Prepare a report on modern meteorological instruments used in everyday life. Meteorological instruments
Meteorological instruments instruments and installations for measuring and recording the values of meteorological elements (See Meteorological elements). M. p. are designed to work in natural conditions in any climatic zones. Therefore, they must work flawlessly, maintaining stable readings in a wide range of temperatures, high humidity, precipitation, and should not be afraid of high wind loads and dust. To compare the results of measurements made at different weather stations, meteorological stations are made of the same type and installed so that their readings do not depend on random local conditions. Meteorological thermometers of various types and thermographs are used to measure (record) air and soil temperatures. Air humidity is measured by Psychrometer, Hygrometer, hygrographs, atmospheric pressure - Barometer, Aneroid ,
barographs, gypsothermometer ami. An anemometer is used to measure wind speed and direction. ,
anemographs, anemorumbometers, anemorumbographs, weather vanes. The amount and intensity of precipitation is determined using rain gauges, precipitation gauges, and pluviographs. The intensity of solar radiation, radiation of the earth's surface and atmosphere is measured by Pyrheliometer ami, Pyrgeometer ami, Actinometer ami, Pyranometer ami ,
pyranographs, Albedometer ami, Balance meter ami ,
and the duration of sunshine is recorded by the Heliograph. The water reserve in the snow cover is measured by a snow meter ,
dew - rosographer ,
evaporation - with an evaporator (See Evaporator), visibility - with a nephelometer and visibility meter, elements of atmospheric electricity - with an electrometer, etc. Remote and automatic measuring devices for measuring one or more meteorological elements are becoming increasingly important. Lit.: Kedrolivansky V.N., Sternzat M.S., Meteorological Instruments, Leningrad, 1953; Sternzat M.S., Meteorological instruments and observations, Leningrad, 1968; Handbook of hydrometeorological instruments and installations, L., 1971. S.I. Nepomnyashchy.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
See what “Meteorological instruments” are in other dictionaries:
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Meteorological instruments - instruments and installations for measuring and recording the values of meteorological elements. To compare the results of measurements made at different weather stations, meteorological instruments are made of the same type and installed so that their readings do not depend on random local conditions. meteorological elements
Meteorological instruments are designed to operate in natural conditions in any climatic zone. Therefore, they must work flawlessly, maintaining stable readings in a wide range of temperatures, high humidity, precipitation, and should not be afraid of high wind loads and dust.
Meteorological elements, characteristics of the state of the atmosphere: temperature, pressure and humidity, wind speed and direction, cloudiness, precipitation, visibility (transparency of the atmosphere), as well as soil and water surface temperature, solar radiation, long-wave radiation of the Earth and the atmosphere. Meteorological elements also include various weather phenomena: thunderstorms, snowstorms, etc. Changes in Meteorological elements are the result of atmospheric processes and determine the weather and climate.
Thermometer From the Greek Therme - heat + Metreo - measure Thermometer - a device for measuring the temperature of air, soil, water, etc. during thermal contact between the measurement object and the sensitive element of the thermometer. Thermometers are used in meteorology, hydrology and other sciences and industries. At weather stations where temperature measurements are carried out at certain times, a maximum thermometer (mercury) is used to record maximum temperatures between observation periods; the lowest temperature between periods is recorded by a minimum thermometer (alcohol).
Precipitation gauge Rain gauge; Pluviometer Precipitation gauge is a device for collecting and measuring the amount of precipitation. The precipitation gauge is a cylindrical bucket of a strictly defined cross-section, installed at the weather site. The amount of precipitation is determined by pouring the precipitation that fell into the bucket into a special rain gauge glass, the cross-sectional area of which is also known. Solid precipitation (snow, pellets, hail) is preliminarily melted. The design of the rain gauge provides protection from rapid evaporation of precipitation and from blowing out snow that gets into the rain gauge bucket.
Heliograph From Greek. Helios - Sun + Grapho - writing Heliograph - a recorder device that records the duration of sunshine. The main part of the device is a crystal ball with a diameter of about 90 mm, which works as a converging lens when illuminated from any direction, and the focal length is the same in all directions. At the focal length, parallel to the surface of the ball, there is a cardboard tape with divisions. The sun, moving across the sky during the day, burns a stripe in this ribbon. During those hours when the Sun is covered by clouds, there is no burn-through. The time when the Sun was shining and when it was hidden is read by the divisions on the tape.
