Correct placement of links to footnotes. Formatting footnotes to the text Footnote after a period or before

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One of the most noticeable errors is the incorrect layout of notes in general and footnotes in particular. This is due to the fact that poorly laid out footnotes significantly reduce the readability of the text (who likes to look for a footnote on the page for half a minute, losing the thread of the story). The saddest thing is that this applies equally to little-known publishing houses and to very popular ones, and it seems that the rules are deliberately ignored, based on unclear “design” considerations. In this regard, I took the liberty of once again raising this topic and trying to describe in detail the rules for layout of notes of various types.

Notes, explanations, footnotes...

Notes- this is a form of clarification of individual words, phrases, paragraphs or supplementing them with supporting information. There are four types of notes: 1) explanations, placed in parentheses; 2) footnotes(footnotes), break-down bars; 3) intratextual, placed directly below the paragraph of text to which they relate; 4) behind-the-text, placed at the end of the book after the main text.

Explanations are typed as regular text, that is, in the same font size and typeface, but are enclosed in parentheses immediately after the text to which they relate. It should be noted that immediately after the explanation, which necessarily begins with a lowercase letter and ends with a period, a dash is placed, and then its author is indicated with a capital letter and italics.

An exception to this rule is made if the text requires some, I would call it missing, clarification. For example: He [Peter] has gone far ahead. Such an explanation, in the vast majority of cases, occurs when quoting.

Footnotes(footnotes) are additions or explanations to the main or additional texts, placed at the bottom of the page (or column) if the text to which they relate has a callout sign (asterisks or numbers). It is very rare that footnotes are allowed to be located in a single block for the right and left pages on the right page. But this is done only for a single-column typesetting and in cases where it is simply impossible to place a footnote in any other way, or for the purpose of economy.

We work correctly

With a multi-column set, only three options are allowed:

Columnar arrangement.
Location in the right column of the strip.
Layout for the entire strip format.

Footnotes are always typed in the same typeface as the text, but, as a rule, with a reduced point size. Thus, when typing the main text in 10 point font, all footnotes, as well as additional texts, are usually typed in 9 point font, however, in publications where the main text is typed in 8 point font, footnotes can often be typed in the same point size. In other words:

if the main text is typed in a font of 10 points or more, then the footnote text is made 1-2 point smaller;
if the main text is typed in a font size of 9 points or less, then the footnote text is either equal in size to the main text or one point smaller (however, it cannot be less than 7 points).

The footnote sign is placed with a small space (a thin space or, more correctly, a two-point space), immediately after the word to which it refers, and is formatted as a superscript. If there are punctuation marks after the word to which the footnote is placed, then you should remember the following:

The footnote mark is placed before signs: period (except for the case described in paragraph 3), comma, semicolon, colon, dash and closing quotation mark (except for the case described in paragraph 4).
The footnote mark is placed after the following characters: ellipsis, question and exclamation marks, closing bracket (except for the case described in paragraph 4).
If the dot sign acts as a sign reductions(for example, 1900, etc.), then the footnote sign is placed after the period. But if a comma is also placed after the abbreviation, it is better not to make a footnote in this place.
If a note refers to the entire text enclosed in parentheses or quotation marks, a footnote is indicated. after closing bracket or closing quotation marks, respectively.

The footnote symbol can be almost any character, even letters and parentheses, but it is advisable to use asterisks (if there are no more than three footnotes on the page) or numbers.

Each footnote begins with a paragraph indentation equal to the paragraph indentation in the main text. If there are several footnotes with asterisks on one page, it is advisable to align them on the right side, i.e. counting each asterisk as a digit in numbers.

Currently, the more common way of designing footnotes is with a reverse paragraph indentation (naturally, taking into account the bit depth), which allows the reader to simplify their search.

In some publications, with a large number of footnotes on a page, to reduce their volume, a selection of footnotes was used (in this case, a dot should be placed at the end of each footnote and separated from the next one with a dash). This technique should be avoided, since this design causes great difficulties for the reader in finding a particular footnote.

If a footnote is too large or there are several footnotes on a strip, the last of which cannot be completely placed on a given strip, it is allowed to move it to the next strip, repeating the padding, ruler and continuing the transferred footnote. In this case, on the previous strip (on which the callout sign remains) there must be at least three lines of a hyphenated footnote, and on the subsequent strip a hyphenated footnote cannot begin with a paragraph or end line. If on the strip where part of the footnote has been moved, there are also others, then they are added to the one transferred without space with their own numbering.

