Installing ubuntu linux for dummies. How to check solutions to problems in a Linux course? Is it even possible? Course of lectures on Linux administration

In October 1991. Linux is a generic name for all UNIX systems running on the same kernel. At the beginning of its history, Linux was quite demanding of user knowledge. A deep understanding of the basics of Linux was needed, but as the operating system evolved, many distributions appeared that made it easier to work with.

Differences between Linux and Windows

The basics of working in Linux with a graphical environment are no different from Windows. But for the correct Linux works needs to be configured.

The most significant differences:

1. Linux is intended for advanced users, Windows is a "system for everyone."
2. Linux is superior to Windows in handling streams and data.
3. At using Linux you don't have to be afraid to break something license agreement.
4. Each application has its own address space, independent of the kernel address space, making it easy to create embedded systems based on Linux.

And this is not a complete list of advantages.

Benefits of Linux

Today, many Linux programmers are improving the system, developing new versions and variations. Among the advantages are:

1. Free - itself operating system and most programs for it are completely free and fully functional.
2. No viruses - the very configuration of the operating system kernel excludes the operation of harmful programs. This allows you to do without antiviruses that slow down your computer.
3. Open source- which allows you to use and modify the code as you wish. This also creates great amount embedded systems based on Linux.

Linux distributions

In its original form of Linux does not provide such usual things as GUI, Installation and removal of programms.

Distribution is a form of software distribution. They are needed to add the OS kernel additional components, which will allow users to easily install, configure, operating system.

Thanks to open source, there are hundreds of distributions available, but most of them are not worthy of attention because they differ only slightly from each other. Users need stability without bugs and long-term technical support. The following is a list of distributions that are suitable for beginners to learn the basics of Linux.

List best distributions:

1. Debian is stable and undemanding of resources. Has a huge number of packages for installation. Absolutely free.
2. Ubuntu is a less conservative version of Debian. Considered one of the best for home use.

For beginners getting acquainted with Linux, Ubuntu is best suited, since this operating system is most similar to the familiar Windows.

Installing and Configuring Ubuntu

There are two different versions Ubuntu distributions: LTS and Regular. The main difference between LTS is stability and long-term support. This version comes out once every five years.

Regular versions are released much more often, but may still appear various problems with the compatibility of certain components.

At the time of writing, the latest LTS version is 18.04 Bionic Beaver.

Installation will not cause any difficulties. The user is only required to click the “Next” button at the right moments.

The last step before installation begins, you will be asked to enter information identifying you as a user. This information will be useful not only when starting the system, but also when starting some applications.

Linux Basics

The Ubuntu desktop contains: the control panel, dock panel, and application menu.

The notification panel is a translucent strip at the top of the screen, which contains: the date and time, the system tray with notifications, and the activity menu, which allows you to manage the desktop.

The Dock panel is a kind of analogue of the panel Windows tasks, which displays frequently used and running applications.

The applications menu displays all installed applications.

Together with Ubuntu distribution supplied file manager Nautilus. This file manager allows you to easily manage files and directories.

Most of the manager's interface is occupied by the central panel, where the folders and files themselves are located. On the left is side panel, which is in general outline similar to the similar panel in Windows Explorer.

File and directory names in Linux must follow certain rules. For those who actively use other operating systems (as there may be several differences), here are the rules for naming files and directories:

1. The name must not exceed 255 characters.
2. Linux is a case sensitive system, hence "example.txt" and "Example.txt" are different files even though they may be in the same directory.
3. If the file or directory name begins with "." - such a file or directory will be marked by the system as hidden.
4. Because the Linux base- UNIX, then it fully supports UTF-8 encoding, the use of a national layout is allowed.

Terminals in Linux

Graphical environments provide a convenient and familiar way to work with operating system components. But there are still several tasks that require using a text terminal.

There are two ways to work with the terminal: and the window console. In the first case graphical shell is ignored, and the results of the programs are displayed on the screen as text.

