all about the principles of their operation. Many of them are initially created for the purpose of collecting certain types of information and sending them to Google servers. This is, for example, how GoogleBackupTransport, which is responsible for synchronizing the list, behaves installed applications, passwords and other data, GoogleContactsSyncAdapter, which synchronizes your contact list, or ChromeBookmarksSyncAdapter, whose job is to synchronize browser bookmarks. Plus collecting information about all queries in the search engine.

There is, of course, nothing wrong with the fact of synchronization, and it is an excellent mechanism that allows you to configure new phone in a matter of minutes, and Google Now even manages to give us useful information based on our data (sometimes). The only problem is that all this destroys our privacy, because, as Snowden showed, under the hood of the NSA (and, most likely, a bunch of other services) is not only some evil empire called Microsoft, but also Google, and as well as many other companies from the “we are not evil, but fluffy philanthropists” crowd.

In other words: Google will merge us all without any problems, and it’s not a fact that its employees, sitting in their offices with masseuses and dogs, don’t laugh at the names from yours contact book(everything is encrypted there, yes), drinking 15-year-old pu-erh from Yunnan province. Or maybe to hell with Google? Let's take their Android and let them go through the forest?

What's happened Google Apps
The latest version of the custom KitKat-based firmware for my smartphone weighs 200 MB, however, in order to get a real experience from the smartphone, I also have to flash the gapps archive on top of it, the size of which is 170 MB. Only after this will I receive a system similar to that pre-installed on Nexus devices, with all the goodies in the form of a desktop integrated with Google Now, a screen lock based on a face shot, a camera with support for spherical shooting and a kilogram of Google software, from Google Play to Google Books.

I repeat once again: all this is closed software from Google, which in a good way cannot be distributed at all without their knowledge (that’s why it is not in custom firmware like CyanogenMod), but since it is quite easy to extract it from the firmware of Nexus devices, you can find it on the Internet great amount similar archives, including severely truncated ones. In order to release an Android smartphone with a set of gapps on board, the manufacturer must send it for certification to Google, which, after evaluating the quality and performance of the smartphone, will either give the go-ahead or kick it (but this does not stop the Chinese at all).

This is how Google Apps get to your smartphone. Of the users, 99% either use pre-installed applications, or install them yourself on absolutely clean and completely anonymous firmware. And then, from the moment you enter your username and password, synchronization and downloading of information begins.

To figure out how this happens, let’s unpack the same archive with gapps and take a look inside. We are interested in the /system/app and /system/priv-app directories; during installation, their contents are copied to the directories of the same name inside the smartphone. The second directory is a KitKat innovation, apparently invented to store private applications that are accessible only to the administrator (owner) of the device and invisible to other users logged into the system.

In the /system/app directory we will find a large number of various Google applications, easily recognizable by the name of the package: Books.apk, Chrome.apk, Gmail2.apk and so on. Each of them will share information differently, but that's totally fine (yes, Google will know you're reading Paulo Coelho through their app!). Greatest danger here represents GoogleContactsSyncAdapter.apk, which is only responsible for sending to remote server contact list. We write down the name in a notepad and move on.

Most of the files from the /system/priv-app directory are the services and frameworks necessary to run this whole synchronization and surveillance machine:

  • GoogleBackupTransport.apk - synchronizes data from installed applications, Wi-Fi passwords and some settings;
  • GoogleLoginService.apk - connects the device with a Google account;
  • GooglePartnerSetup.apk - allows third-party applications to access Google services;
  • GoogleServicesFramwork.apk - a framework with various auxiliary functionality;
  • Phonesky.apk - Play Store (oddly enough);
  • PrebuiltGmsCore.apk - Google Services, as the name suggests, this is the core of the entire gapps suite;
  • Velvet.apk is a Google search that includes a desktop search bar and Google Now.
In essence, this is the part of Google Apps that is responsible for leaking our private information. Let's try to get rid of all this.

Spoiler: Method number 1. Disabling through settings

The easiest way to unlink a smartphone from Google is to use standard settings systems. The good thing about this method is that it does not require root rights, installation of custom firmware, or custom recovery. Everything can be done in any stock firmware without losing access to your account and applications like Gmail (if necessary). However, no one will vouch for the efficiency, since it is quite possible that some gapps components will continue to send data.

The main location for synchronization settings is the menu “Settings -> Accounts -> Google -> [email protected]" Here you can disable things like syncing contacts, app data, Gmail, Play Music, Google Keep And so on. All you need to do is simply uncheck the desired menu items. Next, go to the “Settings -> Backup and reset” menu and uncheck the “Data backup” and “Auto recovery” items.

