Abstract: Hypertext markup language HTML. Hypertext markup tools Mark the hypertext markup languages of documents
An HTML 4 document consists of three parts:
- a string containing HTML version information,
- declaring header section (bounded by the HEAD element),
- the body containing the document itself.
The body can be contained in BODY or FRAMESET elements. Whitespace characters (spaces, newlines, tabs, and comments) may appear before or after this section.
Simple page Hello world!
The document begins with an element type document, or doctype. It describes what type of HTML will be used so that the user's client application can determine how to interpret the document and decide whether it follows the rules it claims to follow.
After this, you can see the opening tag of the html element. This is a wrapper around the entire document. The closing html tag is the last object in any HTML document.
Inside the html element there is a head element. It contains information about the document (metadata). Inside head is a title element that defines the "Simple page" title in the menu bar.
After the head element comes the body element, which is the wrapper that contains the actual content of the page - in this case, just the first-level header element (h1), which contains the text "Hello world!" .
Elements often contain other elements. The body of the document will always contain many nested elements.
Page sections create the overall structure of the document, and can contain subsections. They can also contain headings, paragraphs, lists, etc. Paragraphs can contain elements that create links to other elements, quotes, highlights, etc.
HTML element syntaxA basic element in HTML consists of two tags surrounding a block of text. There are elements that do not wrap text, and in almost every case elements can contain subelements (just as html contains head and body in the example above).
Items may also have attributes, which can modify the behavior of the element and introduce additional value.
HTML Basics
In this example, the div element (the section of the page, the way documents are broken up into logical blocks) has an id attribute added that is set to masthead . The div element contains an h1 element (the first, or most important, level heading), which in turn contains some text. Some of this text is packaged in an abbr element (which is used to define abbreviation extensions), which has a title attribute whose value is set to Hypertext Markup Language .
Many attributes in HTML are common to all elements, but some are specific to a given element or elements. They all have the form:
keyword="value"
The value must be placed in single or double quotes (in some situations the quotes may be missing, but this is not very good in terms of predictability, understanding).
Attributes and their possible values are defined primarily by the HTML specifications (http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/index/attributes.html), so you cannot create your own attributes. The only real exceptions are the id and class attributes, whose entire values are intended to add your own meaning and semantics to documents.
An element inside another element is called "descendant" this element. In the example above, abbr is a child of h1, which in turn is a child of div. Conversely, div is the "ancestor" of the h1 element.
Block-level elements and inline elementsThere are two main categories of elements in HTML, which correspond to the types of content and the structure that these elements represent - block level elements and inline elements.
Block level means a higher level element, usually informing about the structure of the document. Block-level elements can be thought of as elements that start on a new line, breaking away from what came before it. Common block elements are paragraphs, bullet points, headings and tables.
String elements are contained within block-level structural elements and cover only parts of the document text, not entire areas. An inline element does not result in a new line appearing in the document, because they are elements that appear in a paragraph of text. Common string elements are hypertext links, highlighted words or phrases and short quotations.
HeadingThe head of an HTML document is an optional markup element. Initially, the existence of the title was determined by the need browser window naming. This was achieved using the TITLE markup element:
This is the title......
Another function of the HTML document header is to control HTTP traffic through the META markup element. With the current practice of hosting company Web sites on provider servers, administrators of these sites may not be able to manage the server program. In this case, there is only one option left to control the exchange - through the header of the HTML document.
The header of an HTML document is also intended to describe the search image of the document, which is necessary for indexing the document by search engine robots. The META element allows you to store lists of keywords and document descriptions that will be used to compile a search engine index and appear as a description of the document if a link to it is returned in a keyword search.
Basic header tags are HTML markup elements that are most often found in the head of an HTML document, i.e. inside the HEAD markup element:
- TITLE (document title);
- BASE (URL base);
- ISINDEX (search pattern);
- META (meta information);
- LINK (general links);
- STYLE (style descriptors);
- SCRIPT (scripts).