To work with the terminal, you do not need knowledge of the basics of programming in Linux, as it might seem at first glance. You just need to know certain commands. Since there are many of these commands, it is very difficult to remember them even for people who are well versed in Linux. Therefore, all these commands can be found on the Internet or you can use the internal help by entering “find --help” in the terminal.

Installing and removing programs using Synaptic

Synaptic is a GUI program used in the Debian and Ubuntu distributions for searching, installing and uninstalling programs.

Synaptic allows you to search for programs using special filters. They are in the lower left corner and are divided into criteria. also in top corner the field is located quick search, the entered text will be searched in the program name.

Once the desired program has been found, you can install it. To do this, click on the program name right click mouse and select "Install". Programs are removed and updated in the same way.

Any user may be interested in trying out the Linux operating system. That's what happened to me once. There is a lot of literature on the Internet, but the question always remains: “Where to start?” Some saw Linux from friends, some found a video or read articles on the Internet, but all this more often ready-made options. And if you yourself want to install such an OS on your computer, then you will have a lot of questions. The first question that worried me was the choice of distribution...

I rummaged through a bunch of literature, but opinions were divided, and still are. Some are for Debian, others are for Mandriva, RedHat, etc. Currently, there are more than 1,300 builds of the Linux OS, and choosing one specific one makes the hardcore Windows user think deeply. I tried to install different ones, but it was not always possible due to equipment conflicts and simply inexperience. The first successfully installed distribution was OpenSuse 11.1, then Debian. The catch is that these distributions have different file structure, programs and more. This confused me even more, but I continued experimenting until I decided on Ubuntu. This is what we will talk about.

I think it's worth noting that Ubuntu is based on the Debian distribution, which in turn is very popular among system administrators. What does "founded" mean? I'll try to draw a parallel with Windows OS. Imagine an ordinary licensed Windows disk. Introduced? Now imagine any assembly, even the notorious ZverDVD. So, Ubuntu is a “build” of Debian, which has an updated kernel, patches, own programs and repositories. Later I will talk about all this separately. I think it’s not worth going too deep into the differences between Ubuntu and Debian, I’ll just add that this distribution is very popular and new versions of Ubuntu are released every six months (in April and October). And yet, why Ubuntu? Yes, it simply meets the requirements that a novice user sets for a new OS.

1. Simplicity and ease of installation. I want to insert the disc, install it, watch it, and not have any unnecessary dances with a tambourine (although in future work I won’t be able to do without dancing with a tambourine). I note that when working in Windows you can be simple user and don’t bother yourself with how and what works, and if infrequent problems or difficulties arise, simply turn to knowledgeable and understanding people who can help you. In the case of Linux, you will have to figure out a lot of things on your own and become a “knowledgeable” person yourself. But don’t be afraid, that’s not what you came here for. Be that as it may, you can always ask a question, and we, in turn, will try to help you.
2. To make everything work. Installed? Here you have a desktop and all sorts of menus and many programs, and a browser, and a package office programs and a network configuration applet (however, we will learn to work without it and configure the network manually). There is even a player, but it cannot play many audio/video formats by default; I will explain later why this is so and how to solve it.
3. I don't want to lose anything. There are a lot of applications and documents on the Windows OS partition that I don't want to lose when installing Linux. Ubuntu will prompt you to partition HDD into parts, it will save Windows or any other OS and install its own bootloader, which can load both Windows and Linux. Modern Linux distributions, considering Ubuntu has a wonderful opportunity - launching from a disk or flash drive without installing it on the computer’s hard drive. Distributions that can do this are called LiveCD / LiveDVD (or “live disk”). I advise you to first try to start the OS with installation disk . This way you will know for sure that a particular distribution can handle your computer’s hardware and there will be no problems during installation. By the way, there is a high probability that when starting Ubuntu With LiveCD You can, by entering the network settings, use the Internet and the network. You will be able to work with text documents and tables. You can view pictures and so on. Just try booting from the disk. Do not forget that working with a LiveCD is still not working in a full-fledged operating system installed on a hard drive, so be prepared for “brakes” when reading from a CD in an attempt to open this or that program.

