We and space Life teaches us patience and humility through our family. You have to come to terms with them, you have to love them, because the world gave them to you. Find harmony with them, merge your auras with them, as with Space. Imagine your loved one, who you are

Empty space. Peter Brook.

Preface

There is hardly another contemporary director about whom as much has been said about Brook, and about whom they have been writing for so long. And in fact, at the age of seventeen he had already staged Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus in an amateur theater, and by twenty he had staged six performances in a professional theater, including Bernard Shaw’s Man and Superman, which had been staged very little before. And where - at Barry Jackson's, at the famous Birmingham Repertory Theatre! Then the fame never left him. He was twenty-one years old when Barry Jackson, who undertook to renovate the Shakespeare Memorial Theater, invited him, among other young directors, to Stratford-upon-Avon, and twenty-two years old when he staged the play Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet at this theater ( 1947) - became a sensation of the season and caused such controversy that rarely arose in English theater criticism. He came to the fore early, Brook is now only fifty (he was born on March 21, 1925), but they have been writing and arguing about him for almost thirty years. And who writes, who argues! It is difficult to name at least one major actor, director or theater critic who, having come into contact with Brook, would not want to express his opinion about him. Brook's bibliography is enormous. And she keeps growing. They say that truth is born in disputes. One of them was born in this too. Not right away. Excruciating. But it was born and is no longer disputed. When he appeared, Brook was talked about - even by those who did not accept him - as an extremely original director. Then - as a significant director. Then - this time almost without a break - as a great director, one of those by whom the theater of the twentieth century will be judged.

And yet - what is he like, Peter Brook? “Great” is just a word, nothing more. You can fill it with a variety of contents. And here its meaning was not very clear. It first appeared in relation to Brook not so much in the minds of critics, who were accustomed to clearly formulating their opinions, but in the souls of thousands, tens of thousands of spectators who left his performances shocked, enlightened, having learned something new about themselves, about the world. It penetrated into criticism not without difficulty - Brook was so depressingly young when he achieved his first successes. It did not add up as a sum of values, but arose immediately as a kind of wholeness and was subject to analysis and decoding.

It wasn't easy. Each of Brook's performances provided an opportunity to see the author he was directing in a new way, but did not help to see “Brook himself.” No, Brook was not hiding behind the author at all. From the very beginning, he very definitely declared himself as a supporter of the all-powerful “director’s theater.” The thought of each performance was his, Brook's, thought. The mood is his, Brook's, mood. The form was given by him, Brook. Even more so than many other directors; after all, Brooke often acts as the artist of his own performances, and sometimes also as the author of the “concrete music” that accompanies them. But the difficulty was that the performances he staged were very different and dissimilar. They, of course, had something in common. But what? What determined that a particular performance belonged to Brook? Is it really just an obligatory dissimilarity with his previous performance?

The book “Empty Space,” published in 1968, was intended, it seemed, to clarify everything. There was no doubt about its literary merits: among Brooke’s many talents, there was also a literary one. The young director has repeatedly acted as an interesting theater and (much more often) ballet critic. Moreover, this book was born gradually, there could be no traces of haste in it. Its chapters correspond to the four parts of a short course of lectures on modern theater, given by Brook in 1965 in agreement with the Granada television company at the universities of Hull, Kiel, Manchester and Sheffield. Everything in it was tested in advance on a live listener. This book really made a lot of things clear. Of course, this was not the first time Brook expressed his views on the theater. He didn't hide them before. But he brought together much of what had previously had to be sought out bit by bit. By doing this, he certainly helped to look deeper into his work.

And into myself. Brooke is a man without pose. He doesn’t emphasize his successes. Failure is not hidden. He says what he thinks. He treats himself with that calm sense of humor, which is rightly considered a sign of inner intelligence. This man works with monstrous effort - he has staged dozens of plays, films and operas, written many articles - and at the same time is not at all internally tense, on the contrary, enviably relaxed.

But then why does Peter Brook still have to explain today, seven years after the book, in newspaper interviews who he is and who he is not, and not a single such interview puts an end to the controversy about him. Why was this so logical book so unclear? The point, I think, is that readers did not find in it what they were looking for. First of all, confirmation of his views: Brook expressed his own. He upset theater conservatives. He did not abandon tradition at all; on the contrary, he respected her, but at the same time he saw her somehow differently. It did not please the theatrical innovators, so to speak. He was one of them; he willingly acknowledged their discoveries, peered into them carefully and at the same time, as if looking through them. And they were also looking for a system in it - some kind of, say, “Brooke’s system,” but he pointedly refused to reveal it. Didn’t it follow from this that this system simply does not exist? Meanwhile, the book says everything clearly. It helps to see the dominance of Brook's creativity. Of the huge number of Peter Brook's performances, Soviet audiences saw only two: Hamlet with Paul Scofield in the title role, staged in 1955 and brought to us at the same time, and Stratford's King Lear (staged in 1962, shown here in 1961 -m). And yet one should not think that we have seen little: it was after Lear that Brooke was said to be “great.”

This word was spoken by Kenneth Tainay.

He said it not so much as a theater expert who carefully thought through and correlated all the components of this concept, but rather as a viewer - an experienced, intelligent and at the same time unusually emotional viewer. Sitting in the darkness of the Stratford hall, he feverishly scratched some words on the program to capture unique moments. “I don’t want to pretend to be calm and I remember very well all the feelings that overwhelmed me,” he wrote in a note about this performance. However, in the same note he threw out the words about Brooke’s “moral neutrality” that later received such resonance. “Gloomy and beautiful,” he called Brooke’s “Lear” in another note that appeared a month later, when the play was shown to Londoners. But why did Lear’s story, shown from the standpoint of “moral neutrality,” shock the audience so much?! And she was amazing. In Brook's book the reader will find a brief and, as always with him, extremely modest reference to how the play gained more and more success (and itself grew internally) during the famous Eastern European tour of 1964. Moscow and Leningrad were the last cities on the continent where Lear was shown. It was here that the performance found its best audience, and with its help it reached its own peak. Until 1971, Brook staged fifty-seven dramatic performances (five of them were taken on tour abroad), seven operas, seven films, television plays (the scripts and tracks for them were written by Brook himself, one by Brook in collaboration with Dennis Kenan), wrote prefaces to books by Jerzy Grotowskoto “To the Poor Theatre”, Jan Kott “Shakespeare - Our Contemporary” (this book by the famous Polish Shakespeare scholar gave a great creative impulse to Brook when he worked on King Lear), separate editions of “How You Get Well” by Shakespeare and “Marat/ The Garden" by Peter Weiss, Michael Werr's book "Design of a Performance", and created a large number of other literary works. Could this viewer be so close to a performance that affirmed the principles of “moral neutrality”?

No, of course Brooke knows that's not true. It is not for nothing that he writes that the countries of Eastern Europe, where his “Lear” sounded so loudly, are the countries through which the war took place. Brook's Lear owes much to the influence of Samuel Beckett, a truly gloomy and hopeless writer. Kenneth Tynan immediately caught this, and much was said about it later in criticism. Brook himself notes this in “Empty Space.” But here the reader will find an indication of why exactly Beckett is valuable to Brooke. Beckett, in his opinion, does not say his “no” with pleasure. His “no” is out of longing for “yes.” Right or wrong in in this case Brooke is another matter. It is important how things stand for him. Brook's goal was not just to show the world as cold and scary. He wanted to portray him as such with all uncompromisingness, so that the thought of how terrible the world is when it is spiritless would sound equally uncompromisingly. When a person does not bring humanity with him. When it is given to each individual person - only at the cost of severe suffering.

PART IV

SPACE, TIME, CIVILIZATIONS

We have identified three main views on the history of world civilizations.

1. The position adopted by official historiography with a well-known chronology of history, which begins approximately from the end of the 4th millennium.

2. Supporters of “long history”. Representatives of this concept believe that civilizations with advanced technology superior to modern ones existed much earlier than the Ancient World known to us. It was a pre-civilization, traces of which have survived to this day.

Who is right? Are there “historical ghosts”? What is time? Are parallel worlds possible?

We will try to answer these questions in this chapter.

First, you need to understand that outer space is not three-dimensional, as we are accustomed to perceiving our earthly space, but multidimensional. We measure space in three quantities - length, width and height. Space is three-dimensional for us. Mathematicians and physicists, as a rule, operate with the concept of four-dimensional space, adding a time characteristic.

Four-dimensional space consists of three geometric coordinates - length, width, height, and a fourth - time. “When a non-mathematician hears about four-dimensional space, he is seized by a mystical feeling, similar to the feeling excited by theatrical ghosts,” Einstein said on this occasion. And yet, in his opinion, there is no more banal statement than the message about the four-dimensionality of the world around us.

The multidimensionality of space can be imagined without the time characteristic. Three dimensions of space differ from four, just as two dimensions differ from three. A two-dimensional dimension is like a flat piece of paper. A sheet of paper has length and width, but no depth. A box has length, width and depth (three dimensions).

Now let’s imagine that we exist in a world of two dimensions of space. Then our world can be roughly represented in the form of drawings on a sheet of paper. All things in such a space can be described by length and width, but there will be no concept of height and depth. Representatives of this world will be able to move in any direction on a flat surface, but it will be impossible for them to rise or fall beyond this surface.

Suppose that in this imaginary world of two dimensions a square is drawn around an object. In this case, a two-dimensional resident will not be able to get out of the square, unless, of course, there is a hole in the latter. Movement above and below the square will be impossible.

If our sheet of paper is bent, say, rolled into a ring, then the inhabitants of two-dimensional space will not notice the curvature. The world for them is flat, two-dimensional.

