History of the development of the MS Windows operating system. Operating systems and the history of their development
ABSTRACT
By discipline
Information Technology
Subject:" OS ”
Performed by an OM&VT student
Groups No. 2291/52
Khvatov D.E.
Introduction
A modern operating system is a complex complex software, providing the user not only with standardized input/output of information and program management, but also simplifying work with the computer. Software interface operating systems allows you to reduce the size specific program, simplify its work with all components of the computing system.
It is known that operating systems acquired a modern look during the development of the third generation computers, that is, from the mid-60s to 1980. At this time, a significant increase in processor efficiency was achieved through the implementation of multitasking.
operating room Windows system- the most common operating system, and for most users it is the most suitable due to its simplicity, good interface, acceptable performance and huge amount application programs for her.
Windows systems have come a difficult path from primitive graphical shells to completely modern operating systems. Microsoft began developing an interface manager (Interface Manager, later Microsoft Windows) in September 1981. Although the first prototypes were based on the so-called Multiplan and Word-like menus, in 1982 the interface elements were successfully changed to pull-down menus and dialog boxes.
The purpose of this work is to briefly review the history of the development of Microsoft Windows operating systems.
Short story development of Windows operating systems
Currently, graphical operating systems are most widespread. Windows family Microsoft Corporation. In 2005, the Windows family celebrated its twentieth anniversary.
They are constantly improving, so each a new version has additional features.
The first version of this operating system is Windows 1.0 was released in November 1985. Windows 1.0 “could do” very little and was more graphical shell for MS-DOS, however this system allowed the user to run several programs simultaneously. The main inconvenience when working with Windows 1.0 was that open windows could not overlap each other (to increase the size of one window, it was necessary to reduce the size of the one next to it). Also, too few programs were written for Windows 1.0, so this system has not received widespread use.
Windows 3.1(1992), Windows for Workgroups 3.11(1993) are graphic films that were popular in the past operating shells, running the MS DOS operating system and using the built-in functions and procedures of this OS at the lower level. These are object-oriented applications based on a hierarchically organized window system.
Windows NT(1993) is a multi-user and scalable network operating system for personal computers that supports a client-server architecture and includes its own security system. It can interact with various operating systems from both Microsoft and other companies (for example, MacOS or UNIX) installed on single-processor and multiprocessor computers built on the basis of CISC or RISC technologies.
Windows 95 is a multitasking and multi-threaded 32-bit operating system with a graphical interface. The system fully supports 16-bit applications created for MS DOS. This is an integrated multimedia environment for exchanging text, graphics, audio and other information.
Windows 98 was a logical development of Windows 95 towards greater computer performance without adding new hardware to it. The system includes a number of programs, the combined use of which increases computer performance and allows more efficient use of Internet web resources through the use of new multimedia capability operating systems.
Windows 2000 is a next-generation network operating system equipped with advanced multi-processing capabilities and effective protection information. Implemented function working with files offline allows you to select network files into folders for subsequent work with them, without connecting to the network, which provides additional opportunities for mobile users.
Windows ME (Millennium Edition) is an operating system located nearby additional features and advantages compared to the previous one Windows version 98. The system has expanded multimedia capabilities and improved means of access to the Internet. The OS also supports newest types equipment and has a significantly improved help system.
Windows XP(2001) was a step by Microsoft Corporation towards the integration of the Windows ME user OS and Windows 2000 OS networks. As a result of such integration of their strengths, one of the best operating systems was obtained, which acquired a new user interface that greatly simplifies use personal computer for various purposes, including for managing local networks. Two different versions this OS: for home users (Windows XP Home Edition) and corporate users (Windows XP Professional).
Windows Vista(2007) is the latest operating system (has kernel version 6.0). Unlike previous versions, Vista is supplied on DVD media due to its increased complexity and new “sophisticated” interface (Aero). In addition, each disc contains all five of its modifications: Home Basic, Home Premium, Enterprise and Ultimat.