The Google Settings application, which is part of Google Services, is also responsible for many synchronization settings. With its help, in particular, you can disable Google access to the location (“Access to geodata -> Access to my geodata / Sending geodata / Location history”), disable sending personal data to the search engine (“Search -> Personal data”), disable Google Now (“Search -> Google Now”) and disable remote control(" Remote control-> Remote device search / Remote blocking and reset settings").

In the same " Google Settings", by the way, you can disable any application that uses your Google account for authorization. We are talking not only about the software installed on the device, but also about all applications ever used, including websites. For example, I found a lot of sites on this list that I haven’t visited for at least a couple of years.

In case you are not going to use it at all Google services, it will be easier to disconnect your smartphone from your account completely, that is, simply delete it through the settings: “Settings -> Accounts -> Google -> [email protected]-> Menu button -> Delete account.”

Majority Google applications can be safely disabled through the settings: “Applications -> ALL -> the right application-> Disable".

Spoiler: Method number 2. Cleaning the official firmware

In the event that the stock firmware has root rights, you can get rid of Google Apps by simply deleting them from your smartphone. As I already said, they are all stored in the /system/app and /system/priv-app directories. For example, in the case of KitKat, the list of Google applications in the first directory will be like this:

  • Books.apk - Google Books;
  • CalendarGoogle.apk - Google Calendar;
  • Chrome.apk - Google Chrome;
  • CloudPrint.apk - cloud printing system;
  • Drive.apk - Google Drive;
  • GenieWidget.apk - news and weather widget;
  • Gmail2.apk - Gmail;
  • GoogleContactsSyncAdapter.apk - contact synchronization;
  • GoogleEars.apk - Google Ears (similar to Shazam);
  • GoogleEarth.apk - Google Earth;
  • GoogleHome.apk - home screen with integrated Google Now;
  • GoogleTTS.apk - speech synthesis system;
  • Hangouts.apk - Google Hangouts;
  • Keep.apk - Google Keep;
  • LatinImeGoogle.apk - keyboard with gesture support;
  • Magazines.apk - Google Magazines;
  • Maps.apk - Google Maps;
  • Music2.apk - Google Music;
  • PlayGames.apk - Google PlayGames;
  • PlusOne.apk - Google+;
  • QuickOffice.apk - QuickOffice;
  • Street.apk - Google Street;
  • SunBeam.apk - SunBeam live wallpaper;
  • Videos.apk - Google Movies;
  • YouTube.apk - YouTube.
In addition to those listed earlier, the /system/priv-app directory also contains the following files:
  • CalendarProvider.apk - stores calendar data;
  • GoogleFeedback.apk - sends a report about using Google Play;
  • GoogleOneTimeInitilalizer.apk - installation wizard for additional Google applications;
  • SetupWizard.apk - setup wizard on first launch;
  • Wallet.apk - Google Wallet;
  • talkback.apk - voice notification about events on the device.
The Gapps kit for KitKat, among other things, also includes a proprietary camera with support for spherical shooting and a proprietary desktop with integrated Google Now.
But that is not all. Google Apps depends on several frameworks, which are located in the /system/framework directory. These files are com.google.android.maps.jar, com.google.android.media.effects.jar and com.google.widevine.software.drm.jar. There are also many libraries in the /system/lib directory that are used exclusively by Google applications. It is not at all necessary to remove them, but it is possible. Just to clean up the trash. You can find a list of them on the website ][.

In previous (and future) versions of the system, the content of Google Apps is different, so before uninstalling I recommend downloading gapps the required version from the site goo.im/gapps, unpack from using WinRar and view the content. You should also take into account the dependence of some applications from the market on Google applications, I will talk more about this later.

Spoiler: Method number 3. Custom firmware without gapps

The previous method can be significantly simplified if you simply install custom firmware on your smartphone without Google Apps. In this case, the smartphone/tablet will be crystal clear without any connection to Google. The disadvantage of this method is the absence of Google Play, but you can either replace it with a third-party application store (more on that below), or use the following method, which involves installing a stripped-down Google versions Apps.

Spoiler: Method number 4. Google Play and nothing else

This method of partially decoupling from Google is a kind of compromise. It does not solve the problem of surveillance - at least without the settings from the first method - but it allows you to avoid cluttering the system with a bunch of useless software that will hang in the background and eat up memory. The idea is simple - install custom firmware and upload a minimalist version of gapps on top of it, which includes only Google Play.