Now let's return to our world of three dimensions. If you draw a square around a three-dimensional inhabitant, it costs him nothing to step over the square. Now imagine that an inhabitant of a three-dimensional world is placed inside a cube, for example in a room with a ceiling, a floor and four solid walls. He will not be able to get out of the room unless, of course, there is a hole in the ceiling, floor or one of the walls.

Now let's imagine that there is a world of four or more dimensions. An inhabitant of such a world will freely leave a room with a ceiling, a floor and four solid walls, just as an inhabitant of a world of three dimensions would overcome a square drawn around him, stepping over it. It is extremely difficult, almost impossible, for us, residents of three-dimensional space, to imagine how it is possible to leave a closed room. All things around us are explained from the point of view of the three-dimensional world. The existence of a fourth dimension of space, which is inaccessible under normal circumstances, is assumed in the explanation of paranormal phenomena. From time to time, objects in the four-dimensional world can move in and out of their world into our three-dimensional world.

One of the earliest works exploring the concept of the fourth dimension, Transcendental Physics, was written by Johann Karl-Friedrich Zellner in 1881.

Here is what he wrote about this: “Among the evidence, there is nothing more significant and convincing than the transfer of material bodies from a closed space. Although our three-dimensional intuition cannot allow an immaterial exit to open in a closed space, four-dimensional space provides such a possibility. Thus, transferring the body in this direction can be accomplished without affecting the three-dimensional material walls. Since we, three-dimensional beings, do not have the so-called intuition of four-dimensional space, we can only form a concept of it by analogy from the lower region of space. Imagine a two-dimensional figure on a surface: a line is drawn on each side, and a moving object inside. By moving only along the surface, an object will not be able to get out of this two-dimensional closed space, unless there is a break in the line.”

In public, Zellner explains that an object can only pass through solid matter through four-dimensional motion. Such movement, he said, is the most convincing evidence of the existence of the fourth dimension.

But if space is multidimensional, then other worlds can exist in other spaces. Why, then, not allow representatives of these worlds to appear among us, and we take them for ghosts? Let's imagine for a moment that we are sitting in front of an illuminated white screen, on which the shadows of people moving behind the screen are visible. Two people behind the screen walk towards each other, greet each other and move on in different directions. But on the screen, where only their shadows are visible, we will see how the two silhouettes came closer, then merged into one shadow, froze, and then split into two again and floated in different directions. The people behind the screen walked nearby, and their shadows on the screen merged. Let's imagine the world of people behind the screen and the world of shadows on the screen in different ways.

According to V.I. Vernadsky, living matter, living space is a fundamentally non-Euclidean space.

Naturally, it is difficult for us to imagine a space greater than three dimensions. Just as it is impossible to imagine a line at a point, just as it is impossible to imagine a surface in a line, just as it is impossible to imagine a body in a surface, so in our space it is impossible to imagine a body that has more than three dimensions.

Even solid things, objects that we touch with our hands, are nothing more than emptiness. It's hard to imagine, but it's true.

In public and private banks, where huge capital is concentrated, heavy-duty steel doors with highly complex locks and alarm systems are installed to protect premises. These doors give the impression of an impenetrable monolith. It seems that nothing and no one can penetrate them.

But if you look at these doors through the eyes of a microphysicist, you will be amazed that this door is a continuous sieve, consisting of tiny atoms in an almost continuous free space between them. The fact is that the distance between the elements that make up an atom significantly exceeds the size of these elements themselves. This also applies to molecules that are formed from atoms. All this can be compared to the starry sky that we see at night - small points of stars and a huge black space between them.

This is how the microworld works. An atom consists of a nucleus and electrons orbiting the nucleus. The size of atoms is about 10 -8 cm, nuclei are tens of thousands of times smaller, and the size of electrons is 10 -6 cm. As is known, the entire mass of an atom is concentrated in a very small volume - the atomic nucleus, the diameter of which is 10,000 times smaller than the diameter of the atom.

The dimensions of atoms are hundreds of millions of times larger than the smallest elementary particles.

Atoms are connected into molecules by a certain bond. We can say that the microcosm is elementary particles connected to each other certain connections, but separated from each other by huge spaces (naturally, in comparison with their volumes).

This is how the macroworld works. The Sun, together with its planetary system, is just one of the stars in our galaxy. Our star system consists of approximately 2 × 10 11 (10 to the 11th power) stars. The world of galaxies in the Universe is quite diverse. There are approximately 80% of galaxies like ours (spiral). In addition to them, there are also galaxies of other types. Dwarf galaxies have approximately 10 9 (10 to the 9th power) stars, giant galaxies have up to 10 14 (10 to the 14th power) stars.

Stars, galaxies, galaxy clusters, superclusters are elements of a cellular structure (cell sizes are hundreds of megaparsecs (1 parsec = 3 × 10 18 cm = 3.2 light years = 206,265 AU), the thickness of their walls is about 2–4 megaparsec. Large clusters are located at the nodes of cells. Superclusters are elements of this cellular structure.).

Thus, all matter is a honeycomb structure in empty space.

Or maybe empty space is not emptiness at all, but space filled with another “subtle” matter unknown to us? Maybe this subtle matter is the basis of life for other civilizations unknown to us?

Our idea of ​​the world is often associated with the image of limitless empty space with individual grains of material inclusions. The material worlds are like ships sailing in the vast expanses of the ocean.

All elements in space are interconnected, interacting, in certain relationships, connected to each other like radio amateurs on the air. Modern physics proceeds from the fact that all processes occurring in the micro- and macrocosm are generated by certain forces (energies). Currently, four types of fundamental forces (energies) are distinguished: 1) electromagnetic; 2) strong nuclear; 3) weak nuclear; 4) gravitational.

But by what means do bodies influence each other? For example, why do forces appear on the charges when electric charges interact, and how are they transferred from one charge to another?

In the process of development of physics, there were two opposing approaches to answering the question posed. In one of them, it was assumed that bodies have the inherent property of acting on other bodies at a distance, without the participation of intermediate bodies or the environment, that is, it was assumed that forces can be transmitted from one body to another through emptiness and, moreover, instantly (the theory of long-range action). From this point of view, if there is only one charge, no changes occur in the surrounding space.

According to the second view, force interactions between disconnected bodies can be transmitted only in the presence of any medium surrounding these bodies, sequentially from one part of this medium to another and with a finite speed (short-range theory).

Most modern physicists adhere to the second point of view. By the way, M.V. Lomonosov also denied the interaction of bodies at a distance without the participation of an intermediate material environment (in modern language we would say “fields”).

Modern physics proceeds from the fact that in order to understand the origin and transmission of forces acting between charges at rest, it is necessary to assume the presence of some physical agent between the charges that carries out this interaction. This agent is the electric field. When an electric charge appears in any place, an electric field arises around it. The main property of an electric field is that any other charge placed in this field experiences a force.

Thus, material bodies and particles are sources of fields - electromagnetic, gravitational, etc.

The theory of physical fields and interactions of bodies has been sufficiently studied. But in recent years, there has been a tendency in physical science to radically revise some fundamental concepts. It is suggested that the carriers of fields are not objects, but space itself. Thus, the magnetic field does not belong to a permanent magnet, but simply a magnet is the structure that accumulates the magnetic component of the vacuum, or more precisely, the superfield.

It is known that A. Einstein intuitively felt that all the fundamental physical fields of our three-dimensional world are only components of something single, a whole, which he called a superfield. He tried to create a unified field theory, but could not solve this problem.

For example, the presence of biofields is poorly understood and unexplained. It is clear that it is not possible to explain the functioning of the biofields of plants and living organisms using fields known to physics (for example, electromagnetic fields). An attempt to construct a unified field theory is the research of Academician I. I. Yuzvishin. In his opinion, the entire Universe is a single information space of resonant - cellular, frequency - quantum and wave states of various fields, vacuums, elementary particles and massive macrostructures. The existence of information interaction in the Universe of all macroscopic and microscopic particles and bodies without exception is the root cause (foundation) of the emission, absorption and interaction of information. Information is a unit of elementary relationship. This is an elementary generalization quantum of relations between micro- and macrodynamic processes and phenomena of the Universe.

Inside and near materialized objects, as we have already noted, there is always an information field that always has a code structure of material particles or (outside the materialized body) an information-cellular structure of various kinds of field forms of matter and their traces created both by the body itself and its external environment. Information fields (as forms of materialized and dematerialized information) penetrate all material structures, strengthening their internal relationships and external connections with other structures. Relationships reflect the code structure of any subject, object, matter, as well as the physical vacuum of the Universe.

The space inside the nucleus and the vacuum spaces that exist in the Universe function according to the laws of relations between nuclear and electronic elements, their spaces, fields, traces and processes. Such relationships are informational.

I. I. Yuzvishin believes that the cellular structure of the information field allows information, due to the wave nature of the field, to transmit information at any speed (smaller, equal or greater than the speed of light). But according to A. Einstein's special theory of relativity, we know that the speed of light is the maximum speed of interaction transfer.

The idea of ​​space-time is replaced by I. I. Yuzvishin with the idea of ​​absolute essence - information, which includes both space and time. Space and time are forms of existence of information.

What is movement at infinite speed? From a philosophical position, this means that the body is everywhere at once, in all possible places through which it can only pass. The movement of an infinitely fast moving body is equivalent to rest, for there is no place in which it would not fit, and there is no place where it could still move. The faster a body moves, the more it covers the places it traverses and the less time it uses to pass through them, that is, the more it is at rest. This idea of ​​the cosmic manifestation of moving peace was developed by ancient Greek philosophers. But this idea is also characteristic of the modern doctrine of electron motion.