In the next chapter we will look at each operating system in more detail.
Operating Room Basics Microsoft systems Windows. History of development, types of operating systems. Basic concepts of Windows, file structure. Windows Help System. Windows operating system management. Work with documents. Universal technological operations in the Windows environment
operating system is a set of programs that provide control over the operation of the computer and its interaction with the user.
From a human perspective, the operating system serves as an intermediary between humans, the computer's electronic components, and application programs. It allows a person to run programs, transfer to them and receive all kinds of data from them, control the operation of programs, change the parameters of the computer and devices connected to it, and redistribute resources. Working on a computer is actually working with its operating system. If you install only an operating system (OS) on your computer, you won’t be able to do anything meaningful on the computer either. To enter and format texts, draw graphs, calculate salaries or listen to a laser disc, special application programs are needed. But even without an OS, it is impossible to run any application program.
The operating system solves problems that can be divided into two categories:
· firstly, management of all computer resources;
· secondly, the exchange of data between computer devices, between a computer and a person.
In addition, it is the OS that provides the ability to individually configure a computer: the OS determines what components the computer on which it is installed is assembled from and configures itself to work with these components.
Not so long ago, the user had to perform setup work manually, but today manufacturers of computer components have developed plug-and-play protocol(turned it on - it worked). This protocol allows the operating system, at the time of connecting a new component, to obtain information about the new device sufficient to configure the OS to work with it.
PC operating systems differ in several ways. In particular, OSs are:
· single-tasking And multitasking;
· single-user And multi-user;
· network And non-network.
In addition, the operating system may have a command interface or a graphical multi-window interface (or both).
Single-tasking operating systems allow you to solve only one task at a time. Such systems usually allow you to run one program in main mode.
Multitasking systems allow you to run several programs simultaneously that will work in parallel.
The main difference multi-user systems from single-user is the availability of means to protect each user’s information from unauthorized access by other users. It should be noted that not every multitasking system is multi-user, and not every single-user OS is single-tasking.
IN last years The de facto standard has become a graphical multi-window interface, where the required actions and descriptions of objects are not entered in the form of text, but are selected from menus, file lists, etc.
To replace the MS DOS operating system with its graphical Windows shells 3.1 and Windows 3.11 came full-fledged operating systems of the Windows family (first Windows 95, then Windows 98, Windows Millennium, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7). The figure shows the stages of development of PC-class personal computers and the Windows operating system:
Operating systems family Windows is a 32-bit operating system that provides multitasking and multi-threaded application processing. They support a convenient graphical user interface, the ability to work in protected mode, and compatibility with programs real mode and networking capabilities. Windows includes Plug and Play hardware support, long filenames, and improved robustness.
32-bit means that operations on 32-bit data are faster here than on 16-bit data. 32-bit Windows applications run in their own address space, which is not accessible to other programs. This protects applications from each other's errors. If one application fails, the other continues to function normally. A failed application can be terminated.
Multitasking provides the ability to work in parallel with several applications. While one of them is busy, for example, printing a document on a printer or receiving email from Internet networks, another can recalculate a spreadsheet or do other useful work.
Multithreading allows applications designed in a specific way to simultaneously run multiple processes of their own. For example, when working with a multi-threaded spreadsheet, the user will be able to recalculate in one table while printing another and loading a third into memory. While one thread is waiting, for example, to complete a communication operation with a slow peripheral device, the other can continue to do its work.
A distinctive feature of Windows is its object-oriented approach to system design. At the user level object approach is expressed in the fact that the interface is a semblance of the real world, and working with the machine comes down to actions with familiar objects. Thus, folders can be opened, put in a briefcase, documents can be viewed, corrected, moved from one place to another, thrown into the trash, a fax or letter can be sent to the recipient, etc. The user works with tasks and applications in the same way as with documents on his desk. The object-oriented approach is implemented through the model worker table– primary Windows object. After Windows boots, it is displayed on the screen. Various objects can be located on the desktop: programs, folders with documents (texts, pictures, tables), shortcuts to programs or folders.