The most commonly used elements are TITLE, SCRIPT, STYLE. The use of the META element indicates the author's awareness of the rules for indexing documents in search engines and the ability to manage HTTP data exchange. BASE and ISINDEX have hardly been used lately. LINK is specified only when using style sheet descriptors external to the document.
The HEAD markup element contains the title of the HTML document. This markup element is optional. If you have a markup element start tag, it is advisable to also use a markup element end tag. By default, the HEAD element is closed if either the BODY container start tag or the FRAMESET container start tag is encountered.
The header container is used to contain information related to the document as a whole.
The TITLE markup element is used to name a document on the World Wide Web. When choosing text for the content of the TITLE container, you should take into account that it is displayed in a system font, since it is the title of the browser window.
The general syntax of the TITLE container is as follows:
document's name
The header is not a required document container. It can be lowered. The robots of many search engines use the contents of the TITLE element to create a search image of the document. Words from TITLE are included in the search engine index. For these reasons, it is always recommended to use the TITLE element on Web site pages.
The BASE markup element is used to define the base URL for document hypertext links specified in incomplete (partial) form. In addition, BASE allows you to define the default document loading target window when you select a hypertext link for the current document. BASE is most often found on pages of sites that have “mirrors”. Some documents from the main server are not transferred to the “mirror” server for various reasons. In this case, a document with a forced base URL will always link to the main server.
The container start tag contains one required HREF attribute, and can contain one optional TARGET attribute. The general syntax of a BASE container is as follows:
The ISINDEX markup element is used to specify a search pattern and is inherited from earlier versions of HTML. In HTML 4.0 this container is not defined.
META markup elementMETA contains control information that the browser uses to correctly display and process the content of the body of the document, for example, using the Content-type attribute, you can specify the recoding of the document on the client side.
You can also specify other operators using META. For example, disable document caching. To disable caching, just insert a tag like this into the META header:
In the new version of the HTTP protocol (HTTP 1.1), caching is controlled through the Cache-Control statement. To get the same result as in the case of Pragma, in the head of the HTML document it is enough to indicate:
You can prohibit storing a document after forwarding.
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) - a hypertext markup language - is intended for writing hypertext documents published on the World Wide Web.
A hypertext document is a text file that has special marks, called tags, which are subsequently recognized by the browser and used by it to display the contents of the file on the computer screen.
Using these marks, you can highlight document headings, change the color, size and style of letters, and insert graphics and tables. But the main advantage of hypertext over regular text is the ability to add hyperlinks to the content of a document - special HTML language constructs that allow you to click on a mouse to view another document.
An HTML document consists of two parts: the text itself, i.e. the data that makes up the contents of the document, and tags - special constructs of the HTML language used to mark up the document and control its display. HTML language tags determine in what form the text will be presented, which of its components will act as hypertext links, and which graphic or multimedia objects should be included in the document.
Graphic and audio information included in an HTML document is stored in separate files. HTML document viewers (browsers) interpret markup flags and arrange text and graphics on the screen accordingly. For files containing HTML documents, the accepted extensions are .htm or .html.
In most cases, tags are used in pairs. A pair consists of an opening and closing tag. The effect of any paired tag begins where the opening tag is encountered and ends when the corresponding closing tag is encountered. Often a pair consisting of an opening and closing tag is called container, and the part of the text bordered by the opening and closing tags is element.
The character sequence that makes up text can consist of spaces, tabs, newlines, carriage returns, letters, punctuation, numbers, and special characters (such as #, +, $, @), except for the following four characters, which have In HTML, the special meanings are (greater than), & (ampersand), and " (double quote). If you need to include any of these characters in your text, you must encode it with a special sequence of characters.
HTML Document StructureThe most important of the HTML tags is the tag of the same name. It always opens the document, just as the tag must always appear on its last line. These tags indicate that the lines between them represent a single hypertext document. Without these tags, a browser or other viewer is unable to identify the document format and interpret it correctly.
An HTML document consists of two parts: a head and a body, arranged in the following order:
Document title Document body
Most often, the document title includes a paired tag ..., which defines the name of the document. Many viewers use it as the title of the window in which the document is displayed. Programs that index documents on the Internet use the title to identify the page. A good title should be long enough to correctly identify the corresponding page, but at the same time it should fit in the window title. The title of the document fits between the opening and closing tags.