Now we just have to figure out the question: what is outer space, vacuum? Physical theory says that at every point in space the most complex material processes continuously occur: matter is spontaneously born and disappears, the curvature of space changes in a whimsical way, the pace of time is distorted, etc. Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Baranshekov rightly notes that all the material content of the world, all fields and particles are a manifestation of various properties of an empty, but complexly curved, twisted space-vacuum. So, on the one hand, a vacuum is a complex material structure, and on the other hand, on the contrary, it turns out that the substance itself is a “curved” void.

A.V. Martynov goes further. He believes that the vacuum, and therefore the physical world associated with it, is split into separate separate states. And this means, he emphasizes, that our world is not the only possible one: there may be other worlds with a different “zero level” of vacuum.

But even if we admit the presence of many worlds in our space, we should still recognize that these worlds are interconnected by information relations.

We must clearly understand that the nature of time is not as simple as it seems. By “time”, as a rule, we mean, on the one hand, some space, and on the other, movement through this space.

We are used to measuring time by the period of revolution of the Earth around the Sun - this is a year. The time the Earth rotates around its axis is a day. There are 24 hours in a day. There are 60 minutes in an hour. There are 60 seconds in a minute.

Each planet has different time metrics. If we take the Earth hour as the reference unit of time for information processes and technologies on Earth, then the corresponding time for similar processes and technologies on the planets of the Solar System, based on masses, densities, free fall accelerations, etc., will be completely different: on the Moon - 0.165 hours ; on Jupiter - 2.65 hours; Mars - 38 hours, etc. Taking into account the corresponding local time scale, it can be determined for any planet or space formation following parameters: the presence of day and night, their duration, the presence of summer, spring, autumn, winter and their duration, the presence and duration of a particular form of life, etc.

In 1967, the World Conference on Weights and Measures adopted the atomic second as a unit of time, defining it as 9 × 10 9 (10 to the 9th power) periods of electronic oscillations corresponding to the quantum transition of a certain cesium isotope.

Professor of the Pulkovo Observatory N.A. Kozyrev, who made a huge contribution to the study of the nature of time, argued that time is a necessary component of all processes in the Universe, and therefore on our planet, and the main “driving force” of everything that happens, since everything processes in nature occur either with the release or absorption of time. His idea is consonant with the idea of ​​I. I. Yuzvishin, only he uses the concept of “time”, and Yuzvishin uses the concept of “information”. N.A. Kozyrev believed that, using the properties of time, it is possible to obtain instant information from any point in the Universe or transmit it to any point.

Based on the theory of N. A. Kozyrev about the existence in nature of a timeless channel for the transmission of cause-and-effect information, A. V. Martynov emphasizes that such information represents a deformation of the space-time continuum, or rather, causes its vibration. These microgravity vibrations fill the entire space of the Universe and in our real world they have the character of a hologram.

All processes in nature occur either with the release or absorption of time. Time is not simply the duration from one event to another, measured in hours. Time can be measured with scales. Time exerts physical pressure and carries energy. Thus, N.A. Kozyrev discovered that the Earth is pumping up its natural satellite, the Moon, with time. Based on this, he suggested that volcanic activity is possible on the Moon. But the Moon is a dead body that has completed its evolution! There should be no volcanic eruptions there! N.A. Kozyrev’s assumption was so paradoxical that he was mocked for many years. But on November 3, 1958, he managed to detect a volcanic eruption through a telescope on the lunar crater Alphonse. And at the heart of this volcanism were the flows of time! N.A. Kozyrev’s discovery was not accepted immediately. Only in 1969 was he given a diploma for the discovery of lunar volcanism; in 1970, the International Astronomical Academy awarded him a personal gold medal with a diamond image of the constellation Ursa Major.

N.A. Kozyrev experimentally proved that stars emit a colossal amount of time, that is, in essence, they serve as generators of some substance.

Characterizing the materiality of time, N. A. Kozyrev wrote that moments of time itself, like material threads, connect the center of action with objects that perceive this action. Time carries with it an organization, structure, or negetropy that can be transferred to another sensor substance.

In Newtonian mechanics, time does not depend on space. The geometry linking space and time into a four-dimensional manifold was developed by Breslau professor G. Menkowski in accordance with the Lorentz transformation and other consequences of the special theory of relativity. From the point of view of the reality of such a world, everything that can happen already exists in the future and continues to exist in the past. Moving along the time axis, we only encounter events in our present.

It is known that we see stars not where they are currently, but where they were tens and hundreds of thousands of years ago: this is exactly how long it takes light to reach us from a star. But over time, things happen differently. It does not spread throughout the Universe like light, but appears in it immediately, its effect on processes and material bodies occurs instantly.

But still, does time move or not? If it moves, where and how does it move?

“Imagine for a moment,” writes N. Nepomniachtchi, “that you are watching a film about a game of billiards. The game has just started. The cue hits the ball, the ball breaks other balls. Some balls roll into corner or side pockets, others simply roll across the table and stop in different places.

Now imagine the movie being replayed. Several balls quickly pop out of the pockets and roll into the center of the table. The first ball rolls back and stops at the tip of the cue. All other balls are collected in the shape of a triangle.

Our experience tells us that there can be no real movement back. Although it looks fun, we instinctively feel that it is not feasible.

Let's say that you are asked to explain why it is impossible to move backwards. What physical laws does it violate, if indeed it does? At first it may seem that the law of gravity is being violated if the balls jump out of the corner and side pockets. Now suppose that the molecules that received the shock and heat at the bottom of the pockets will compress and return momentum to the balls, pushing them back to the surface of the table.

Similar questions have troubled physicists for many years. In reality, reversing the entire course of events during a billiards session will not violate any basic laws of physics, although the laws of probability will, of course, be ignored. The chance of this happening is almost zero. Until recently, the laws of probability were considered the main reason why time cannot be turned back.”

One of the most eloquent defenders of probability theory was Arthur Eddington (1882–1944), a prominent British astronomer and physicist. In his book The Nature of the Physical World, he comments on the inevitable march of time forward, which he calls the “arrow of time”: “The great thing about time is that it moves forward. But it is precisely this aspect of time that physicists most often neglect.” Describing a method for determining the direction of the arrow of time, he notes: “If, when tracking the arrow, we discover more and more elements of chance in the state of things, then the arrow is directed into the future; if the presence of the element of chance becomes less and less, the arrow is directed into the past.”

On a smaller scale, this rule is quite applicable to the billiards example. As soon as the first ball hits the other balls, the neat triangle scatters in all directions. The element of chance is increased, the arrow is directed into the future. Conversely, if the scattered balls return to their places in the triangle, the element of chance is reduced and the arrow points into the past. In one case time moves forward, in the other - backward.

Judging by recent discoveries, it appears that there are other factors besides probability that determine the direction of the arrow of time.

At the atomic and subatomic levels, some weak interactions between particles of matter are apparently irreversible in time. In other words, these interactions always occur in one direction and cannot be reversed.

According to a concept proposed by Richard Feeman, some subatomic particles of matter, called antiparticles, appear to be particles that move backwards in time within an instant. In other words, an antiproton is a proton moving backward in time, and by extension a positron is just an electron moving backward in time.

However, it now seems clear that at a level beyond the reach of the microscope, the arrow of time must point forward at certain points. If Richard Feeman is right, time travel itself is a common phenomenon at the submicroscopic level.

But there is one more question, very important for understanding the nature of “doubles”, “ghosts” in the history of civilizations: is it possible to reverse the passage of time? In his treatise, The Republic, the ancient Greek philosopher Plato mentions a strange phenomenon where the world turns back and moves back in time.

Plato proposed a description of the reversal of time to interpret a myth that interested him greatly. In this myth, the god Zeus was angered by an unjust king who took the throne from his predecessor. Zeus simply went ahead and stopped ruling the world, causing time to go backwards, thus restoring the deposed king to the throne. Plato believed that the gods either rule the world, or the world itself moves. Each cycle continues for many centuries. When the gods rule the world, time moves forward. When they stop controlling the world, it moves backwards.

This is how Plato describes the actions of Zeus: “There is an era when God himself helps the movement and circulation of the world. There is also an era when he stops helping. He does this when the world's cycles reach their limit, determined for them. As a result of this, he begins to spin backwards from his own impulse, for he is a living being, and he was given reason by those who blinded him at the very beginning.

Platoy goes on to describe the consequences of the strange reversal of time: “At first, every living creature will freeze at the stage of life that it has reached. All mortal beings will stop aging and will begin to grow back, that is, to become younger, and will gradually turn into babies. The gray hair of the elders will begin to turn black, the beards of the husbands will thin and their cheeks will become smooth, restoring to each the long-gone bloom of youth. The bodies of the young will lose the marks of gender, shrinking day and night until they return to infancy, becoming infants in body and mind. Then they will wither completely and disappear completely.”

In the example given, the mythical world first moved forward in time, and then completely reversed its course and moved back. Probably, the inhabitants of that world did not realize that time was flowing backwards, although Zeus understood this perfectly well.

Therefore, on Mount Olympus, the legendary abode of the Greek gods, time continued to move forward, otherwise Zeus and the other gods would also move backward in time.

This example from the myth, notes N. Nepomnyashchy, raises important questions: does time simply move back and forth, or can its direction be observed from the outside? Can time move forward from one viewpoint back to another?

The great physicist Albert Einstein, who created the theory of relativity, tried to answer these questions. This theory fully justifies the assumption that time travel is quite feasible for bodies moving at tremendous speed. The fact is that time flows slower on a device moving at enormous speed than on earth. The higher the speed, the more noticeable this difference in time. But, according to the theory of relativity, a body cannot move faster than the speed of light, because its mass will become infinite, at the same time its length will decrease to infinity.