Shortcuts provide access to a program or document from multiple locations without creating multiple physical copies of the file. On the desktop you can place not only icons of applications and individual documents, but also folders. Folders are another name for directories.
A significant innovation in Windows was panel tasks. Despite its small functionality, it makes the multitasking mechanism clear and greatly speeds up the process of switching between applications. Externally, the taskbar is a strip, usually located at the bottom of the screen, which contains application buttons and the Start button. On the right side there is usually a clock and small icons of programs that are currently active.
Windows allows you to work with audio and video files of various formats. A significant achievement of Windows was its built-in computer communications programs. Windows communications tools are designed for ordinary users and do not require special knowledge. These facilities include the ability to work in local networks and global networks, setting up modems, connecting to e-mail and much more.
In the Windows operating system, the mouse is widely used when working with windows and applications. Typically, the mouse is used to select pieces of text or graphic objects, check and uncheck boxes, select menu commands, select toolbar buttons, manipulate controls in dialogs, and “scroll” documents in windows.
In Windows, the right mouse button is also actively used. By placing the pointer over the object of interest and right-clicking, you can expand contextual menu, containing the most common commands applicable to this object.
When shutting down, you cannot simply turn off the computer without shutting down the system properly - this may lead to the loss of some unsaved data. To properly shut down, it is necessary to save data in all applications that the user was working with, shut down all previously running DOS applications, open the “Start” button menu and select the “Shut Down” command.
reference systemWindows
Modern software is highly complex, which is why both the operating system and most of its applications provide help systems. reference systemWindows is not only a set of help files, but also a powerful tool for obtaining advice and support for any problems that may arise while working with the system.
Ways to obtain help
Main menu
The main Windows directory is called from the Main Menu with the command Start Help and Support.
F1 key
Key
If a dialog box is open, pressing the key
Help in dialog boxes
When working with dialog box controls, you often need quick, short help. This opportunity is provided by a special hint button. , located in the title bar next to the close button. After clicking on the tooltip button, you need to move the mouse pointer over the control of interest and click the left button. A tooltip will appear that describes the purpose of this element.
Context hint
Explanations about the elements dialog boxes can be obtained in another way. You need to click on the element right mouse key. In this case, either a tooltip will immediately appear, or a context menu with a single item “What is this?” Left-clicking on these words will bring up context-sensitive help. Sometimes it is enough to point at an element with the mouse for a tooltip to appear.
Help in applications
In the menu bar of almost all Windows programs there is an item Reference(sometimes represented simply by a question mark). Using this item, you can call up the main help window, and also get background information About the program.
Story Windows development
Ahead of release I decided to remember how it all began. So I suggest you take a short excursion into history Windows.
(November 20, 1985)
The very first graphical operating system Microsoft - Windows, version 1.01 (version 1.0 was never released due to errors). Based on MS-DOS 2.0. Multi-window interface, 256 colors and the ability to use a mouse (left key only). There is not a large number of built-in programs - clock, calendar, notepad and game "Reversi".
(April 2, 1987)
Contains the same applications as , but with improved controls and mode support VGA. Now you can freely resize windows and move them to any area of the screen, as well as overlap one another.
(May 22, 1990)
Support for extended memory access mode has been introduced, allowing programs to use up to 16 MB of memory. Pseudo-multitasking and the ability to execute DOS programs in each separate window. The user interface has noticeably improved - there are Program Manager And File Manager(future Conductor), redone Control Panel, system settings are centralized.