The body of the document is a mandatory element, since it contains all the document material. The body of the document is placed between the and tags. Everything that is placed between these tags is interpreted by the browser in accordance with the rules of the HTML language, allowing the page to be correctly displayed on the monitor screen.
Text in HTML is divided into paragraphs using the tag. It is placed at the beginning of each paragraph, and the viewer, when encountering it, separates paragraphs from each other with a blank line. The closing tag is optional.
If you want to “break” the text, moving the rest of it to a new line, without selecting a new paragraph, use the line break tag
. It forces the viewer to display the characters following it on a new line. Unlike the paragraph tag, the
does not add an empty line. This tag does not have a paired closing tag.
The HTML language supports logical and physical formatting of document content. Logical formatting indicates the purpose of a given piece of text, while physical formatting determines its appearance.
Using logical formatting text, the browser selects different parts of the text in accordance with the structure of the document. To display the title, one of the title tags is used. Headings in a typical document are divided into levels. HTML allows you to set six levels of headings: h1 (first level heading), h2, h3, h4, h5 and h6. The first level heading is usually larger in size and richer than the second level heading. Example of using header tags:
l. Chapter title l.l. Section title
Tags physical formatting directly set the appearance of the text on the browser screen, for example, a couple highlights the text in bold, sets text underlining and controls text font.
Tag inserts an image into a document as if it were just one large character. Example of using a tag:
To create a hypertext link, a pair of tags... is used. A piece of text, an image, or any other object located between these tags is displayed in the browser window as a hypertext link. Activating such an object causes a new document to be loaded into the browser window or another part of the current Web page to be displayed. A hypertext link is formed using the expression:
Href is a required attribute here, the value of which is the URL of the requested resource. Quotes in specifying the value of the href attribute are optional. If a link to a document on another server is specified, then the type of hyperlink is as follows:
Photo 11-A
Using various tags, you can draw tables, format text, insert images, video, sound files, etc. into a document.
We continue the series of articles about the basics of web languages and developments in this area. Previously, we learned about the basics of the hypertext language HTML, its features and methods of text markup (tags).
We also learned that the HTML language interacts naturally with software developments such as CSS and Javascript styles, and why such collaboration between languages is necessary. Today we will consider in detail the structure of creating documents in HTML5. Block construction of a document and its structure is the topic of today’s article. But first you need to understand what HTML5 is.
The HTML5 programming language (from English HyperText Markup Language) is the fifth version of the language. Like all previous versions, it is designed to build the structure of documents and present them on the network. At the moment, the HTML5 version is under development. The goal pursued by the creation of the fifth version of HTML is to improve the language in the field of its work with multimedia documents (audio and video applications).
Adding some syntactic innovations, such as , and , will help minimize logical and syntax errors when working with HTML5 multimedia files. Also, to enrich the semantic content of the document (semantics - the study of the meaning of language units), new meanings are introduced, such as , , and . Some of the attributes will be removed or changed. New capabilities are being introduced to handle invalid documents so that all browsers will be able to handle these kinds of documents.
What is DOCTYPE?Any document in HTML always begins with this word. All previous versions of HTML published this declaration roughly as follows:
where PUBLIC denotes the readability of the document, and DTD denotes the type of published documents (Document Type Definition). The definition of DOCTYPE in HTML5 is much simplified −< !DOCTYPE HTML>. That's all - the markup is ready.
So what does the DOCTYPE declaration do? This tag is intended to tell browsers which language standard to use - the visualization of the page as a whole, its rendering, will depend on determining the HTML version. HTML development standards are strictly regulated and follow certain rules, so working with other people's codes, reading them and displaying them in the browser through the use of standards is noticeably simplified.