Firstly, this is unattainable, according to our current knowledge. Secondly, Einstein’s theory of relativity is also “relatively fair.” N.A. Morozov, about whom we spoke a lot above in connection with the new chronology, was one of the first to give meaningful and constructive criticism of the theory of relativity. Back in 1919, he made a report on this problem at the Astronomical Society, and a year later he published it in an expanded form. N.A. Morozov noted the main distinguishing feature of Einstein’s theory: the place of the old overthrown absolutes was taken by new - albeit unusual and extravagant, but from a methodological point of view exactly the same - absolutes (and first of all - the “absolute constancy of wave speed”).

N. A. Morozov was always concerned with the issues of time reversal. He was, perhaps, the first to give an impartial and complete natural-scientific picture of the inevitable physical, chemical, biological and astronomical processes that must occur if time suddenly flows backwards. The galaxy, as we know, is constantly expanding, stars are flying away in different directions, but the expansion of the Universe will be followed by a process of its compression. This process will be the beginning of the reversal of time.

N. A. Morozov’s concept of “time travel” was based on ideas about the wave-like nature of time. He drew an analogy between the waves of time and a man sailing in a boat. “From this point of view, the past days, years and centuries of the existence of the Universe did not turn into oblivion,” he said in a report at the First Congress of the Russian Society for World Studies, “but only left our field of vision, just as pictures of nature leave the field of view of passengers, rushing in a train along the railway track. In this case, indeed, time completely overlaps space, and all the modifications of landscapes we see remain for us not only behind us, but also in the past. But they do not disappear there, and, having returned back, we can again drive along railway the same path and see all the details of the surrounding areas in the same sequence.”

His concept of the relationship between past, present and future is interesting. The scientist believed that only the past and the future really exist, but the present does not exist, it is pure fiction, a “gap in eternity” between the past and the future. This is how time is understood in mathematics today.

In conversations with the Russian cosmist A.L. Chizhevsky, N.A. Morozov said: “Cosmic magnetic lines of force, like a giant web, randomly fill the entire cosmic space. Nature is so much more significant than the human brain portrays it that it undoubtedly possesses such amazing capabilities that man cannot produce in his earthly laboratories.”

We have briefly outlined the physical picture of space and time. As it was found out, matter, time and space of the Universe as a whole are of an informational nature. The ideas of space-time are replaced by the idea of ​​the absolute essence of information, which includes both space and time, previously considered (in Euclidean geometry and classical mechanics) as independent philosophical categories. Space and time are functional interdependent factors, correlated informational entity.

Thus, our everyday ideas about time and space do not correspond to reality. It is almost impossible to describe time and space in words in the language of concepts known to us. However, this also applies to our idea of ​​the micro- and macrocosm. As the famous English physicist and Nobel Prize laureate Paul Dirac noted, quantum theory is built from such concepts “that cannot be explained using previously known concepts and cannot even be explained adequately in words at all.”

And although it is difficult to describe the physical concept of space and time, we tried to do it. But the point is not even how we imagine these categories. Something else is important for us. Modern scientific ideas about space and time prove the possibility of the existence of other worlds, other civilizations, the possibility of movement in time, the creation of a time machine. It is therefore possible that the worlds interpenetrate. And this, in turn, explains the possibility of the existence of “doubles” and “ghosts” on Earth. The spiral of time, repetitions in the history of world civilizations and the presence of “ghosts” in history cease to be so mysterious.

The presence of historical duplicates in this case lies not only in distortions of traditional chronology and mistakes of historians, but also in the phenomenon of the revival of human life (reincarnation) and entire civilizations in different historical eras. The laws of karma apply both to individuals and to entire nations and historical civilizations.

There are quite a lot of supporters of the idea of ​​reincarnation, but there are also many opponents. As we know, one of the adherents of reincarnation was Giordano Bruno. Mysticism and philosophy led Bruno to ideas about the countless worlds. Bruno agreed with Copernicus that the Earth cannot be the center of the Universe, but he believed that the Sun cannot be the center of the Universe. He started from the idea of ​​an infinite number of worlds.

They say that Bruno was burned at the stake for his “theological errors.” In fact, as is clear from the remaining investigative reports, the real reason was his belief in infinite worlds and reincarnation. He believed that after death the human soul could return to Earth in a new body and could even go on to live in an infinite variety of worlds beyond the Earth.

The theory of reincarnation has become widespread, but to this day it does not trace the most important, in our opinion, idea of ​​reincarnation, the revival of families, clans, nations, and civilizations in a new life. We often hear that history repeats itself. Isn’t such repetition a consequence of the reincarnation of civilizations? After all, it is not only man who sins and is responsible for the sins of his life, atoning for them in a new incarnation. Whole civilizations can commit nefarious phenomena at certain periods of time. Take slavery in Rome. An entire civilization based on slavery must reincarnate and atone for its sins.

The hypothesis we have considered of the revival of people’s lives (reincarnation) and entire civilizations in various historical eras, and hence the appearance of doubles in history, is in many ways beautiful, esoteric, but too hypothetical and complex.

Reincarnation is rejected by the Orthodox Church, but this is a separate issue, and we will not discuss it now.

It seems appropriate to us to try to find a simpler, more rigorous explanation of the mysterious phenomena in the history of world civilizations. Let's try to rethink in the light of all of the above our ideas about the course of history.

Some ancient philosophers viewed development as forward motion in a straight line. Others saw development as moving in circles. Aristotle combined these two approaches and created the image of a spiral as a model for the development of nature and civilizations.

In one of his early works, F. Engels compared the development of social life with a free, hand-drawn spiral: “Slowly history begins its run from an invisible point, sluggishly making its revolutions around it, but its circles grow faster and faster and the flight becomes more lively...”

This statement, which is obvious at first glance, turns out to be erroneous. We know early civilizations that had superbly developed technology, amazing knowledge of astronomy, and then these civilizations disappeared, and in their place came primitive societies that imagined the Earth as a disk standing on the backs of whales or elephants, etc.

The idea of ​​an ascending nature of development, the idea of ​​a development model in the form of an “expanding upward” spiral ultimately turns out to be erroneous.

A new interesting model of the development spiral was developed by the President of the Department of Philosophy of Information Civilization of the Moscow Aviation Institute R. F. Abdeev. He developed and substantiated the converging (nonlinear) spiral of development.

Other ideas about the development spiral are also possible. And our ancestors seemed to understand this well. The spiral as a symbol has been widely used since ancient times. Labyrinths and spirals or their images have been recorded on all continents: Africa, Asia, America, Australia, Russia...

In the Andes, for example, a huge hewn 20,000-ton stone block (the size of a 4-story house), completely covered with spirals, was discovered. To date, no one can explain its origin and purpose.

The spiral pattern was widespread in Russian traditional embroidery. Spiral-shaped signs and symbols are imprinted on objects of Slavic-Russian life. Spiral codes were passed on from generation to generation, from people to people, from worldview to worldview, from religion to religion. The spiral is one of the deepest symbols of the Universe. Apparently, the ancients wanted to show that everything moves and develops in a spiral, but the forms of spirals can be very different, just as the forms of development of civilizations are different.

We said in previous chapters that numerous studies prove the existence of a highly developed civilization even before the Biblical flood. On Earth, according to E. Blavatsky, there were 5 races of people, our race is the fifth. Each race arose from the previous one (the first race of people, which was called “self-born,” arose on Earth in the form of ethereal beings by compaction subtle world, that is, the world of psychic energy. These were angel-like people who could freely pass through any solid objects. They looked like glowing ethereal forms of moonlight and were up to 40–50 meters tall. They did not have a language; they communicated using “thought transfer.”

The second race of people, called “later born” or “boneless”. These people were also ghost-like, but denser than the first race. Their size was a little smaller. They were golden yellow in color.

The third race of people, called the “Lemurians,” already consisted of a dense body and had bones. The early Lemurians were golden in color. The late Lemurians, or Lemur-Atlanteans, were the most highly developed people on Earth, with the highest level of technology. It is believed that their achievements include the construction of the Egyptian Sphinx, the huge ruins of Solusbury (Great Britain), and some monuments South America etc. Their height reached 7–8 meters.

The fourth race of people was called the Atlanteans. They had two physical eyes at the front, and the "third eye" was hidden deep inside the skull, but functioned well. They had two hands. Height - 3–4 meters.

They gained knowledge by connecting to the Universal Information Field, mastered remote hypnosis, transmitted thoughts at a distance, could influence gravity, had their own flying machines (vimana), built stone idols on Easter Island, Egyptian pyramids and many other mysterious elements of antiquity.

The fifth race is modern man. It arose during the late Atlanteans. The function of the “third eye” almost completely disappeared and was interrupted constant communication with the Universal Information Field.). The reconstruction of these races, including the appearance of people of previous civilizations, was carried out by Doctor of Medical Sciences E.R. Muldashev based on the methodology he developed and data from the Himalayan expedition.

Proto-civilization left us practically no written traces. We can judge its existence only by strange finds in soil layers that do not correspond to the time of the appearance of these objects. A mystery for archaeologists to this day is the “California” automobile spark plug, which has lain on the ocean floor for millions of years; giant cave paintings of Ancient America; maps of undiscovered continents that belonged to the ancient Greeks, Alexander the Great, and Turkish admiral Piri Reis; the most accurate maps of the Earth handed down by old sailors for thousands of years; a knight found on Easter Island on horseback and in ammunition, with things and coins belonging to the period several centuries before the discovery of the island; a crystal skull, perfect star maps and other items that are technologically difficult to make even today. There are others Interesting Facts. For example, a strange metal bolt (according to another version - a coil), discovered by D. Kurkov and L. Kuleshova in the Kaluga region (Kosmopoisk expedition, May 1997). The age of the find is 300–320 million years! In the press, this find was called “Adam’s bolt.” Another amazing find is a conductor made using technology that began to be used only at the end of the 20th century for the production of aerospace aircraft. Found by members of the 25th Medveditskaya expedition (August 1997). The age of the find is 2.5 thousand years. How did all this end up in past centuries? Why are there no written sources left from the ancient civilization?