(March 18, 1992)
Originally planned as a slight improvement to version 3.0. Added support for scalable fonts TrueType and fixed a number system errors. Starting from this system version Windows support 32-bit hard disk access. An extended version with network support was also released - Windows for Workgroups 3.1
Windows 3.11 for Workgroups (December 31, 1993)
The last and most famous of the line , based on MS-DOS. It became possible to connect computers into a peer-to-peer network, and also work as network client for the server Windows NT. Version 3.11 began using 32-bit drivers virtual devices(VxD) and 32-bit file access, and support for standard mode was removed, which meant the abandonment of processors below 386.
(July 27, 1993)
Despite the fact that outwardly very similar to , it is not a continuation of it. This system opens new line operating systems designed for use on servers and high-performance workstations. IN the file system was first used NTFS. Also new is support for symmetric multiprocessing and technology OpenGL, allowing you to work with 3-dimensional objects. Improved versions appeared in 1994 Windows NT — Windows NT Workstation 3.5, and in 1995 - Windows NT Workstation 3.51, more productive and less demanding on hardware resources. All versions listed Windows NT have an interface With File manager And Program Manager.
(August 24, 1995)
Replaced and was intended mainly for home use. It was in it that such graphical interface elements as the desktop with icons, the taskbar and the Start menu first appeared, as well as support for long (up to 256 characters) file names and system plug and play. Was missing in the first version Internet Explorer , it had to be installed separately from the package Microsoft Plus!
Windows NT 4.0(July 29, 1996)
Latest operating system version Microsoft Windows NT, published under this title. (the next, fifth operating system of the family NT came out under the title ). Windows NT 4.0 had a user interface in the style and was intended to be used as an operating system workstation (Windows NT Workstation) and server ( Windows NT Server).
(June 25, 1998)
This is an updated version . Improved support AGP, drivers improved USB, added support for working with multiple monitors. In May 1999, the second edition was released - Windows 98 SE (Second Edition)), which included many corrections and additions - Internet Explorer 5 , general access Internet connection ( ICS, Internet Connection Sharing), MS NetMeeting 3 and playback support DVD. The system was wildly popular, which is why Microsoft even extended its support.
(February 17, 2000)
Initially the system was called Windows NT 5.0 because there was next version Windows NT after NT 4.0, but subsequently received proper name . Published in four editions: Professional(for workstations), Server, Advanced Server And Datacenter Server(for servers). Win2K brought with it several very important innovations, namely support for directory services Active Directory , web server IIS 5.0, NTFS version 3.0 (this version introduced quota support for the first time) and file system EFS ( Encrypted File System ), with which you can encrypt files and folders. Compared with NT 4.0 The user interface has been updated and redesigned color scheme registration
Windows Millennium Edition (September 14, 2000)
Named in honor of the new millennium. Last (and not very successful) attempt Microsoft improve . A large number of changes have been made to it - system recovery ( System Restore), protection system files (Windows File Protection), computer sleep mode support (didn’t always work), new reference system in the form of pop-up tips. New multimedia and Internet capabilities have emerged, such as Internet Explorer 5.5, Windows Media Player 7 And Windows Movie Maker with basic editing functions digital video. Despite all the innovations (and maybe because of them) Millenium Edition was the most “buggy” and unreliable operating system from the line Windows 9x.
(October 25, 2001)
Name XP comes from English e XP erience(experience). Is an improved option Professional, and initially the changes affected most of the appearance and user interface. Unlike , which was released for both workstations and servers, is exclusively a client system (its server version is Windows Server 2003 ). There were 2 major versions of XP released − Home And Professional Edition, for home and corporate use. Also released in April 2005 Windows XP Professional x64 Edition- the first desktop 64-bit operating system Windows.
From 2003 to 2011 was the most popular operating system, and gave way only at the end of 2011, passing ahead . However, despite this, remains one of the company's most successful and well-known products Microsoft.