Footnotes on end strips are not recommended. If they do exist, then it is recommended to cover them directly under the text with the usual spaces and a ruler, if the end strip occupies less than half of the strip, or in the usual way, i.e. at the bottom, in other cases. Typically, footnotes are separated from the main text with a thin ruler 1 square meter long. (approximately 18 mm) or the full format of the typesetting line, wrapped to the left edge with a text margin equal to or slightly larger than the footnote text margin.

Notes

In-text notes usually used in official publications - instructions, charters, etc. They are placed directly after the text to which they relate, after the word “Note”. It is also possible to format them as footnotes, that is, using callout signs such as asterisks or serial numbers instead of the word “Note,” while marking the paragraphs to which they relate in the same way. When using this technique, it is advisable to additionally mark out the notes with rulers and make them one size smaller than the main text. In-text notes are usually typed in the same typeface and style as the main text. If notes are typed in the same size as the main font, then use a retract, and it should be larger than the paragraph indentation so that the left edge of the note does not merge with the paragraph line of the subsequent text. Notes typed in a font size smaller than the font size of the main text are not highlighted, but separated from the main text to maintain the consistency of the layout. The word “Note” is usually highlighted either in bold bold font (which is less common and only when typed in lower font size) or in italics. If there are several notes, then two layout methods are used: either using the word “Note” once, or repeating it before each time. In both cases, it is necessary to put their serial numbers.

Beyond-text notes are usually footnotes to the main text of the publication placed at the end of the book (as a rule, callout signs in the text are sequentially numbered). The inclusion of a note at the end of the book is usually due to either a large volume of text for which there is not enough space at the end of the page, or a large number of notes, or their clearly secondary, clarifying nature.

Behind-the-text notes and comments are always typed in a reduced size font (but not less than 7 points); Each note is typed on a new line from a paragraph, taking into account the alignment of footnote marks within the strip. Most often, such notes repeat the word to which the note refers. The word is italicized or bold and is usually separated from the text of the note by a dot and a dash. In some publications, extra-textual notes and comments are divided into parts, sections or chapters of the publication with their own numbering. If the texts of the notes are short, it is allowed to type them in two columns. Post-text notes and comments are completed after the afterword or final article, and in their absence - after the main text, always from an odd-numbered strip with a descent. Before the textual notes, an internal title (shmuttitul) with the heading “Notes” is usually placed.

As you can see, these rules are not at all complicated, and following them will significantly increase the readability of your publications and avoid accusations of unprofessionalism.

P.S. This article does not cover another type of notes - side notes, when the note is placed on the left page of the spread (the text itself is printed on the right), since this type of note is extremely rare.

About the author: Vladimir Afanasyev ([email protected]) - leader of the PageMaker Notes project (www.spiker.ru).

Making footnotes

Let's look at the process of arranging footnotes using PageMaker as an example, which, unfortunately, does not provide a mechanism for conveniently making them, so everything will have to be done manually. First we create two styles. Why two? For comfort. Both are based on the style of the body text, but in smaller font sizes and without paragraph indentation. The only difference is that in the first one we also make a ruler above the paragraph with a length of 18 mm (1 sq.) or in full line format (depending on the type of design of the footnotes). This is done so that only the first footnote on the page is drawn in the first style, and all subsequent ones in the second. Agree that this approach is convenient.

The placement of links during typing for the convenience of their search and layout depends on what we are laying out: a newspaper/magazine or a book.

In the first case, it may be more convenient for all footnotes to be at the end of the text. This is explained by the fact that the texts are not too large and, therefore, footnotes are always “at hand”.

And in the second, you can do this: in the text immediately after the footnote sign, certain signs (for example, ##) are placed in angle brackets, and after them the actual text of the footnote. What considerations guide us?

The first layout always determines the size of the publication, and it can subsequently be adjusted.
The proofreader will definitely mark the strange signs, and we will find out where the footnotes went.
Moving (unfortunately, manually) a footnote down the bar practically does not lead to any significant changes to the text blocks.

Footnotes or notes – necessary (from the author’s point of view) additions to the main text. It is customary to place footnotes outside the main text.

How to properly make footnotes/references in a diploma

Here are some important rules to follow:

when writing a footnote, you should deviate 1.5-2 spaces from the main text;
when writing a note in the text of the document in the place where it is planned to place the explanation, write the word “Note” in capital letters, put a dash after it and place a direct explanation;
a footnote or note should not be italicized, underlined, or bold;
One note per page should not be numbered. If it is planned to place several footnotes/notes on a page, they are numbered (the footnote number in the text must correspond to the number at the bottom of the page);
The numbering of footnotes/notes is placed after the word Footnote/Note or independently, without this word (as in the figure below).