Originally, the DOCTYPE declaration switched the browser to standard mode, and this allowed the use of newer standards. For those documents that were written using the old standard, it is possible to use compatibility mode, which allows the browser to work normally. The new DOCTYPE declaration is now supported by almost all existing browsers, while simultaneously switching them to standards mode. That is, each newly created document must contain the DOCTYPE attribute and comply with the developed standards. In this case, the entire document code is checked for compliance with the standards.
Conventionally, you can divide the entire page written in HTML into several subsections. The root of the main code of the entire page is the tag. That is, you can place almost anything between the tags. Schematically, the page in HTML is represented as follows:
For example:
< !DOCTYPE HTML>< !-Любой текст, изображения, таблицы и т.д. -->
In our case, the tag contains an attribute that determines the language of the document - Russian. To make working with a document easier, you must specify the language of the document. All page content is located between the tags.... , except for the DOCTYPE declaration.
The tag is the so-called head of the document. All necessary data about the page (both for the browser to work and informative data for the developer) is located between and . The title of the page, its code - for example, UTF-8, meta-data such as keywords, page description, author's name, etc. – all such data is located precisely between the tags and . Here you can connect external files, scripts and libraries.
What are meta tags?As mentioned above, they contain all the information about the page. The main meta tags are described below:
1. Page encoding type – Charset. In most cases, UTF8 is used, but other encodings can be used, for example, windows-1251, KOI-8, ISO, etc. An attribute such as Charset determines what encoding to use to read the page. In HTML5 this attribute looks like this:
As you can see, the new version of the language greatly simplifies page management, making it easier and faster to read.
Description meta tag, that is, a summary of the page. For example:
The use of this tag is optional, but desirable to protect the page content from copying.
A meta tag indicating the title of a page or post on a page – title. The tag looks like this:
Definition of HTML and structure of the language. | yoursite.com
The title is displayed in the title of the opening window or at the top of the page.
The link and script meta tags are used to connect stylesheets, external files, and libraries to execution. For example, CSS and JavaScript style sheets, as well as the jQuery library. The connection lines for these files look like this:
| 1 |
That is, to understand the essence of these lines, you can imagine the following situation: the CSS and JavaScript files are on the server, but without these lines in the document they simply will not work. A small caveat for using these tags is that the files can be either on a local server or on a remote one. In the latter case, you must specify the full path to the files in the meta tags. In our example, the link meta tag is used to link a CSS file and uses a link relation. This signature lets the browser know that the file is a stylesheet. The rel tag has many other meanings as well.
An alternative to the first option for connecting the styles file could be the following line:
| 1 2 3 4 | a ( text-decoration : underline ; ) p ( color : #000000 ; ) |
a ( text-decoration: underline; ) p ( color: #000000; )
This method directly connects the style to the page, without including a style file.
The most significant tag in an HTML document is the . It also has a closing ending. All the data that is contained inside this tag determines the content of the page - its content, images on the page, all the reference mass contained in the text, etc. Thus, all the information that comes before the tag can be enclosed in a kind of immutable template. The contents of the body can be edited, replaced, improved.
After considering all the components of an HTML document of the fifth version, you can try to assemble all the individual parts into one whole, which will be a complete HTML document, that is, a page of a certain site. This is what the finished page will look like:
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 | < !DOCTYPE HTML>Design Shack |
< !DOCTYPE HTML>Design Shack
If you schematically imagine the structure of an HTML page, it will look like this:
This is the so-called HTML Document Object Model (DOM).
In future publications I plan to study CSS tables in more detail, and a more detailed analysis of the HTML5 structure will also be useful for correct work with any version of the HTML language.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE
SKHIDNOUKRAINIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Named after Volodymyr Dahl
Department of Computer Science
By discipline
Computer design and multimedia
StudentBoldakova I.V.
1. Introduction
3.1 HTML editors
4. Website creation using CMS Joomla 1.5.7
Literature
1. IntroductionThe World Wide Web - a global computer network today contains millions of sites that contain all kinds of information. People access this information through the use of Internet technology. To navigate the WWW, special programs are used - Web browsers, which greatly facilitate travel through the vast expanses of the WWW. All information in the Web browser is displayed in the form of Web pages.