(November 30, 2006)
Sixth generation of operating systems Windows NT. Vista has a version number of 6.0, so the abbreviation “WinVI” is sometimes used to denote it, which combines the name “ Vista" and the version number written in Roman numerals. Like Windows XP, Vista- exclusively client system. Its server counterpart is Windows Server 2008. In total, as many as 6 versions of the system were released - Starter, Home Basic, Home Premium, Business, Corporate And Ultimate, and each version (except Starter) in 32 and 64-bit versions.
IN contains a large number of innovations - interface Windows Aero, hibernation mode, technology Ready Boost(using flash drives for the swap file). There are a lot of changes in terms of security - a control system has appeared accounts users ( User Access Control, UAC), the EFS file encryption system has been improved, and a disk encryption system has also appeared Bitlocker, and included in the home versions function enabled parental controls, which helps limit children's computer use.
And with all the wealth of possibilities Vista is the worst operating system released Microsoft. Due to the huge number of “jambs” and clearly inflated requirements for hardware users deleted en masse from their computers and switched back to XP.
Windows 7 (October 22, 2009)
Released less than three years after and in fact is its “polished” and brought to mind version. For example, more flexible settings have been implemented User Account Control (UAC), which, unlike now has two more intermediate states, improved compatibility with old applications, changes to encryption technology BitLocker and added the function of encrypting removable media BitLocker to go, which allows you to encrypt removable media. Also slightly modified appearance, and to the interface Aero added several new features ( shake, peak And snap). New ones have appeared network technologies — DirectAccess And Branch Cache although they are only available in older versions .
Like Vista, Windows 7 published in 6 editions - Starter, Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, Corporate And Ultimate, and everything except Starter Available in 64-bit version. Server version of the seven - Windows Server 2008 R2, released only in 64-bit version.
To date occupies almost 50% of the desktop operating system market and is in first place in the world in terms of use.
(year 2012)
February 29, 2012 on the website Microsoft The beta version has become available for download (“ Consumer Preview") New logo, new screensaver And new interface Metro. What else awaits us in the new operating system, we will have to find out in the near future.
William Henry Gates III(born October 28, 1955, Seattle), better known as simplyBill Gates- American entrepreneur, co-chairman of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, creator of the Windows operating system. In the period from 1996 to 2007, he was the richest person on the planet according to Forbes magazine. IN this moment his net worth is $58 billion.
Bill Gates studied at the most exclusive school in Seattle. His parents expected him to follow in his father's footsteps and attend Harvard Law School. However, Gates did not excel in grammar, civics and other subjects that he considered trivial, and by the seventh grade he became interested in mathematics and dreamed of becoming a professor. In 1968, when Bill and his schoolmate Paul Allen were in middle school, school officials decided to buy computer time from General Electric. At that time, systems based on the DEC PDP-10 microarchitecture ruled the market.
Young hackers quickly figured out the intricacies of the machine and found vulnerabilities and began to cause trouble - they hacked the security, caused the system to crash several times, and changed the files in which information about the computer time used was recorded. Noticing this, the SSS suspended them from working with computers for several weeks.
Meanwhile, the company's business began to suffer from constant failures and weak security. Remembering the destructive activities of the computer scientists from Lakeside, the SSS invited 
them to identify defects and security gaps. In exchange, the company offered endless computer time. Of course, Bill and his comrades could not refuse. That's when they went headlong into computers. The time of day lost its meaning; the guys hung out in the laboratory for hours. In addition to finding errors, they studied every material they could get their hands on about automated calculations and improved their skills.
The parents were somewhat frightened by their son’s passion and, by a strong-willed decision, removed him from computer projects. Whole year Bill did not approach the subject of his passion, reading biographies of great people from Napoleon to Roosevelt. But by the age of seventeen, Gates received an offer to write software package on the distribution of energy from the Bonneville Dam, work on which his parents no longer objected. Gates received $30,000 for working on this project for a year.