You can always leave your comments and suggestions for improving, changing or correcting the article in the comments. We work for you!

Name: Linux for dummies - From installation and configuration to working with the network and connecting to the Internet.

In just a few years, the Linux operating system has gone from a strange quirk not for average minds to a reliable solution for respectable people. corporate systems. What was once seen as nothing less than the ugly duckling of the software family is now being actively promoted by such whales high technology, like IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Motorola and Intel. Although at first glance it may seem that working with Linux requires years of training, deep scientific knowledge of computers and constant training, in fact this is not the case! If you want to learn how to work with Linux, but don't know where to start, this book is exactly what you need. The book is intended for beginners.

Table of contents
Part I Let's taste it 21
Chapter 1: Introducing Linux 23
Chapter 2. Preparing your computer for installing Linux 31
Chapter 3. Installing Red Hat Linux 50
Chapter 4. Installing other distributions 69
Chapter 5. Booting and Shutting Down Linux 77
Chapter 6. Interfaces, Accounts and customization tools 84
Part II. Give me the Internet! 107
Chapter 7. Connecting to the Internet 109
Chapter 8. Browsing and Working with Web Pages by email 121
Chapter 9. A few more words about the Internet 135
Part III. Let's accelerate 141
Chapter 10. Files and Directories 143
Chapter 11. Operation in mode command line 167
Chapter 12. And again about graphical interfaces 184
Chapter 13. Text editors 196
Part IV. Embedding in Linux 213
Chapter 14. File system 215
Chapter 15. Installing Software 234
Chapter 16. Safety is good 243
Part V Magnificent Tens 255
Chapter 17. Ten Frequently Asked Questions 257
Chapter 18. Ten possible problems installations and settings 264
Chapter 19. Ten Possible Problems of Everyday Work 273
Chapter 20. Top Ten Sources for Linux Information 282
Chapter 21. Ten Favorite Apps 287
Part VI. Applications 293
Appendix A. Basic commands Linux 295
Appendix B. GNU General License 314
Subject index 321

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The Volga flows into the Caspian Sea, London is the capital of Great Britain, operating Windows system the most popular both in Russia and throughout the world - the facts and data of StatCounter are unambiguous and merciless. But if the largest lake on Earth and Foggy Albion don’t really have any alternatives, then the possibilities for users are somewhat wider: Windows OS has quite good (to say the least) competition in the form of macOS and GNU/Linux.

In honor of the 26th Birthday of Linux, our account manager Nastya decided to install this particular operating system for herself. The process of switching to a new OS, as you know, is always accompanied by philosophical and not so philosophical reflections. The post below contains the results of Nastya’s reflection on the topic of why Linux is needed and who will benefit from it.

L And nux (more correct name considered GNU/Linux, but for brevity we will also use Linux, linux, lin) - the most famous of the free operating systems, a family of Unix-like operating systems based on Linux kernels, including any set of GNU distributions. What does this all mean? Let's take it in order.

What we mean here is that Linux is not just one operating system, there are many variants. Based on the same core (the central part of the system, coordinating and connecting all processes + file system And network protocols), they relate to each other not just as earlier or later versions. Options (essentially, assembly) may differ in the set preinstalled programs, ways to configure the system and even implement a graphical interface. Unix-like means that this family was formed under the influence of another famous family of operating systems - UNIX, which had a huge influence on the development of computer systems generally.

That is, once again: there is the kernel of the system (Linux), and there is its environment - a wide range of applications that seem natural and necessary to us, such as document and spreadsheet editors, multimedia players, systems for working with databases, etc. ( GNU). All together this gives us GNU/Linux.