It can be assumed that the ancients communicated with each other not using language, words, or writing, but telepathically. Thoughts were transmitted in time and space over vast distances. But is such communication possible? From the perspective of information science, it is not only possible, but also optimal.

Everyone knows the telepathic capabilities of people. A striking example is the telepathic connection between mother and child. The mother instantly senses the child's distress at any distance. We are also well aware of cases of super-telepathic abilities of individual people. Perhaps this is a manifestation of atavism of the once natural connection between people. Please note that the brain modern man only works 10%. Why is nature so wasteful and 90% of the brain rests? Probably, at one time the brain used 100% of its capabilities to carry out telepathic communication.

Moreover, a person perceived and processed information not only and not so much with the brain, but with the whole body. Today the mechanism of this process is quite clear. Heraclitus also expressed the idea that the power of thinking is outside the body. The philosopher A.K. Minaev noted that such a subsystem of the body as blood, no less than the brain, is necessary for the implementation of all physiological, biological and mental functions, although it is not considered the organs of thought. Professor V.V. Nalimov noted that a person, in some deep sense, thinks with his whole body.

A. M. Martynov, noting this brilliant thought in depth, notes that blood - this liquid crystalline medium - has, like other biological fluids, unique information properties, like ordinary water. In his opinion, water is not only an energy stimulant, but also an information stimulant (Based on the fact that our body is 70–80% water, he notes that human bioenergy is largely determined by structural changes in cellular water. Individual water molecules are capable of combine into molecular aggregates consisting of 25–81 molecules; such a molecular aggregate can acquire the properties of a biologically active polymer with a molecular weight of up to 1400. Modern science has proven that the so-called aggregate (structural) water has a liquid crystal structure. In water, under the influence of various physical factors - such as a magnetic field, temperature changes, the degree of oxygen saturation, microgravitational influence of informational or topological properties of space - microphase changes continuously occur, as a result of which its crystal lattice changes, and this, in turn, is expressed in the form of a change in the secondary spectrum gravitational radiation.). The discovery of the so-called “memory” of water became important (the discovery was made by G. M. Shangin-Berezovsky and J. Benvist). For example, if some biologically active substance is dissolved in water, then even after very thorough cleaning it still “remembers” the biological effect of that substance.

The fact that water has the ability to accumulate, store and transfer information, as noted by researcher E. Panov, was noticed long ago. She is a transfer agent. Perhaps it is precisely the material agent that materializes thought. Then the true meaning of the water cycle in nature is not that it evaporates, accumulates in clouds, rains, and this cycle repeats endlessly. It's about something else. Water is found in the blood that washes the human brain, in the brain cells. She absorbs thoughts, ideas, information. No thought, good or bad, disappears without a trace, because water is present everywhere.

But why do we think that water has the ability to accumulate, store and transfer information? Firstly, this has been noticed by people for a long time. Secondly, this is confirmed by modern science and, in particular, information science.

Professor E.R. Muldashev also believes that a very deep principle operates in the process of transferring information by water.

There is a law of information science, formulated by academician I. I. Yuzvishin, which can be briefly defined as follows - like interacts with like (The law reads as follows: “Homogeneous or isotropic bio- and cosmic objects, bodies, particles, fields and thoughts give birth to (produce) gene-symmetric themselves, and also interact with genetically symmetrical ones." For any biofield, the biofield of water is genetically symmetrical. This comes from the fact that water is genetically symmetrical to any cosmic nature.). Water and humans are similar objects (According to Yuzvishin - homogeneous and isotropic biological objects.).

Humanity has literally and figuratively come out of the water.

The development of the embryo, and then the fetus, as is known, occurs in an aquatic environment (The embryo, with the help of a special embryonic membrane - the amnion - creates its own “pond” in which it floats until 35 weeks of its development. This liquid environment is most favorable for development.

at 6 weeks - 97.5%;

at 4 months - 90%;

at 7 months - 73.5%;

by the time of birth - 71%

Consequently, man and water interact regardless of the distances separating them. The water in human cells (cellular water) constantly interacts with earthly and world waters.

However, there are other theories to explain the telepathic capabilities of people. It is important for us not to reveal the cause of telepathy, but to show that it exists.

During pre-civilization, people not only had telepathic abilities, but also had an excellent knowledge of mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and chemistry. They understood the nature of the influence of stars and space in general on humans. Astrology flourished. Here you should pay attention to one nuance. We were taught to think that astrology first appeared, which was not yet a science, but rather mysticism. Then, with the development of society, astronomy appeared. In fact, it was the other way around. First came astronomy. As a result of its development, people not only comprehended the secrets of the cosmic structure, but also realized the influence of the stars on the destinies of people.

Astrology is higher, deeper than astronomy. The same thing happened with the development of chemistry. People first reached the heights of chemical knowledge, and only then began to develop alchemy as “ higher chemistry».

It is possible that what we call esotericism is deep knowledge inaccessible to modern science. There is a close connection between magic, esotericism and scientific and technical thought, which we have not yet realized. Here is an eloquent example. It is known that surface hardening of steel was achieved in the Middle East by immersing a red-hot blade into the body of a prisoner. This is a typically magical practice of transferring an opponent's martial prowess to the blade. This practice became known in the West from the Crusaders, who became convinced that Damascus steel was indeed harder than the steel of Europe. Experiments were carried out: steel began to be dipped into water in which animal skins floated. The same result was obtained. In the 19th century it was noticed that this result was caused by organic nitrogen. In the 20th century, when they learned to liquefy gases, this method was improved by dipping steel in liquid nitrogen at a low temperature. In this form, nitrogen treatment forms part of our technology today.

Galileo and Newton clearly acknowledged that they owed their achievements to ancient science. And Copernicus, in the preface to his works, wrote that he “came to his discoveries by reading the ancients.”

Does the dear reader know that the manuscript of the German poem “Solomon and Malroff”, written in 1190 and stored in the Stuttgart library, contains a drawing of a submarine. It mentions a submarine made of copper and capable of withstanding the onslaught of a storm.

People of the most ancient civilization led a semi-underwater lifestyle. As E.R. Muldashev established, a distinctive feature of representatives of proto-civilization is the presence of membranes between the fingers and toes. In place of the nose they had a spiral curl. This curl served as a valve-shaped breathing hole. Dolphins and whales have a similar valve-shaped anatomy of the respiratory opening. This helps, unlike a normal nose, to reliably block the access of water to the respiratory tract while under water. The curl also performed a sound-reproducing function. Representatives of the proto-civilization also had gill elements. But, perhaps, the most important thing is that they have a “third eye” (Now, in modern people, it has remained in the form of a rudiment - the pineal gland (epiphysis), hidden deep in the depths of the brain.). It served as an organ of human bioenergy (telepathy, etc.). E.R. Muldashev received this information during the Tibetan expedition. Representatives of pre-civilization, of course, mastered the secrets of genetics, genetic engineering, and cloning.

Not only animals or people were cloned, but mixed types. For example, centaurs (human - horse), sphinxes (lion with a human head). There was a prisk of the optimal form of a living intelligent being. Entire families and births were cloned. Hence the appearance of “doubles” or “ghosts”.

Representatives of pre-civilization could enter the state of samadhi described by E. R. Muldashev in the book “From Who Did We Come?”

Interesting, in our opinion, is his concept of the desire of representatives of pre-civilization to create the gene pool of the Earth.

The question arises: why did the pre-civilization perish? The answers to this question in most cases are as follows: various natural disasters, rotation of the earth's axis, sudden glaciation, etc.

Such explanations are acceptable, but the main reason, in our opinion, lies elsewhere.

Having reached the highest level technical development, pre-civilization was destroying nature and degenerating morally. Transmitting thoughts over a distance required effort, and people always strive to make their lives easier and more comfortable. Various symbolic information exchange systems are emerging. Signs were used to designate things, phenomena, properties, and relationships. Each sign had one or more meanings. Something like electronic means of collecting, storing and exchanging information began to appear. Networks developed, similar to the modern Internet.

People have learned to create robots from “flesh and blood”, that is, to clone living beings similar to themselves, endowing them with the ability of sign communication, but practically depriving them of telepathic capabilities. Limited telepathic abilities remained, but the robots were incomparably lower than those of their creators. But these telepathic abilities were lost over time, remaining only among a select few who became pharaohs, priests, and magicians.

What we call today a secular way of life developed - idleness, lack of spirituality, debauchery. Having mastered time and space, creating time machines, people began to carry out intergalactic flights. Naturally, not on devices like our space rockets. They are too primitive. Colonization was carried out in a way that I. I. Yuzvishin called information-ideal. Its essence is as follows. The level of information technology was increased from 106 to 10,100, which made it possible to ensure the regeneration and relaxation process of materialization and dematerialization of a living organism, as well as informationlets with antimaterial engines that provide light or superluminal speed of interplanetary flights. Our distant ancestors left the Earth...

The possibility of such flights is not fantasy. Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head. Department of the Moscow State Technical University of Radio Electronics and Automation (MIREA) I. I. Yuzvishin scientifically substantiates this in a number of his works.

If we agree that there was an ancient pre-civilization with a highly developed technology that exceeds our modern technological achievements, and numerous facts testify to this, then we must admit that this pre-civilization came to a decline towards the end of the 4th millennium BC. e. It was from this moment that information appeared about the birth of a new civilization, which in modern historiography is called the Ancient World.

At this time, cities appeared in Egypt and Mesopotamia. About this new civilization, despite the development of Egyptology, Sumerology, etc., very little is known and information about it is confused. It should be said that Egypt or the Sumerians are not the youth of modern civilization, but rather the agony of the old proto-civilization. Although the moral decay of the representatives of pre-civilization had reached its limit, there were still carriers of ancient knowledge. Flesh and blood robots increasingly lost the ability to communicate telepathically. Language and writing became their means of communication.