Writing a diploma: formatting a footnote according to all the rules

A footnote refers to interlinear types of notes. The footnote sign is placed in the form of an Arabic numeral or an asterisk (*). However, an asterisk will only be appropriate if there is only one note on the page. If there are more footnotes, it is recommended to use ordinal numbers. But, for example, with a small number of citations, you can also use the following format for footnotes: *,**,***.

The sign is placed immediately after the word/phrase/sentence/quote that the author wants to explain. To correctly format a footnote, a footnote sign (asterisk or Arabic numeral) is placed in the right place in the text. After this, a short straight line equal to 4-5 cm is drawn at the bottom of the page. Immediately below this line are the author’s notes (each on a new line).

Footnotes

Footnotes are written in a smaller font than the rest of the text. This helps visually highlight the information.

Sentences of notes to footnotes should be as brief as possible, without being overloaded with facts. There is a period at the end of each note.

And remember, our dear students: if you do not seriously approach the issue of correct formatting of footnotes, then you risk having the entire work revised. But it was such a shame when he sat over her and didn’t sleep all night. And the reason for the return was some footnotes!

In any case, if you can’t cope on your own or don’t have enough time to write a thesis, you can always turn to the student service for help. You can be sure: everything will be done quickly, efficiently and conscientiously.

Footnote signs - numbers or asterisks - in the text are separated by 2 points from the words to which they relate, but not from the period or comma.

A footnote sign referring to a word in parentheses is placed immediately after the word, before the parenthesis (real*).

In the footnote itself, the footnote sign is spaced half-size apart from the text that follows it. If there are multiple footnotes, footnote marks are aligned vertically to the right.

Footnote marks referring to a word followed by punctuation marks are placed immediately after the word before the punctuation marks.

Footnotes that refer to the entire sentence are placed before the period, but after the question mark, exclamation mark and after the ellipsis.

The paragraph indentation in the footnote text should be the same as in the main text. With a paragraph indent equal to 1 1/2 pts in the main text, it is allowed to make a paragraph indent of 2 pts in the footnote text.

Transfer rules.

When typing, all grammatical rules of hyphenation must be observed. Dissonant hyphens and hyphens that distort the meaning are not allowed.

When translating part of a word, it is allowed to divide the word only by syllables (shop). With a set format of more than 5 sq. It is not recommended to leave or transfer a two-letter syllable on a line.

The suffixes “sk” and “stv” are not broken when transferred. You cannot separate ъ and ь signs from the previous consonant letter (explanation, swim), “th” is not separated from the previous letter (district).

When transferring, two consonants should be divided (massovik), but make sure that the root of the word is not divided (you can’t: quarrel; you must: quarrel).

Abbreviations typed in capital letters (RSFSR, etc.), are not separated during transfer; abbreviations (etc., etc., i.e.), also not shared.

Surnames are not separated from initials during transfer. Abbreviated words from proper names when transferred (Moscow, Comrade Ivanov, Mayakovsky Square, etc.) are also not separated.

When transferring, it is impossible to separate Arabic or Roman numerals from abbreviated or full words related to them (1999, XX century)

When transferred, signs and symbols are not separated from the numbers following them (No. 3, § 5, etc.). You cannot separate digits that make up one number by transfer.

You cannot transfer numbers or letters from one line to another with a bracket or period from the word following them (1. Introduction). When dialing for formats up to 5 sq. no more than five transfers in a row are allowed when typing on a format of more than 5 square meters. - no more than four.

Rules for typing texts of 1-2 difficulty groups

To the 1st difficulty group This includes simple (solid) text and text with small (up to 10%) complications and highlights.

2nd difficulty group- this is a set of complex text containing up to 25% of various selections, an admixture of foreign words and individual one-line formulas.

Emphasized text is text in which individual words or phrases that focus the reader's attention are set in a bold font or in some way stand out from the text.

Highlights in the text.

Highlights in the text can be whitespace composition, graphic and font.

On white-space compositional highlighting techniques This includes typing out of order, typing in a reduced format (retracted), step typing, separating parts of the text with spaces.

When making these allocations, the following rules are observed:

the size of the spaces between letters when discharging depends on the font size: when typing with a font size of 8 - 12 points, the size of additional spaces between letters is 2 points, when typing with a font size of 6 points - a space of 1 or 2 points, when typing with a font size of 16 points - space 3 p.;

when typing in space, the spaces between words do not increase the size of the space;

The hyphens and dashes placed inside the text typed with digits are set to the size of the digits. The same applies to all numbers and signs.