There are many such minimal gapps assemblies on the Internet, but I would recommend using the time-tested BaNkS Gapps, namely the “month-date” file GApps Core 4.4.2 signed.zip". They work on any smartphone, are ART compatible and include only the basic gapps files, a list of which is given in the "What are Gapps" section, framework files, as well as several libraries. Essentially, it's Google Play, synchronization tools and nothing else.

Changing the search engine to DuckDuckGo
Even after complete shutdown synchronization, the “built-in” Google search bar will remain on the home screen. IN stock firmware Some manufacturers (Samsung, for example) are just a widget that can be easily removed from the screen. IN pure Android and devices from many other manufacturers, it is “built into” the home screen, but it can be removed by disabling all search from Google (along with Google Now) using the menu “Settings -> Applications -> All -> Google search-> Disable" or by installing a third-party launcher. Next, just download DuckDuckGo from the market or another application store and add the widget of the same name to your home screen.

Third party market
The second and third methods involve completely getting rid of Google Apps, including Google Play and the ability to log in using a Google account, so we must find a simple and convenient installation applications that would not force us to download them ourselves, and then dump them onto a memory card and install them manually. One such way is to install a third-party market.

On this moment there are three more or less viable Google alternatives Play. These are Amazon Appstore, Yandex.Store and 1Mobile Market. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages, which mainly come down to the number of applications and payment methods:

  • Amazon Appstore is the most famous application store after Google Play. Contains more than 75 thousand applications (compared to 800 thousand on Google Play), the quality of each of which is manually checked, just like iTunes for iOS. You can pay using credit card or Amazon Coins, which are given as a gift for purchasing a Kindle Fire tablet or as a gift from another user. One of the most interesting features of the store is the daily giveaway one of the paid applications.
  • Yandex.Store is a store from the Yandex company. Contains more than 85 thousand applications, each of which is scanned by Kaspersky antivirus. It doesn’t particularly stand out, but it has a killer feature in the form of the ability to pay for purchases using the Yandex.Money service or a mobile phone account.
  • 1Mobile Market is the largest third-party repository of Android applications, including more than 500 thousand software. It differs from others by the presence of exclusively free applications (not to be confused with pirated ones), which is why it allows you not to go through the account registration stage and maintain anonymity.
Applications in all three markets have original digital signatures application developers, allowing them to be used simultaneously. An application installed from one market can be updated without problems from another, and if will disappear if deleted from the list of installed ones in all of them at once. However, you will have to buy them separately.

Open Source Market
In addition to those described in the article, as well as many other less famous stores applications, you can find a repository on the Internet, F-Droid, which is different from the rest. It is completely anonymous and contains only free software distributed under licenses approved by the FSF. There are only a thousand applications in F-Droid, but all of them are guaranteed to not contain backdoors or other systems for disclosing personal data. It is F-Droid that is used as the default market in the free Android firmware Replicant.

Solving the problem of application dependence on Google Apps
Although the gapps components are not part of the official Android API, some applications still expect to see them in the system, which can cause a number of problems - from complete inoperability of the application to loss of some of its functions. Some applications will refuse to install due to lack of Google Maps API, others crash immediately after launch without detecting it, others include direct links to Google Play, which can lead to crashes and incorrect operation.

To address these issues, XDA user MaR-V-iN started the NOGAPPS project, which is developing a set of open source components to replace the original Google Apps functionality. There are currently three replacement components available:

  • Network Location is a Wi-Fi based geolocation service and base stations GSM. Based on Apple's IP address database and open base station database;
  • Maps API - replacement of the interface to Google Maps based on OpenStreetMap;
  • BlankStore - open alternative to the Play Store client. Allows you to install free apps from Google store, but is not recommended for use due to possible sanctions from the search engine (this is prohibited by their rules).
The components are installed separately and in different ways. Network Location can only be manually copied to the /system/app/ directory in Android 2.3–4.3 or to the /system/priv-app/ directory in KitKat (in this case, you should use the NetworkLocation-gms.apk file). Maps API is installed by flashing the nogapps-maps.zip file via the recovery console. To install the market, you will have to not only copy the file, but also generate an Android ID on a large machine, but since this is not recommended, I will not talk about it and will limit myself to a link to the instructions.

After all the manipulations, the software should work correctly.

conclusions
For Google Android without it own applications is useless, so it is not surprising that the company removes the most delicious parts of the system and leaves the code closed. However, in this article I showed that there is life without gapps and it can be even easier and more convenient than with Google.
P.S. I have been looking for a solution to this dilemma for a long time and now it turns out that I am on the right track..







2024 gtavrl.ru.