Creator and main developer Linux kernels– Linus Torvalds, Finnish-American programmer, genius, millionaire, playboy, philanthropist. Also important part this OS are the project programs GNU, developed by programmer and public figure Richard Stallman: development tools, libraries, system utilities(file manager, archiver, uninstaller, viewers...), etc.

Besides the enormous contribution of these two, this system is developed and promoted by many more independent development groups and companies around the world. For most of them, everything is done on a voluntary basis. Their contribution is possible due to the fact that Linux is free and open software, that is, to software with publicly available source code.

How is Linux different from other systems?

The three most famous operating systems (for desktop) are Windows, Linux and macOS. According to StatCounter for Last year, most users have Windows installed - in Russia about 90% (not surprising), followed by macOS (OS X) - 6.55% and last place Linux is in this top three - 1.36%. The remaining couple of percent are “other OS”.

As mentioned above, Linux belongs to the open and free systems, i.e. its source code is open to everyone for modifications, improvements and bug fixes. This OS is also distributed (downloaded and installed) for free. And it's legal.

Windows and macOS are proprietary, i.e. closed. Their licensed versions must be purchased, although pirated versions are also common, especially for home use.

Main features of GNU/Linux

About the principles of interaction

Difference between Unix-like systems(*nix) and Windows - in their approach to user interaction. IN Windows script the next one: “I see how to do something (where to click, where to tick) -> I do it.” In *nix, the scenario “I understand how it should work, I do it” operates: in order to do something, we need to understand how the thing we are working with works. If “I don’t understand,” you’ll have to go into the documentation or call a shaman. This is one of the main reasons why the popularity of free desktop Linux with a pleasant, in our opinion, design remains stably at the level of 1-1.5%: 90 people out of 100, if not more, are easier to install and treat (if the version is not licensed) Windows than understanding manuals in English.

But when problems arise in *nixes, theoretically, you can quickly find out their causes, because “I understand how...”, and even if it’s not clear, you can figure it out without reverse engineering thanks to the openness of the source code.

Why do people choose Linux?

Safety

We all store personal data, important documents, passwords, photographs of our beloved pets on our PCs... All this information requires protection. Having switched to this OS, you quickly forget about the existence of an antivirus in nature, because you don’t need it. This is not to say that there are no viruses written for Linux at all, but there are extremely few of them. In addition, the security of the OS is inherent in its “marrow of bones” / structure, which involves the delimitation of user rights. Those. even if some virus tries to penetrate the system and make some changes to it, you, as an administrator, will immediately know about it, because the unconditional Linux reflex will work - you will be asked to enter the administrator password.

This, of course, does not mean that you can safely go to malicious sites and download who knows what. unreliable sources or insert infected flash drives.

Plus, there is the ability to encrypt data, there is no intrusive user tracking, and detected vulnerabilities in the system are eliminated quickly enough thanks to the extensive developer community.

System Availability

GNU/Linux is distributed free of charge (by GNU licenses GPL), but in some cases it requires payment for technical support and access to mysterious proprietary components. Those. you can freely download distributions without worrying (if you did) that they are pirated.

Variety of distributions

In fact, the “range” of GNU/Linux distributions is more than wide. There are several hundred different options assembly of this system. Customization - important principle of this project. Linux is designed to be convenient for a variety of users, and a diverse software environment is designed to ensure this. You can customize the system, avoiding imposed unnecessary programs and other garbage that may interfere if you want to change some solution or functionality. There are both “friendly” versions for ordinary people, and versions for geeks who like to assemble everything from scratch.

Some of the most popular distributions are: Mint and Ubuntu for PCs, Debian for servers. Speaking of servers...

System stability

Most servers, databases and supercomputers run on Linux. If you initially configure the system well, it will work like a clock.

Linux and its derivatives are also used in various systems control, in social networks, smartphones and tablets (Android), ATMs, car electronics - probably not least because it is characterized long work without crashing.