Ceilometer A ceilometer is a device for determining the height of the lower and upper boundaries of clouds, raised on a balloon. The action of the ceilometer is based: - either on a change in the resistance of the photocell, which reacts to changes in illumination when entering and leaving the clouds; - or on the change in the resistance of a conductor with a hygroscopic coating when cloud drops hit its surface.
Anemometer From the Greek Anemos - wind + Metreo - I measure Anemometer is a device for measuring wind speed and gas flows by the number of revolutions of a turntable rotating under the influence of the wind. There are different types of anemometers: manual and permanently mounted on masts, etc. A distinction is made between recording anemometers (anemographs).
Radiosonde A radiosonde is a device for meteorological research in the atmosphere up to an altitude of km. The radio probe rises on a free-flying balloon and automatically transmits radio signals to the ground corresponding to the values of pressure, temperature, and humidity. At high altitudes, the balloon bursts, and the instruments are parachuted and can be used again.
Meteorological rocket A meteorological rocket is a rocket vehicle launched into the atmosphere to study its upper layers, mainly the mesosphere and ionosphere. The instruments study atmospheric pressure, the Earth's magnetic field, cosmic radiation, spectra of solar and terrestrial radiation, air composition, etc. Instrument readings are transmitted in the form of radio signals.
Meteorological satellite A meteorological satellite is an artificial Earth satellite that records and transmits various meteorological data to Earth. The meteorological satellite is designed to monitor the distribution of cloud, snow and ice cover, measure thermal radiation from the earth's surface and atmosphere and reflected solar radiation in order to obtain meteorological data for weather forecasting.
METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS- instruments and installations for measuring and recording the physical characteristics of the earth’s atmosphere (temperature, air pressure and humidity, wind speed and direction, cloudiness, precipitation, atmospheric transparency), as well as water and soil temperature, solar radiation intensity, etc. Using M. items are detected and assessed by physical. processes that cannot be perceived directly, and also conduct scientific research. MPs are used in various fields of science and technology and in many sectors of the national economy.
In medical-biological practice, microclimates are used to study and assess the climate of individual areas, as well as the microclimate of residential and industrial buildings.
The first measuring instrument was created in India more than 2 thousand years ago to measure the amount of precipitation, but regular measuring instruments began to be used only in the 17th century. after the invention of the thermometer and barometer. In Russia there are systematic climatol. instrumental observations have been carried out since 1724.
Depending on the method of recording data, recordings are divided into indicating and recording. With the help of indicating micrometers, visual data is obtained, which, through the reading devices available in these instruments, makes it possible to determine the values of the measured quantities. Measuring instruments include thermometers, barometers, anemometers, hygrometers, psychrometers, and others. Recording instruments (thermographs, barographs, hygrographs, etc.) automatically record readings on a moving paper tape.
The temperature of air, water, and soil is measured by liquid thermometers - mercury and alcohol, bimetallic, as well as electric thermometers, in which the primary perception of temperature is carried out through sensors (see) - thermoelectric, thermoresistive, transistor and other converters (see Thermometry). Temperature is recorded using thermographs, as well as thermoelectric converters connected (including remotely) to recording devices. Air humidity is measured by psychrometers (see) and hygrometers (see) of various types, and hygrographs are used to record changes in humidity over time.
Wind speed and direction are measured and recorded using anemometers, anemographs, anemorumbometers, weather vanes, etc. (see Anemometer). The amount of precipitation is measured by precipitation gauges and rain gauges (see Rain gauge), and recorded by pluviographs. Atmospheric pressure is measured by mercury barometers, aneroids, hypsothermometers, and recorded by barographs (see Barometer). The intensity of solar radiation, radiation from the earth's surface and atmosphere is measured with pyrheliometers, pyr-geometers, actinometers, albedometers, and recorded with pyranographs (see Actinometry).
Remote and automatic medical devices are becoming increasingly important.
Bibliography: Meteorological instruments and automation of meteorological measurements, ed. L. P. Afinogenova and M. S. Sternzata, Leningrad, 1966; Reifer A. B. et al. Handbook of hydrometeorological instruments and installations, L., 1976.
V. P. Padalkin.
Questions before the paragraph.
1. What is called the atmosphere?
The atmosphere is the air envelope of the Earth.
2. What gases does air consist of?
The Earth's air mainly consists of nitrogen molecules (78%). Its second component is oxygen, which makes up about 21% of air. The remaining 1% comes from other gases - carbon dioxide, ozone, and inert gases.