This new civilization was not as adapted to life as the previous one. Like a child, she was just learning to walk and talk. Millennia passed, but she remained a child. By failing to grow up, she doomed herself to death. They never sufficiently mastered telepathic capabilities, and language and speech, that is, sign systems of communication, were not developed. The knowledge of the previous civilization continued to be preserved by priests, initiates, but they gradually ceased to understand the wisdom of their ancestors, and their telepathic ability to communicate was also lost.

We see what happened to pre-civilization from the history of Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, China, etc. True, this history has come down to us in an extremely confused, distorted form, and even largely fictitious. The reasons for this distortion were well guessed by N. A. Morozov.

The third stage in the development of civilizations is the appearance by the 10th century AD. e. on the territory of present-day Egypt, an ancient kingdom called the Byzantine Empire, and then on its basis the Great Russian Empire, which is included in modern historiography under the name of the Mongol Empire. The course of development of this civilization up to the 18th century is extremely distorted. This is set out in sufficient detail in the works of Academician A. T. Fomenko and his school. Naturally, not all hypothetical constructions of the course of this story are described by them correctly, but the essence is guessed accurately.

This third civilization developed. Scientific and technological progress grew, more and more advanced technologies appeared. Society mastered atomic energy and began building spaceships. This is our modern society.

Information technologies developed with particular speed. Print, radio, television, modern means communications and computer networks generate huge information flows. Back in the middle of the 20th century, scientists determined that the growth of information volumes is not uniform, but exponential.

(Uniform growth of information )

(Information is growing exponentially )

The exponential growth of information means that over a certain period of time the volume of information doubles, and the closer to modern times, the period of time during which the doubling of information occurs decreases.

That is, if earlier the volume of information doubled over hundreds of years, then by the beginning of the 20th century, the doubling of information took place over tens of years; by the middle of the 20th century, information doubled in 5–8 years. Now the doubling of information volumes can be measured in months, and soon the doubling of information volumes will occur in weeks, days...

Now humanity, in our opinion, is at a new stage in the development of civilization - the information stage.

Distinctive feature This period is that a person loses contact with nature, and direct contacts between people cease.

We do not travel, but watch television programs “Cinema Travel Club”. We do not look at the starry sky, but read about the secrets of space. People stop playing chess among themselves, and play with the computer. Billiards, cards - on the computer. Even football, volleyball, and basketball are being replaced by computer games. People stop communicating. Mobile phone replaces a one-on-one conversation.

Scientific knowledge turns into a means of information processing. Laboratory experiments and experiments are becoming a thing of the past.

Real life replaced by a ghostly information fog. We are becoming no less ghostly than the ghosts created by modern information technology.

They say that the media is the fourth estate. This means that they shape our consciousness, influence our worldview, determine our tastes, interests... Whoever owns the media owns the world. It's right. But that's not even the point. The fact is that we did not notice how the information itself got out of the control of even those who own information resources. Information began to live its own life, independent of people. It, if you like, materialized, but not into the forms of existence of living matter that are familiar to us - protein bodies, but into special forms called information by Academician I. I. Yuzvishin.

The earth is enveloped in radio waves, networks of electrical wires, radiation from television station antennas, and computer networks. But not only electromagnetic radiation has a massive impact on people. Nowadays they are increasingly talking about the formation of a single cosmic information space or a cosmic information bank.

It is believed that information fields are the most powerful sources of radiation, which propagates without transfer of mass and energy, has high penetrating power and superluminal speed, and unprecedentedly high intensities, penetrating power and speed exceeding the speed of light. The Universe has increasingly come to be understood as a single information-cellular field, an infinitely large brain in which endless processes of materialization and dematerialization of information occur. We can also talk about the information space of the Earth, which turned out to be shrouded in an information web. The cellular structure of information fields allows information fields, due to the wave nature of the field, to transmit information at any speed. It is now known that information fields influence the emergence of matter from vacuum. Consequently, according to I. I. Yuzvishin, information is primary, matter is secondary. That is, information fields, information fields can materialize.

It has long been known that our thoughts represent enormous power. They can turn from a dematerialized, ideal form of information into material things, objects, structures. In accordance with the law of information-gene symmetrization, notes I. I. Yuzvishin, the thoughts of each person attract similar ones. The beautiful thoughts of one person synchronize and interfere with the same thoughts of another person. Bad thoughts are attracted to bad thoughts, good thoughts to good ones, etc. Information-thought waves of one person have the amazing property of attracting (accepting) under appropriate conditions other information-thought waves of another person, of approximately the same lengths, frequencies, energies and codes .

They say that after death the soul remains alive. From the point of view of information science, the soul is a flow of information entering the information space of space after the death of a person.

Some scientists argue that everything is biased if it is not based on empirical knowledge, that is, on experiment. They also deny when mystics, clairvoyants, ufologists, astrologers, palmists, theologians, demonologists, telepaths and other spiritual scientists base their evidence on subjective sensations. This position of scientists, writes academician I. I. Yuzvishin, is unjustified, unambiguous and inadequate to individual historical phenomena and processes, which have been repeatedly confirmed by the prophetic and even mystical predictions of some religious and spiritual representatives. So, for example, individual people can mentally imagine themselves in the past tense in the person of their former 10th 11th degree ancestor, or see in the distant past certain phenomena and processes that took place hundreds, thousands or millions of years ago. Memory (information) of long-past phenomena can be genetically transmitted from generation to generation and at any stage of human development manifest itself in the form of predictions, knowledge or discoveries of what happened a long time ago.

But, in our opinion, it’s not just about genetic memory. Streams of information of deceased people stored in the information space of space can be connected with information of like-minded living people, as if returning to Earth again. Ideas that take possession of groups of people, nations, can be connected through information with related ideas of past generations. Then there is, as it were, a revival of entire groups and peoples. The life of such groups becomes, as it were, mirror image lives of bygone civilizations.

Now we can return to the beginning of the book and confidently say that life is not only a way of existence of protein bodies. There may be other forms of life. Life and intelligence can arise or be reborn from the information around us. It is quite possible that ghosts are representatives of an information civilization that was born, lives and develops.

Ghosts are no less real than people. It’s just that not everyone can feel this reality. Only in the information world do thoughts and desires become reality. Really, what do we know about the real world? Maybe he is an illusion that we take for reality. And there is no present, no future, no past here. One illusion. We earthly people are very strange. We see and don't believe our eyes. Maybe we really live in the past, present and future at the same time. We lived, live and will always live. There is no past, present and future. Time is divisible only on Earth. Or maybe time is unchanging, it doesn’t flow as we think. It is eternal, infinite and instantaneous. Centuries - one moment. One moment - millennia. We believe in the future, even without knowing the past. And our knowledge is a muddy drop in the clear sea of ​​history. We know nothing about life and death. And only in the informational, timeless space we learn the truth.

The world around us is inextricably linked with us. Every thing we come into contact with absorbs our emotions, thoughts, our joys and sufferings. And these feelings are transferred to other people. Everything that has ever been created carries within it a magnetic influence. Thought attached to things is a life force called vibrational force. In the mystic concept, it is believed that vibrations can have three aspects: audibility, visibility and tangibility. Man fills any object he creates with life.

Man has generated various forms of social information, and this information, once materialized, can serve for the benefit, or it can destroy humanity. She's like a genie out of a bottle.

This is a new, fourth stage in the development of civilization generated by man. Now this civilization has begun to live and develop on its own, independently of us. She is still in her infancy. We gave birth to her, fed her, and we are obliged to monitor her development. What this civilization will grow and become, what path it will take, depends on us.

If you think that you have some ideas that other people should definitely know about, write a book, poetry or make a film. The film is truly the work of one person. The director here is the author. Any space that is not filled with anything can be called an empty stage. A person moves in space, someone looks at him, and this is already enough for theatrical action to arise. So said director Peter Brook...

In the playbill for the play “Macbeth. Cinema" indicated: author - Yuri Butusov. The stage space of the Lensovet Theater freed by him is ready to accommodate any action. Why not Macbeth?

Defining what is happening with the humble word “drama” is pure deceit. If this performance has a genre, then the most appropriate word is “shamanism.” The author successfully plays the role of a shaman. That is why light alternates with darkness, affectively loud “stories” with apathetically quiet ones. Musical and plastic rhythms, repeated movements and actions are important, but text and plot are not required. Or they also become part of the rhythm.

The shaman, as you know, is the chosen one of the spirits. He considers his individual ecstatic experiences to be the criterion of truth. To contact other spirits, you need to be a master of ritual, be able to enter a trance and then travel in worlds created by you.

A performance created by a shaman must certainly be long, because it takes time for several hundred people to fall into a trance and “sail in the boat of rhythm” to some worlds. But if you are not able to fall into trance, then it will be difficult for you.

This is possible. You look at what is happening as if from a train carriage. Not knowing how the “plot outside the window” began and how it will end. You are fascinated by the very process of changing “plots”. The train takes a long time, you have a lot of time. You can distract yourself by eating a couple of eggs, chicken, or drinking a glass of tea. And back to life outside the window again - the process of creating stories has not changed. In the end, you arrive at the same station you left from. You have been heavily cast, and some confusion coupled with emptiness threatens to turn into depression.

But the effect can also be the opposite: you left the station different, but in a different way - empty, ringing and ready for new filling.

This is possible. “Performance frames” are like Lego pieces, from which you can put together any compositions and create any “things.” The author's imagination is limitless and bizarre, forms multiply and multiply, are disassembled and assembled before our eyes. The sophistication of the process is amazing, and you understand that you can add not five hours, but ten, fifteen... Parts can be repeated in various combinations, wander from one “thing” to another. The sequence is not important. Each “thing” is self-sufficient.