Web pages, supporting multimedia technology, combine various types of information: text, graphics, sound, animation and video. Its success on the Internet largely depends on how well and beautifully a particular Web page is made.
The user is pleased to visit those Web pages that have a stylish design, are not burdened with excessive graphics and animation, load quickly and are correctly displayed in the Web browser window.
Creating a Web page is not easy, but probably everyone would like to try themselves as a designer. And in this case, I am no exception, which is why I chose this topic for my course work.
In my essay, I made an attempt to understand what you need to know and be able to do to create a Web page, what software is a tool for creating Web pages and how to use it effectively.
Also in this work I reviewed the basics of the Web page programming language - HTML, which is a generally accepted WWW standard. This will give us the opportunity to become familiar with the structure of a Web page and the techniques for its proper design. We will also look at creating a website using CMS Joomla.
2. Consider the hypertext markup language HTMLWeb pages can exist in any format, but it is accepted as a standard Hyper Text Markup Language- a hypertext markup language designed to create formatted text rich in images, sound, animation, video clips and hypertext links to other documents.
You can work on the Web without knowing the HTML language, since HTML texts can be created by various special editors and converters. But writing directly in HTML is not difficult. It may even be easier than learning an HTML editor or converter, which are often limited in their capabilities, buggy, or produce poor HTML that doesn't work across platforms.
The HTML language comes in several flavors and continues to evolve, but HTML constructs will likely continue to be used in the future. By learning about HTML and understanding it more deeply, creating a document at the beginning of learning HTML and expanding it as much as possible, we are able to create Web pages that can be viewed by many Web browsers, both now and in the future. This does not exclude the possibility of using other methods, such as the advanced method provided by Opera, Google Chrome, Internet Explorer or other browsers.
Working with HTML is a way to learn the ins and outs of creating documents in a standardized language, using extensions only when really necessary.
HTML has been ratified by the World Wide Web Consortium. It is supported by all browsers.
Since HTML documents are written in ASCI I format, any text editor can be used to create it.
Typically an HTML document is a file with the extension .html or . htm, in which the text is marked with HTML tags (English tag - special built-in instructions). HTML defines the syntax and placement of tags according to which the browser displays the content of a Web document. The text of the tags themselves is not displayed by the Web browser.
All tags begin with the symbol "". Typically there is a pair of tags - a start (opening) and an ending (closing) tag (similar to opening and closing parentheses in mathematics), between which the markup information is placed:
Information
Here the starting tag is the tag
And the final ones -
. The ending tag differs from the starting tag only in that it has a "/" (slash) symbol in parentheses before the text.A browser reading an HTML document displays it in a window using the HTML tag structure. Every HTML document must have three main parts:
A) HTML declaration;
B) Heading part;
C) The body of the document.
A) HTML declaration
And . A pair of these tags tells the viewer (browser) that there is an HTML document enclosed between them, with the first tag in the document being the tag (at the very beginning of the document) and the last tag (the very end of the document).
B) Heading part.
And . Between these tags is information about the document (title, search keywords, description, etc.). However, the most important thing is the document title, which we see in the top line of the browser window and in the "Favorites (BookMark)" lists. Special search engine spider programs use the document title to build their databases. To give a title to your HTML document, text is placed between the and tags.
My first page
C) The body of the document.
The third main part of the document is its body. It immediately follows the title and is located between the and tags. The first of them should be immediately after the tag, and the second - before the tag. The body of an HTML document is where the author places information formatted using HTML.
My first page.........
Now we can write the HTML code for our page:
My first page My pages will be here!
In the BODY section, all tabs and line breaks are ignored by the browser and do not affect the display of the page in any way. Therefore, a line break in the source text of an HTML document will not start a new line in the text displayed by the browser unless special tags are present. This rule is very important to remember and do not forget to put tags separating lines, otherwise the text will not have paragraphs and it will become unreadable.
To start a new line, use the tag
(abbreviated from English break - interrupt). This tag causes the browser to display further text from the beginning of the next line. There is no closing tag used for it. It is convenient if you need to write from a new line at some point without starting a new paragraph, for example, in a poem. Using it again allows you to insert one or more blank lines, moving the next fragment of the page down.