3. What device measures atmospheric pressure?
A device for measuring atmospheric pressure is called a Barometer.
4. What signs of weather changes do you know?
Changes in atmospheric pressure: When the weather changes from clear to stormy, the pressure drops for several days. Increased wind, increased cloudiness.
5. What specialists study the atmosphere?
A meteorologist studies the atmosphere.
Geographer-Pathfinder School
The task is a project activity and requires independent work.
Questions and tasks after the paragraph.
1. Define weather in your own words.
The state of the atmosphere in a certain place at a certain time.
2. Is it possible to talk about the weather over the course of a day or a week?
We can talk about the weather within a day or week with almost 100% accuracy, but the longer the weather forecast, the more likely the forecast is inaccurate, because the weather is constantly changing, and therefore the weather forecast is constantly being adjusted.
3. Why are meteorological stations organized?
meteorological stations are organized to collect information about air temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind direction and speed, the amount and types of clouds and precipitation, and atmospheric phenomena that can be dangerous to humans.
4. Take a trip to the nearest weather station.
An excursion is expected to take place with the class or parents.
5. Complete the sentences with the names of the properties of air.
A barometer measures air pressure.
The hygrometer shows the temperature and humidity of the air.
A thermometer can measure air temperature.
The weather vane indicates where the wind is blowing from and at what speed.
6. Write a short story about meteorological instruments. Find out more information about them from encyclopedias or the Internet.
The main instrument for measuring wind direction and speed is the M-63M-1 anemormbometer. In the event of a power failure or failure of the device, a Wild weather vane with a light board serves as a backup device for visual assessment of wind characteristics. To measure the amount of precipitation (mm), the Tretyakov Precipitation Gauge is used. The intensity of liquid precipitation is recorded using a recorder called a Pluviograph. The shape and number of clouds in points are determined visually and compared with photos using the international Cloud Atlas. The height of the cloud base is determined using a cloud height meter (CHM). The meteorological visibility range is monitored using landmarks using an M-53A polarization visibility meter. The duration of sunshine is determined by a heliograph, the glass ball of which collects the sun's rays into focus, and when the beam moves, a burn line appears on the tape. The length of the line in hours is used to calculate the duration of sunshine. The depth of soil freezing is measured using a permafrost meter.
7. Compare the readings of meteorological and mercury medical thermometers. Analyze the result obtained during the observation.
Thermometer readings vary. A medical mercury thermometer shows a lower temperature.
8. Prepare a report on modern meteorological instruments used in everyday life (aneroid barometer, electronic thermometer, digital weather stations).
An aneroid barometer is a device whose operating principle is based on changing the size of a metal box filled with rarefied air under the influence of atmospheric pressure. Such barometers are reliable and small in size.
An aneroid barometer is a device designed to measure atmospheric pressure mechanically. Structurally, the aneroid consists of a round metal (nickel-silver or hardened steel) box with corrugated (ribbed) bases, in which a strong vacuum is created by pumping out air, a return spring, a transmission mechanism and an indicator needle. Under the influence of atmospheric pressure: its increase or decrease, the box, respectively, either compresses or unbends. In this case, when the bellows box is compressed, the upper flexing surface begins to pull the spring attached to it down, and when the atmospheric pressure decreases, the upper part, on the contrary, bends and pushes the spring upward. An indicator needle is attached to the return spring using a transmission mechanism, which moves along a scale calibrated in accordance with the readings of the mercury barometer (Figure 2). It is worth noting that usually, in practice, several (up to 10 pieces) thin-walled corrugated boxes with vacuum are used in series, which increases the amplitude of the pointer moving along the scale.
Figure 2. Aneroid Barometer structure
Aneroid barometers, due to their small size and the absence of liquid in their design, are the most convenient and portable; they are widely used in practice.
Unfortunately, barometers are affected by ambient temperature and changes in spring tension over time. Therefore, modern aneroid barometers are equipped with an arc-shaped thermometer, or a so-called compensator, which is intended to correct the instrument readings for temperature.
Aneroid barometer M-67 is the most accurate and unpretentious barometer. Thanks to its design features, it is capable of operating at temperatures from -10 to +50 °C (Figure 3).
Thermometer is a device for measuring the temperature of air, soil, water, and so on. There are several types of thermometers:
Liquid;
Mechanical;
Electronic;
Optical;
Gas;
Infrared.