Is the public important to a shaman? Yes and no. Yes, because the community that has fallen into a trance strengthens the shaman, accelerating his energy, like a collider of elementary particles. No, because the shaman is inside the process, and the public is outside. The author of the play skillfully chooses “and” between “yes” and “no.” He masterfully controls both the crowd on stage and the one in the hall. He juggles rhythms, changes the way the actors exist, or even simply “throws” them into a furious dance for ten minutes. And the audience resonates, is drawn into this dance hall, willingly participating in the ritual. Young actors are selfless, they enthusiastically dissolve in the director, they are his mediums. Periodically, the fourth stage collapses: the creators of the play, just in case, check whether there are still spectators there? And they assure - guys, we haven’t forgotten about you! And they do it with captivating ease and wit.

Why is the shaman trying? What is his mission, which permeates all the action? He heals the souls of the sick and lost.

And here we need to remember Lady Macbeth and her obsessive-compulsive disorder. After killing Duncan, she constantly wants to wash the blood off her hands. And although there is no blood, the desire is inescapable. Psychiatrists “discovered” the disease itself much later than Shakespeare. And another genius - Pushkin - accurately described the psychophysical state of a person suffering from such a neurosis: “The soul is burning, the heart is filled with poison, Reproach is pounding in the ears like a hammer, And everyone is sick, and the head is spinning, And there are bloody boys in the eyes... And I’m glad to run, yes nowhere... terrible! Yes, pitiful is the one whose conscience is unclean”... (From the monologue of Boris Godunov.) Guilt, fear, a feeling of dirt eat away a person from the inside.

There is a diagnosis, although it is not known who has it. Perhaps Yuri Butusov believes that we are all weak, psychasthenic representatives of a crazy world, we all suffer from the same illness and need a healing ritual. And he himself, the actors, and the audience are all in the same boat. Why not. And then those who leave the performance either do not want to be treated or are healthy. But they should not be called “people who do not understand art.”

All our theatrical searches come down to ensuring that people sitting in the hall feel the real presence of the invisible. This sounds very simple and is very difficult to achieve. But then people go to the theater. It's Peter Brook again.

It is impossible to say that the invisible is in the play “Macbeth. Movie". But it is impossible to say the opposite. This is why the invisible is beautiful.

The hypothesis of the world ether had to be finally abandoned after A. Michelson and E. Morley, in a carefully staged experiment, were unable to detect signs of its presence in outer space. This famous experiment was first performed in 1887 and then repeated several times with more advanced equipment - and each time with the same negative results.

In 1905, the unknown young physicist Albert Einstein published the article “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Media.” In it, he formulated two fundamental postulates that formed the basis of the special theory of relativity. From the first postulate it followed that there is no absolute movement, since there is no dedicated, privileged environment, no absolute space. The second postulate was that in emptiness light propagates in all directions and relative to any selected body at the same constant speed.

Newton's postulates about absolute space and time were already criticized by his contemporaries, for example G. Leibniz. Newton, apparently, himself understood that these assumptions were difficult to justify logically. However, they did not contradict any experimental result known in his time. The situation changed dramatically only after the fundamental Michelson-Morley experiment. Having formulated the special theory of relativity, Einstein took the first step towards solving the mystery of empty space.

The next step, three years after the publication of Einstein’s work, was made by Hermann Minkowski. Most of the scientists of his day greeted Einstein's work with disinterest and even hostility; it seemed to them that instead of solving a truly pressing problem, he hid it in the midst of mathematical formulas. Minkowski managed to offer a simple physical interpretation of Einstein's theory. Absolute space and absolute time should be abandoned and instead we should consider a single four-dimensional space-time

noah world. To make the transition to such a space from the usual Euclidean three-dimensionality, it was necessary to perform a simple operation - multiply time by the speed of light and consider the resulting value as the fourth coordinate of the real

Ordinary space has three dimensions - length, height and width. Einstein-Minkowski space differs from it in that it has a fourth dimension, which depends on time. Thus, the meaning of Einstein's theory is that time, which our senses perceive as something incomparable with space, nevertheless plays the role of a fourth, independent dimension in the physical world.

The year 1905 was exceptionally fruitful in Einstein’s creative biography. In addition to “Electrodynamics of Moving Media,” he published two more works this year. The first of them was devoted to the theory of Brownian motion. In this work it was shown that Democritus's brilliant guess about the existence of atoms was absolutely correct. After this work of Einstein, the postulate about the atomic-molecular structure of matter was finally unconditionally accepted by all scientists, even such opponents of the atomic theory as W. Ostwald.

In another work, Einstein developed Max Planck's hypothesis about the quantum nature of radiation and showed that in some experiments light should behave like a stream of particles having energy hv- (Here v- frequency of electromagnetic oscillations, h- constant, called the Planck constant). This was the discovery of an amazing paradox: light quanta have the properties of both waves and particles. This paradox is called “wave-particle duality.”

In 1915, Einstein made the following discovery: he showed that the transition from Euclidian geometry to a four-dimensional model of the Universe is not enough to reflect the real properties of the world. From the general theory of relativity he created, it followed that not only time, but also the matter filling the Universe should be given a geometric interpretation. The picture of the world that was hidden behind the equations of the general theory of relativity (GTR) can be likened to a hilly country, on the flat four-dimensional surface of which bulges and tubercles appear here and there. These tubercles are stars, planets and other material

inhabitants of the Universe. The world of general relativity turned out to be even more unusual than the Einstein-Minkowski Universe; it contained nothing at all except geometry.

Of course, in order to agree with such a radical change in views on the real structure of outer space, direct experimental confirmation was required. And they were received very quickly. Already in 1919, during a solar eclipse, astronomers observed stars that were behind the disk of the Sun, hidden by the Moon. This meant that the path of light coming from a distant star was bent in the gravitational field of the Sun and went around it. This was exactly the effect that general relativity predicted. Later, other experimental evidence of the validity of the theory was obtained.

What was the real geometry of the Universe? The Euclid model remained acceptable only as a first approximation; the Einstein-Minkowski model of the four-dimensional world is better, but also not accurate enough. Great mathematicians came to the rescue - Nikolai Lobachevsky, Carl Gauss and especially his student Bernhard Riemann. All of them lived long before Einstein, but it was their mathematical theories that allowed him to complete his work on general relativity. Space in Riemannian geometry is curved. In the real Universe, space is curved in exactly the same way, and the cause of this curvature is the gravitational fields created by massive objects.

Another fundamental conclusion followed from the general relativity equations: if any system moves with uniform acceleration, then the field of inertial forces arising in it completely imitates a uniform gravitational field. This conclusion, called principle of equivalence, coincided with the results of experiments carried out by the Hungarian physicist Roland Eotvos back in 1890.

We had to abandon the simple and visual concepts of absolute space and absolute time in favor of the much more complex world of General Relativity (although why more complex? After all, now there is nothing left at all except space!). What about the infinity of the Universe, which was also postulated by Newton?

In 1922, the Russian theoretical physicist Alexander Friedman, studying the equations of general relativity, showed that they admit a non-stationary solution for an isotropic homogeneous distribution of matter in

Universe. This meant that the Universe could expand. Einstein at first disagreed with Friedman, but then found a mistake in his objections and admitted that he was right.

In 1929, Friedman's prediction was experimentally confirmed by Edwin Hubble, who discovered the effect of red shift in the spectrum of distant galaxies. Nebulae disperse, and the speed of their expansion increases in proportion to the distance to them. Friedman's prediction and Hubble's discovery made it possible to make a fundamental generalization: the Universe is expanding, and this process began approximately 14 billion years ago from a mysterious state called the cosmological singularity, or the Big Bang.

Generalizing the theory of relativity, Minkowski introduced time as the fourth dimension. The question arises: is it possible to take the next step and introduce the fifth dimension into the theory? Such work in the 20s of the XX century. was carried out by mathematicians Theodor Kaluza and Oskar Klein. The idea of ​​creating a unified field theory, Einstein wrote to Kaluza about his work, “using a five-dimensional cylindrical world appeals to me extremely.” The geodetic line of such a cylindrical world can be identified with the trajectory of an electron moving in a combined gravitational-electromagnetic field. Analysis of the resulting equations showed that space in the direction of the x5 axis should be closed with a period of the order of 10~30 cm, and therefore the fifth dimension cannot be detected in ordinary experiments.

If the space of the world is curved, then why can’t it have another equally unusual property - torsion? It seems that it is not at all difficult to visually imagine the effect of torsion of curved geodesic lines of the four-dimensional world. This problem was first considered mathematically in 1922 by Elie Cartan. The asymmetrical connections of space he introduced into the theory were called Cartan's torsion coefficients. Riemannian geometry with torsion of geodesic lines was also studied by Einstein, who discussed these issues with Carta-Nom, and later wrote a joint review on this problem with him.

Cartan's merit lies in the fact that he drew attention to the existence of a new type of fundamental interactions - torsion, caused by the torsion of space (torsion oz-

starts to twist). Unfortunately, he made a mistake in his equations: when considering torsion, he did not use angular coordinates for this. This led to the fact that he was unable to correctly estimate the magnitude of torsion interactions: according to his calculations, it turned out to be negligible and, therefore, it was impossible to detect them experimentally. Later, this mistake of Cartan prevented more active research into the physics of torsion interactions.