And by the way, Linux is not in the habit of suddenly and irrevocably updating itself in the middle of an important meeting.

Why don't people choose Linux?

Difficulty of mastering

« Linux is only free if your time has no value" (J. Zawinski). Those. You will still spend something - your time: on installation, development, support and possible changes to the system. Or pay another specialist who is ready to do this for you for his time and effort.

Many of our specialists, who have experience installing different operating systems, agree that installing Linux and Windows is approximately the same in complexity. Another thing is that if you have never (re)installed any system and do not know how to do it, then perhaps Windows setup you will find it simpler.

The likelihood that after Linux installations you will have to search and read various instructions to get this or that functionality to work, to set up a connection, or just to crop a photo in Gimp, that’s 99%. Often you will have to delve into the essence of things. Not everyone likes this.

Software compatibility

Many programs that we are used to while working on Windows are not compatible with Linux. That is, they won’t even be able to be installed if the developer didn’t take care of the version for Linux. This is especially true for popular video games and various paid software. But these problems can be solved using emulators (through which the operation of another system is simulated, and thus you can work in the desired program), supporting many Windows applications.

But if you don’t cling to specific products and their graphical interface, then it’s quite possible to work with built-in or downloadable Linux programs- the same text or media editors.

Ease of use

Naturally, it is most convenient to communicate with a computer through the “axis” that you saw first, and the convenience of subsequent ones will be refracted through previous experience.

Windows is familiar and understandable to most, because it is almost always the first choice for beginners. So if you normally use Windows and have something else open, it may take you a while to figure it out.
Linux is also quite understandable, especially the most “friendly” and popular distributions like Mint. But there are specifics to working through the console (aka terminal or command line).

There are other features of Linux: the ability to work remotely, multitasking, installing packages, high performance, scalability, a different salary level for Linux specialists... But we will leave this to Linux specialists and move on to useful things - in the second part of the post;)

If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.

Linux is one of the modern operating systems in popularity, which is growing more and more every year. The main advantages due to which this system is becoming increasingly popular are accessibility and the ability free use. When used correctly, Linux is quite simple and convenient.

So, you decided to use this operating system, and the question immediately arose where to start? You can start with the system administrators blog. Exactly , You can get acquainted with all the pitfalls when installing this operating system, as well as decide on the choice of distribution for Linux. One of the advantages of such blogs is the opportunity to ask questions and learn about problems that arise during installation.

Let's take a closer look at the existing distributions for this system. The most common for desktop computers is a version of Ubuntu, it runs on the Linux kernel, and allows you to use a fairly clear, simple and at the same time productive working environment, taking into account the individual capabilities of the computer and the personal wishes of the users. This version is very easy to administer and use and has a number of positive qualities, such as a large number of free applications and high quality open source and high security.

Linux Mint another one of the most common systems. It has some similarities with Ubuntu, as it is based on it, but at the same time has its own desktop experiences. To date, this operating system has 17 (seventeen) versions. And its interface is quite similar to XP, Vista and Windows 7, which greatly simplifies the transition from these operating systems to Linux Mint. There are many distributions that you can choose for yourself individually, but the two systems listed above are the most optimal for beginners.

The system installation procedure is quite simple; if all instructions are followed, errors should not occur. But still, if it gets out, you can turn to the administrators’ blogs and get a qualified answer to eliminate this error.

And finally, I want to emphasize that in order not to be initially disappointed in this system, you first need to become thoroughly familiar with it. This can be done through video lessons, manuals, tutorials, and most importantly, practice.

Linux supports Live CD technology. To try Linux you don't need to install it on your computer. You just need to burn the Linux image to a CD or USB and boot from it. will appear before you working Linux, where you can touch and click everything. Today there is enough on the Internet educational materials and just useful tips How to get around all the pitfalls for a beginner when working with Linux.