The operating principle of electronic thermometers is based on the change in conductor resistance when the ambient temperature changes.
The wider range of electronic thermometers are based on thermocouples (contact between metals with different electronegativity creates a contact potential difference that depends on temperature).
The most accurate and stable over time are resistance thermometers based on platinum wire or platinum coating on ceramics. The most widely used are PT100 (resistance at 0 °C - 100Ω) PT1000 (resistance at 0 °C - 1000Ω) (IEC751). The dependence on temperature is almost linear and obeys a quadratic law at positive temperatures and a fourth-degree equation at negative temperatures (the corresponding constants are very small, and to a first approximation this dependence can be considered linear). Temperature range −200 - +850 °C.
A digital weather station is a portable device that receives weather reports via a special radio channel. The device is equipped with a large electronic display; the screen displays the temperature outside the window in the “here and now” mode, as well as the forecast for the next day. In addition, the device shows the level of humidity and atmospheric pressure, in some cases the condition of roads and the forecast of magnetic storms. Modern weather stations are digital wireless devices that also determine the degree of radiation pollution in the area, as well as the phases of the moon, the level of solar activity and the favorable conditions for agricultural work. In fact, all the information that a digital weather station provides can be obtained from other sources - radio and television broadcasts, news sites and mobile phone applications.
Prepare a report on modern meteorological instruments used in everyday life (aneroid barometer, electronic thermometer, digital weather stations).
Answer
Aneroid barometer- a device whose operating principle is based on changing the dimensions of a metal box filled with rarefied air under the influence of atmospheric pressure. Such barometers are reliable and small in size.
An aneroid barometer is a device designed to measure atmospheric pressure mechanically. Structurally, the aneroid consists of a round metal (nickel-silver or hardened steel) box with corrugated (ribbed) bases, in which a strong vacuum is created by pumping out air, a return spring, a transmission mechanism and an indicator needle. Under the influence of atmospheric pressure: its increase or decrease, the box, respectively, either compresses or unbends. In this case, when the bellows box is compressed, the upper flexing surface begins to pull the spring attached to it down, and when the atmospheric pressure decreases, the upper part, on the contrary, bends and pushes the spring upward. An indicator needle is attached to the return spring using a transmission mechanism, which moves along a scale calibrated in accordance with the readings of the mercury barometer. It is worth noting that usually, in practice, several (up to 10 pieces) thin-walled corrugated boxes with vacuum are used in series, which increases the amplitude of the pointer moving along the scale.
Aneroid barometers, due to their small size and the absence of liquid in their design, are the most convenient and portable; they are widely used in practice.
Unfortunately, barometers are affected by ambient temperature and changes in spring tension over time. Therefore, modern aneroid barometers are equipped with an arc-shaped thermometer, or a so-called compensator, which is intended to correct the instrument readings for temperature.
Aneroid barometer M-67 is the most accurate and unpretentious barometer. Thanks to its design features, it is capable of operating at temperatures from -10 to +50 °C.
Thermometer- a device for measuring the temperature of air, soil, water, and so on. There are several types of thermometers:
1) liquid;
2) mechanical;
3) electronic;
4) optical;
5) gas;
6) infrared.
The operating principle of electronic thermometers is based on the change in conductor resistance when the ambient temperature changes.
The wider range of electronic thermometers are based on thermocouples (contact between metals of different electronegativity creates a temperature-dependent contact potential difference).
The most accurate and stable over time are resistance thermometers based on platinum wire or platinum coating on ceramics. The most widely used are PT100 (resistance at 0 °C - 100Ω) PT1000 (resistance at 0 °C - 1000Ω) (IEC751). The dependence on temperature is almost linear and obeys a quadratic law at positive temperatures and a fourth-degree equation at negative temperatures (the corresponding constants are very small, and to a first approximation this dependence can be considered linear). Temperature range −200 - +850 °C.
Digital weather station is a portable device that receives weather reports via a special radio channel. The device is equipped with a large electronic display; the screen displays the temperature outside the window in the “here and now” mode, as well as the forecast for the next day. In addition, the device shows the level of humidity and atmospheric pressure, in some cases the condition of roads and the forecast of magnetic storms. Modern weather stations are digital wireless devices that also determine the degree of radiation pollution in the area, as well as the phases of the moon, the level of solar activity and the favorable conditions for agricultural work. In fact, all the information a digital weather station provides can be obtained from other sources—radio and television broadcasts, news sites, and cell phone apps.