Setting up a smaller format (retractor) is not difficult; only the size of the retractor is indicated.

To graphic highlights This includes the technique of underlining with a ruler, the use of frames and ornaments.

When underlining with rulers, only two-point rulers are used, equal in length to the highlighted part; in the non-selected part, the leading changes (increases) by 2 points.

Frames and ornaments are used to highlight individual parts of the text.

TO font selections This includes typing in an emphatic font, a font of a smaller or larger size, typing using fonts from other typefaces, capital letters and capital letters.

In this case, the following basic rules must be observed.

Bold and italic selections are made using the same font typeface, unless otherwise specified.

When typing in an emphatic font, punctuation marks are used in the same emphasizing font, but if only part of a word or an individual word is typed in an emphatic font, then the punctuation mark following it is typed in a straight, light font.

Highlights in larger or smaller fonts should be aligned as closely as possible to the bottom line of the body text font.

Examples of highlighted texts include the following:

Notes - This is a form of clarification of individual words, phrases and paragraphs or supplementing them with supporting information.

There are four types of notes:

explanations in brackets - explanations;

explanations moved down the strip - footnotes;

explanations placed directly under the paragraph of the text to which they relate are in-text;

explanations placed at the end of the book behind the main text are extra-textual.

The specificity of a set of notes depends on their forms.

Explanations typed in a font of the same size, the same typeface, the same style as the main text, and enclosed in brackets.

Footnotes recruited in accordance with general recruitment rules. The most common footnote marks are numbers typed on the top line, especially in publications where more than three footnotes can be found on one page. Footnote signs in the form of asterisks are used in fiction, in mathematical publications, and in publications where, in addition to footnotes, there are also behind-the-text notes with digital indexes. Some publications use bold dots or asterisks as footnotes.

An asterisk is placed close to the word. If a phrase ends with a question mark or exclamation mark, then an asterisk is placed after these marks.

The footnote text is typed in the same typeface as the main one, but with a smaller point size and in the same format as the main text. For two- and three-column typing, the footnote is typed using the column format and placed at the bottom of the column to which the footnote refers. If one page contains many short footnotes (for example, translation of foreign words), then they are included in the selection.

In-text notes distributed in official publications - instructions, charters, etc. In-text notes are placed immediately after the text to which they relate. the text of the note is preceded by the word “Note” or “Notes” if there are several of them.

In-text notes are typed in a font of the same typeface and style; the font size can be the same as for the main set, but in this case the note is typed retracted or 2 points smaller, and in this case the note is typed in full format. The retract should be larger than the paragraph indent.

The word “Note” itself is highlighted either with space, or in light capitals, or in straight bold. Notes typed in the same font size, but with a retract, do not deviate from the main text. In portable editions, notes can be typed in a selection, and each note must have a number and be separated from the previous one by a dash. Notes should be consistent throughout the publication.

Behind-the-text notes more common in historical, political and scientific publications. Only numbers on the top line of the font are used as a footnote sign, and notes throughout the entire publication must have a single sequential numbering. The inclusion of notes at the end of the book is due to the fact that the text of the historical reference or explanation is quite large and does not fit at the bottom of the page, much less inside the page. The textual notes placed at the end of the publication are usually typed in the format of the main text, in the same typeface and style, but with a smaller size. The footnote sign is typed in the same font size as the main text, but in a bold style.

Hello, please tell me how to correctly write the abbreviations “that is”, “and the like”, “and so on”. Is there a space between the exact and the letter? For example, i.e. or i.e.? And the second question is a footnote to a word with or without a space? Thanks in advance.

Spaces in abbreviations are needed: i.e., etc., etc.

The footnote sign is separated from the word by a space.


	Question No. 281626

Hello! I have such a controversial question, I would like to find the correct answer. At the end of the 19th-20th centuries. there was such a person, Pyotr Germagenovich Smidovich. Subsequently, the urban-type settlement of Smidovich, located in the Jewish Autonomous Region, was named after him. This village is already more than a hundred years old, when I was in school, we were taught that P. Smidovich does not bow down, and everywhere they wrote P. Smidovich. Just today I came across the fact that on local television, in the footnote where they sign who is speaking, it is written, for example: “Svetlana Ivanova is a resident of Smidovicha village.” Although there was no such ending before. I decided to write to one local correspondent Smidovich is not inclined, correct, to which he answers me, he wasn’t inclined before, but now there are new rules. He can't get used to it himself. So I would like to know which of us is right, and what kind of new rules... This generally happens in the Russian language, that there were one rules, but now they have become different... P.S. Thank you in advance for your answer, this topic really touched me.