Continuous text without gaps is not very easy to read; it is inconvenient to look through and find the right places. Divided into paragraphs, the text is perceived much faster. The tag is used to start a new paragraph
(English paragraph - paragraph). This tag, in addition to starting a new line, inserts one empty line. But repeated repetition
Unlike
, will not lead to the appearance of several empty lines, there will still be the same one empty line.
Inside the brackets of a tag, in addition to its name, attributes can also be placed. They are separated from the name and from each other by spaces (one or more), and are written in the form attribute_name="meaning". If the value does not contain spaces, then the quotes can be omitted, but this is not recommended. Tag
May contain an ALIGN attribute that specifies paragraph alignment. By default, a paragraph is aligned left ALIGN="left". Right alignment ALIGN="right" and center alignment ALIGN="center" are also possible. When using attributes, you should use a closing tag after the formatted text
. If it is not there, then a new tagMeans closing the previous one, respectively nested
Impossible. It is also possible to center the text using the tag.
Now we can put some text with different alignments on our Web page:
My first page
My personal pages will be here!
On them you can find: - a story about me and my hobbies; - my photos.
From one of my pages it will be possible
send me an email.
3. Tools for creating Web pages 3.1 HTML editors
Everyone chooses their own tool for creating Web pages. This could be MS FrontPage or Macromedia DreamWeaver, Allaire HomeSite or 1st Page. And some people use a simple text editor, such as Notepad.
Text editors can only be used to create small pages, since they have many disadvantages: projects are not supported, there is no “highlighting” of text, in general, it is extremely inconvenient to work.
The main disadvantage of MS FrontPage is that it generates very large HTML code (too much unnecessary stuff), so the pages turn out to be large, which affects loading speed. Moreover, when creating Web pages in this editor you see one thing, but in the browser window you see something completely different. The pages turn out to be somewhat crooked, so to create high-quality Web pages, it is recommended to use the packages that will be discussed below.
We'll start with the popular Macromedia DreamWeaver. Macromedia is considered a leader in the production of software for creating websites, as well as a trendsetter in this area.
In 1989, hypertext represented a promising new technology that had a relatively large number of implementations, on the one hand, and on the other hand, attempts were made to build formal models of hypertext systems that were more descriptive in nature and were inspired by the success of the relational approach to describing data.
HTML is a hypertext markup language used to encode documents. The HTML language is a set of commands according to which the browser displays the contents of a document; HTML commands are not displayed. The HTML language implements a hypertext linking mechanism that allows one document to be linked to others. These documents may be located on the same server as the page from which they are linked, or they may be hosted on a different server.
The HTML idea is an example of an extremely successful solution to the problem of building a hypertext system using a special display control tool.
Contextual hypertext links were recognized as the most effective form of hypertext organization, and in addition, the division into links associated with the entire document as a whole and with its individual parts was recognized.
All HTML documents have the same structure, defined by a fixed set of structure tags. An HTML document should always start with a tag< HTML >and end with the appropriate closing tag (). There are two main sections within a document: the headings section and the body of the document, in that order. The headers section contains information that describes the document as a whole, and is limited to the and tags. In particular, the headings section should contain the general title of the document, delimited by the tag pair.
). However, it is not recommended to omit structure tags when creating an HTML document. The simplest valid HTML document containing all the tags that define the structure might look like this:
< TITLE >Document title< /TITLE >
Document text
HTML elements.
For paired tags, the scope is defined by the portion of the document between the opening and closing tags. This part of the document is considered an element of the HTML language. So, we can talk about a “BODY element”, which includes the tag, the body of the document and the closing tag. The entire HTML document. can be thought of as an "HTML element." For unpaired tags, the element is the same as the tag that defines it.
Most elements of the HTML language. describes parts of the document's content and is placed between . and , that is, inside the BODY structural element. Such elements are divided into block and text. Block elements refer to paragraph-level pieces of text. Text elements describe the properties of individual phrases and even smaller parts of text.