From considering the subtleties of the properties of space on micro- and cosmic scales, let’s return to our familiar earthly world, which obeys Euclid’s geometry with quite satisfactory accuracy, and ask the question: why, in fact, does this happen? What would this world look like if there were not three Euclidean dimensions, but an arbitrary number of them, but not equal to three, i.e. n ≠3? The answer to this question was given by Paul Ehrenfest in an article he published in 1917. In this article he looked at "physics" in n-dimensional Euclidean space E n. To this end, he wrote down the appropriate modifications of the basic physical equations, analyzed the stability of their solutions and the form that the basic physical laws would take in a world with n ≠3. He managed to show that in space E 3 Both finite motion (and always with closed trajectories) and infinite motion are possible. Let us recall that a motion for which the radial coordinate r varies within finite limits is called finite. r 1< r< r 2 .

And in space E n With n > 3 there are no stable trajectories.

All fundamental physical laws established empirically for our world correspond to the model E 3, and only this model. We cannot exclude the existence of universes with other dimensions, but it is clear that their properties must be radically different from our world. Moreover, in almost all cases, there are no conditions necessary for the emergence and existence of those forms of life that are currently known to us.

"VACUUM SEA" DIRAK

The mysteries associated with vacuum - emptiness, this amazing phenomenon, the existence of which was predicted two and a half thousand years ago by the great ancient philosopher Democritus, are far from exhausted by what was discussed in previous chapters. On the contrary, to date it has been possible to reveal only a certain part of them. Here is what one of the greatest physicists of our time, Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, wrote about this: “The problem of accurately describing the vacuum, in my opinion, is the main problem currently facing physicists. Indeed, if you cannot correctly describe a vacuum, then how can you expect to correctly describe something more complex? . The seven decades that have passed since these words were uttered allow us to make only one clarification: it is unlikely that physicists have ever been faced with the task of giving a theoretical description of an object of such high complexity as the vacuum turned out to be.

Dirac expressed this opinion with full knowledge of the matter: it was he who managed to take new important steps in revealing the secrets of the vacuum, or more precisely, in constructing a theory of its quantum mechanical properties. In 1928, he wrote down a relativistic equation for the electron, which simultaneously satisfied the requirements of both quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. From this equation Dirac obtained several important consequences.

Firstly, it was possible to explain the fundamental characteristic of the electron - spin, a property no less important than mass and charge. In English spin means rotation, top, corkscrew. By likening an elementary particle to a children's toy - a top, its spin can be represented as a kind of rotational moment. True, such a comparison is very lame, since elementary particles obey the laws of quantum, not classical mechanics. This means that spin rotation can neither be accelerated nor slowed down. It can only be changed abruptly by directing the axis of the “corkscrew” in one direction or another. The spin of an electron can have only two values; all others are prohibited by theory.

Another consequence of the Dirac equation turned out to be even more surprising. It turned out that electrons can have not only

positive but also negative energy. This result, of course, is completely at odds with the usual ideas of classical mechanics. The kinetic energy of any particle is defined as ½ the product of its mass and the square of its speed. How then do we understand what negative energy is? True, one interesting clarification followed from the Dirac equation: there cannot be zero energy values; between the zones of positive and negative energies there is a gap in which not a single electron can be located - this is the so-called forbidden zone.

To understand the physical meaning of this prediction of his theory, Dirac turned to one of the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics - the Pauli exclusion principle. This principle was formulated in 1924 by Bohr's student Wolfgang Pauli. According to this principle, two identical particles with half-integer spin cannot be in the same energy state.

The electron spin is just half-integer, it is equal to s = ± ½ therefore, only two electrons can be in the same energy level. Taking into account the Pauli principle, Dirac assumed that in the region of negative energies all levels are occupied and there are no free places. And, therefore, not a single electron can “jump” from the region of positive energies to the region of negative ones.

It turns out that states with negative energy are a real thing, but transitions there are prohibited. This means that there should be an infinite number of filled states with negative energy, but there cannot be any interactions with them. Taking the last logical step, it is easy to realize that we are talking about a vacuum. To emphasize that in this case we are talking about a phenomenon that obeys the laws of quantum mechanics, they say that this physical, or quantum, vacuum.

We perceive it as emptiness only because nothing happens in it and it does not reveal itself in anything. Sometimes this quantum phenomenon is also called - “vacuum sea” - Dirac.

However, any predictions are not very interesting if the theory does not suggest something interesting to the experimenters. Let us pose the following question: how will the impact of a powerful gamma radiation quantum with energy sufficient

accurate for an electron to overcome the forbidden energy gap? Having received an excess amount of positive energy in a collision with this gamma quantum, the electron will jump out of the “sea” of negative energies and move into the region of positive energies. Its further fate is of no interest to us; there are many such electrons in our world. But what will remain in its place in the “vacuum sea” of negative energies? Obviously, a positive “hole”, with properties reminiscent of an electron, but only with a positive charge. Since any neighboring electron can now, without violating the Pauli principle, move to the place of this hole, it seems to start moving and, therefore, it can be registered.

“A hole,” Dirac wrote on this occasion, “must be a new type of particle, still unknown in experimental physics: it should have the same mass as an electron, and a charge opposite to the charge of the electron... We can obtain them experimentally in a high vacuum, where they will be quite stable and accessible for study.” It is very easy to distinguish such a particle from an electron - in a magnetic field its trajectory will be directed in the opposite direction compared to the electron.

In 1932, K. Anderson, using a cloud chamber to study cosmic rays, discovered just such particles. He called them positrons. Anderson received the Nobel Prize for their discovery. And Dirac's theory, from which it followed completely new point vision of a vacuum was brilliantly confirmed.

The Dirac vacuum consists of electrons and positrons, whose spin is s = ± ½ . It was natural to generalize this problem for other particles with half-integer spin (½, 3/2, etc.) - protons, neutrons, quarks, muons, neutrinos. Particles of this type are called fermions. When Dirac's theory was generalized to fermions of all types, it became clear: there is not one type of vacuum state, but a whole set of different vacua, which were called fermionic.

But in addition to fermions, there is another class of particles - bosons, whose spin is equal to zero or an integer. These are mesons, gluons, intermediate vector bosons, photons, etc. They are characterized by a bosonic vacuum.

The phenomenon of the “Dirac sea” does not exhaust the amazing properties of the quantum vacuum. Let's consider what consequences can be

get if you match one of essential principles quantum mechanics - Heisenberg's uncertainty relations and the principle of equivalence of mass and energy, which follows from the theory of relativity:

Here E- energy;

R- impulse;

m- weight;

With- speed of light (c = 3-10 10 cm/s);

h- Planck's constant (h = b.62-10~ 27 erg.s).

Let us explain the physical meaning of these formulas. To do this, let's set up a thought experiment. Let's assume that there is an elementary particle suspended in a vacuum chamber and we want to measure its coordinates and momentum. For this purpose, we will irradiate it with a stream of hard gamma rays. The greater the energy of these quanta reflected from our particle, the more accurately we will be able to measure its x coordinate. But at the same time, after a collision with a gamma quantum, its momentum will change and, therefore, the accuracy of its measurement (for example, by the Doppler effect) will decrease. To improve the accuracy of pulse measurement, we will have to use gamma rays with lower energy. But then the accuracy of coordinate measurement will decrease.

The Heisenberg relation (5.1) reflects this property of our measuring systems: The accuracy with which the momentum and coordinates of elementary particles can be measured is limited. But a stronger conclusion follows from quantum mechanics: the point is not only in the accuracy of measurements, but also in the ability to use concepts that were introduced to describe events occurring at the macro level - momentum and coordinates - to display processes in the microworld. The limited ability to apply these classical concepts to describe the behavior of microparticles is a consequence of the quantum mechanical wave-particle duality.

As for formula (5.3), it is a generalization of the law of conservation of energy in nuclear fission or fusion reactions. Such reactions occur, for example, during the explosion of an atomic bomb and in the depths of the Sun. It is thanks to these reactions that our Sun has existed for about 5 billion years, sending streams of life-giving energy to the Earth, and will continue to exist for no less time. The release of energy in this case is due to the fact that the mass of the reaction products is less than the mass of the initial components. The mass-energy equivalence relation (5.3), obtained by Einstein, makes it possible to calculate the amount of energy released in such reactions. The reverse process is also possible - new particles can appear in a vacuum if a sufficient amount of energy is absorbed.

The physical meaning of formula (5.2) is that under ∆E can be understood as the uncertainty of the energy value of the non-stationary state of a closed system, as ∆t- characteristic time of non-stationary fluctuations of average values ​​in this system. If we assume that the magnitude of the energy fluctuation in this system corresponds to the electron mass determined by formula (5.3), then from formula (5.2) we obtain the duration of the corresponding energy fluctuation ∆t ~ 10 -22 s.

This calculation must be understood as follows: due to quantum fluctuations of the vacuum, electrons appear “out of nowhere” in it, which after 10 -22 s disappear into “nowhere”. The quantum vacuum must literally boil with such ghost particles that appear and disappear without a trace. The lifetime of such particles is too short for them to take part in any pair interactions with real particles. Therefore these particles are called virtual, what does it mean in Latin

possible.

How was it possible to prove their existence?

It is known that the electron has a magnetic moment - the Bohr magneton. The magnitude of this magneton, measured experimentally, turned out to be somewhat different than that obtained from quantum mechanical calculations. But when an amendment was introduced into the theory to take into account the influence of the collective influence of the “fog” of virtual particles on the magnetic properties of the electron, the result coincided with the observed value with amazing accuracy - up to the eleventh digit.

There are other physical effects in which the influence of virtual particles is manifested. One of these effects is a shift in energy levels in the spectrum of hydrogen. This anomalous shift is called Lamb-Rutherford effect. If, however, we take into account the influence of the collective properties of virtual particles, then the results of the calculations will coincide with the experimental data up to the eighth decimal place. The conclusion from here is clear: virtual particles are no less real than Dirac’s “vacuum sea”.

Obviously, Parmenides was right when he said: if emptiness is something, then it is not emptiness.