In 1973, Bill Gates entered Harvard University, intending to either follow in his father's footsteps or become a professor of mathematics. According to him, he was there in body, but not in soul. He spent most of his time at Harvard playing pinball, bridge, and poker. How many stories do we know when a child prodigy, under the influence of circumstances or environment over the years he became the same as everyone else, but fortunately this rule did not work for Bill Gates. The focus on winning, the competitive spirit and the great desire to do better and more than others did not give him peace.
Gates's friend, Paul Allen, unexpectedly got a job at Honeywell in Boston, and he and Bill continued to spend all-night vigils writing programs. In 1974, Allen learned about the company's creationMITSpersonal computerAltair8800. Gates plucked up courage and offered the company that created this computer new language programmingBASIC. He, of course, lied that the language was designed specifically forAltair, however, the program worked literally the first time. This option suited the managers, who invited young people to work on writing programming languages.
In the same year, Bill Gates proposed creating a software development company and gave it the name Microsoft (the first version was spelled Micro-Soft). Despite the painstaking work of its employees, the company initially experienced certain difficulties in distributing its products. The company did not have sufficient funds to hire good manager sales, so this function was performed by Bill Gates' mother.
In 1981, Microsoft became a corporation, the management of which was shared by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. In the same year, IBM introduced its PC with a 16-bit operating system. MS-DOS system 1.0. In addition, the computer software includes other Microsoft products - BASIC, COBOL, Pascal and others.
Under the leadership of Bill Gates, Microsoft company constantly improves and develops information Technology and products. Gates has always strived to make working with computers more convenient, simple, enjoyable and economical.
The creator of Microsoft always tries to think ahead, for example, last year he allocated $3 billion for research and development.
In 1995, Bill Gates wrote the book “The Road to the Future,” in which he tried to explain the importance of information technology for society. This book became a true bestseller, ranking number one, according to the New York Times.
At the beginning of January 2008, at the opening of the Consumer Electronics Show, the head of Microsoft Corporation announced (this statement was called the main event of CES-2008!) that he was leaving Microsoft in July. Gates said that he intends to get closely involved in managing the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, a charitable foundation created in 2000 with his wife, whose main goal is to support projects in the field of education and health care. With the money from this fund, a vaccine against AIDS is being developed, assistance programs are being created, including medical assistance, for developing countries and their starving populations, and a lot of resources are spent on educational and scientific initiatives.
The Windows operating system was originally created as GUI for MS DOS. The first version was released on November 20, 1985 and was called Windows 1.0. Minimum system requirements consisted of having 2 floppy disks or hard drive, graphics adapter and 256K random access memory. Although Windows 1.0 was not as successful as similar system Macintosh Apple, but despite this, Microsoft provided support right up to December 31, 2001.
In November 1987, a new version was released - 2.0, which included a lot of innovations and improvements. The new operating system required more powerful processor Intel 286, which greatly improved multitasking and graphics. It became possible to move and switch program windows, and a system for overlapping windows was implemented. There are buttons for minimizing and maximizing windows. There was support for key combinations with which users could perform system operations. In addition, programs were able to exchange data with each other using the Dynamic Data Exchange system developed by Microsoft.
When appeared Intel processor 386, Windows 2.0 was updated to provide memory benefits for various programs.
On May 22, 1990, version 3.0 was released, its popularity rapidly growing. It received new colored icons and a significantly improved interface. Microsoft has also completely changed the application development environment. Thanks to the new software"Software Development Kit", developers turned their attention to Windows. After all, now they could fully concentrate on creating applications, and not write drivers for devices.
Another innovation in version 3.0 was the package Microsoft programs Office. At that time it consisted of MS Word, MS Excel and PowerPoint. And it was in this version that the famous Klondike solitaire first appeared.
Windows NT 3.1
On July 27, 1993, Windows NT 3.1 was introduced, which was already a 32-bit operating system. This version was specifically designed for networks and business applications. It was the first server Windows that could also be used on workstations. Support has been enabled network protocols TCP/IP, NetBIOS Frames and DLC.
This system was already using the NTFS file system when previous versions were on FAT.