Now we can formulate rules for nesting elements.
Elements must not overlap. In other words, if the opening tag is located inside an element, then the corresponding closing tag must be located inside the same element.
Block elements can contain nested block and text elements.
Text elements can contain nested text elements.
Text elements cannot contain nested block elements.
Functional block elements.
In most documents, the main functional elements are headings and paragraphs. HTML language. supports six levels of headings. They are specified using paired tags from to . When displayed, Web documents are displayed using this method; tag (document on the computer screen, these elements are shown using fonts of different sizes.
Regular paragraphs are specified using a paired tag. HTML language. does not contain a means for creating a paragraph indent (“red line”), so when displayed on a computer screen, paragraphs are separated by a blank line. The closing tag is treated as optional. It is understood that it comes before the tag, which specifies the beginning of the next paragraph of the document. For example:
Heading
First paragraphSecond paragraph
Second level heading
A consequence of having a special tag that defines a paragraph is that the usual end-of-line character entered by pressing the ENTER key is not enough to create a paragraph indentation. HTML language. treats end-of-line characters and spaces in a special way. Any sequence; consisting only of spaces and end-of-line characters, is treated as a single space when the document is displayed. This, in particular, means that the end-of-line character does not even lead to a new line (a text element specified by an unpaired tag is used for this purpose
.
A horizontal ruler can also be used as a paragraph delimiter. This element is specified by an unpaired tag. When a document is displayed on the screen, a ruler separates parts of the text from each other. Its length and thickness are specified by the attributes of the tag.
This tag creates a 10 pixel wide horizontal ruler that takes up half the width of the window and is positioned to the right.
Website creation is one of the widely available opportunities in the modern Internet industry. The actual creation of websites is, in principle, not much more difficult than creating personal email accounts and electronic business cards.
To create a website, first of all, you need a server connected to the Internet on which you can place the necessary hypertexts. In addition, it is necessary to register the saiga name with the provider serving the selected server.
On the Internet you can find providers offering free opening of websites on their servers. Free sites can be opened on domestic servers narod.ru, boom.ru, hotmail.ru and on foreign servers, for example geocities.com, tripod.com.
On these servers you can register domain names like:
. narod.ru
name>.boom.ru,
Examples of registered domain names:
wdu.da.ru - website of the electronic university;
wduniv.newmail.ru - website of a distributed university.
After registering a site's domain name, you can host hypertexts on it. Hypertexts are placed on the site using special programs that allow you to create, edit, accumulate and copy a wide variety of hypertexts. Immediately after the placement of the very first (main) hypertext page, its information can be read using a browser in any country from any computer connected to the Internet. To do this, enter the website address on the Internet in the browser window. For example: http://bak.boom.ru
All posted files must be hypertexts, written in HTML format and having identifiers of the form .html.
HTML is a hypertext markup language.
By structure, hypertext is text with links to other hypertexts located on this server or on other servers. When you click on such a link, the browser automatically loads a hypertext page onto your computer screen, regardless of what server it is on and in what country it is located.
Using these tools and programs on the Internet, a wide variety of information sites and systems can be created - personal sites, company sites, electronic newspapers, magazines, electronic books, encyclopedias, as well as electronic archives and libraries.
The difference between sites is the amount of information, their structure and updating procedures. In general, for Internet sites, as for any organization, we can talk about the life cycles of their creation, development, modernization and liquidation.
The volume of information is determined by the owners - people or organizations that created sites and post their information on them. The amount of information on websites can range from several kilobytes to several gigabytes (millions of kilobytes).
The structure of sites can be very diverse. The simplest structure is a main page with links to a set of texts. These links can be in the text of the main page or highlighted in the table of contents at the beginning of it.
Each page of the site can be provided with a title, which appears on the top line of the screen when the site is loaded by the browser.
In addition, on the main page of the site you can specify a list of keywords for search engines.
Search engines weekly scan all servers on the Internet and record the addresses of all sites and hypertexts found along with the keywords highlighted in them. For these reasons, no later than a week later, any information published on the Internet can be found using the keywords contained in them.