The first brands of Soviet televisions. Creating a color TV
Since March 1934 at the Leningrad plant named after. Kozitsky began to produce in small quantities the first domestic amateur mechanical TV “B-2”, designed for receiving moving images and soundtrack at a distance (via radio or wires), carried out as a result of the use of the photoelectric effect. The size of the visible part of the screen with a magnifying lens was 3 by 4 cm. Good results received only upon admission simple images(for example, animations). The brightness of the image was determined by the strength of reception, that is, the power of the transmitting station, the distance from it, the quality of the receiving antenna, etc.
In 1933-1936. More than 3 thousand of these TVs were produced.
In 1938, the first experimental television centers were put into operation in Moscow and Leningrad. Decomposition transmitted image in Moscow there were 343 lines, and in Leningrad - 240 lines at 25 frames per second. Then - in 1938 - began serial production console receivers for 343 lines "TK-1" with a screen size of 14 by 18 cm.
In the second half of the 1940s. the image decomposition transmitted by the Moscow and Leningrad centers was increased to 625 lines, which significantly improved the quality of television broadcasts.
Since 1948, televisions of the "KVN-49" series have been produced, distinctive feature which was the presence of a glass lens in front of the screen that magnified the image.
In 1957, the number of televisions in the USSR exceeded 1 million. The most widespread was the television with an unprecedented screen size of 35 cm diagonally (Record, Start). Wealthier families could now afford "Ruby" or "Temp" with a screen size of 43 cm diagonally. "Yantar" (53 cm) began to be produced in small quantities.
The rapid growth of the transmitting and receiving television network began in the mid-1950s. If in 1953 only three television centers were operating, then in 1960 there were already 100 high-power television stations and 170 low-power relay stations, and by the end of 1970 there were up to 300 high-power and about 1000 low-power television stations. On November 4, 1967, the All-Union Radio and Television Transmitting Station of the USSR Ministry of Communications came into operation.
Since the spring of 1954, in Leningrad, an experimental “Rainbow” television receiver was produced in small quantities for experiments on the introduction of color television. It was an electronic TV for reception black and white image with mechanical production of color by means of a motor synchronous with the transmission center rotation with light filters of red, blue and green colors, combined on a disk with an electric motor and installed in front of the screen inside the device. Special screenings were organized in Moscow to demonstrate the capabilities of color television in specially created studios. But in 1956, these experiments were completed as unpromising.
In January 1960, the first transmission of color television took place in Leningrad from the experimental station of the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute of Communications.
In March 1965, an agreement was signed between the USSR and France on cooperation in the field of color television based on the SECAM system. On June 26, 1966, it was decided to select the joint Soviet-French color television system SECAM-111 for implementation in the USSR. First transmissions joint system began in Moscow on October 1, 1967, and the release of the first batch of color televisions was timed to coincide with the same time.
On November 7, 1967 - on the day of the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution - the first color television broadcast of the festive parade took place on Red Square.
By 1970, television receivers with a 59 cm diagonal screen were produced in huge quantities (Berezka, Cascade, Rubin, Tauras, Temp, Photon, Chaika, Electron), and a portable model capable of running on battery power - "Yunost-2".
In the late 1980s - early 1990s. In the USSR, 11 million television sets and 6.5 million color picture tubes were produced annually.
In 2006, the production volume of televisions in the Russian Federation amounted to 4.4 million units, having decreased by 29.9% compared to 2005.
Black and white TVs made in the USSR:
1. "B-2" (Leningrad plant named after Kozitsky, 1934).
2. "TK-1" (1938).
3. "Moskvich T-1" (Moscow Radio Plant, 1947).
5. "Avangard-55" (Leningrad plant named after Kozitsky, 1955).
6. “Record” (Alexandrovsky, Baku and Voronezh radio plants, 1956).
7. "Rubin" (Moscow Television Plant, 1956).
8. "Youth-2" (Moscow Radio Engineering Plant, 1969).
9. "Foton-234-1" (Simferopol TV Plant named after the 50th anniversary of the USSR, 1988).
Color TVs produced in the USSR and the Russian Federation:
1. "Rainbow" (Leningrad plant named after Kozitsky, 1954).
2. "Rubin 51ТЦ-405Д" (Moscow Production Association "Rubin", 1986).
3. "Horizon 51TC-404D" (Minsk Production Association "Horizon", 1987).
4. "Electron 61TC-451D" (Lvov NPO "Electron", 1990).
5. "Rubin 37S20DVD" (JSC "Moscow Television Plant "Rubin").
The first experiment in television transmission was carried out on May 22, 1911 by Boris Lvovich Rosing, he managed to transfer the picture to the screen of the kinescope he invented. But another 17 years passed before Rosing’s student, the talented Russian engineer Vladimir Zvorykin, who was forced to go abroad, created the first mechanically scanned television in the United States. Production of TVs with cathode ray tube was started in the USA only in 1939.
The Soviet Union did not lag behind other countries in the field of creating television equipment. Already in 1932, industrial production of the B-2 television, developed by engineer A.Ya., began. Breitbart. By modern standards, it was a rather primitive optical-mechanical device with a screen measuring 3 by 4 cm. The first Soviet television was not even an independent device, but was an attachment to a radio receiver.
The production of the first electronic televisions in the USSR began in 1938 - that is, a year earlier than in the USA. The TV was called "ATP-1", the design used nine vacuum tubes. For those times, its design turned out to be very successful, the image quality was very high. The designers also developed a more advanced model, but its release was prevented by the war.
After the war it was developed and put into production in 1949 new model TV "KVN-49", which can be considered the first mass-produced Soviet TV. The screen size was 10.5 by 14 cm, the TV could receive three channels. To increase the size of the image, a special hollow plastic lens was used that was filled with water. It was placed in front of the screen, it could be moved back and forth, achieving high-quality image. In total, about two million of these televisions were produced; for many Soviet people, it was the “KVN-49” that became the first television receiver in their lives.
Since the 50s, many TV models were produced in the USSR, but they were all black and white. Soviet designers actively worked on the transition to color television, and in 1967 the first domestic color televisions, Record-101, Raduga-403 and Rubin-401, went on sale. A little later, large quantities of 700 series TVs began to be produced, which became very widespread. The first models had a screen with a diagonal of 59 cm, a little later the screen size increased to 61 cm.
It was these color TVs, along with the black and white models that continued to be produced, that made up the main stock of television equipment in the 70s.
Sources:
- what year did television appear?
- History of television development
Since ancient times, fairy tales of different peoples of the world have mentioned magical objects, with the help of which one could not only see what was happening somewhere in the distance, but also transfer one’s image there. But only in the 20th century a device appeared, called a “TV” (that is, “far-seeing”), which truly brought the fairy tale to life. How was it invented?
Instructions
In order to be able to transmit an image over a long distance, it is necessary to convert the optical signal into an electrical one. This conversion is based on a phenomenon called the photoelectric effect. This phenomenon was discovered (albeit without being able to explain it, since the concept of “electron” did not exist at that time) by the German Hertz at the end of the 19th century.
The first films in the history of cinema
The world's first movie, “Scenes in Roundhay Garden,” was filmed in England in 1888, directed by the Frenchman Louis le Prince, and used for filming. new entry on a special film made of paper. The first one lasted about 1.66 seconds.
The first film to become famous was “The Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat Station” by the Lumière brothers. The documentary short film was filmed in 1895. According to those that have survived, the effect of watching the world's first film was truly stunning. Viewers jumped out of their seats, not expecting to see on the screen an image of a moving train and people on the platforms. It is noteworthy that it moves in perspective, and when photographing people, a general, close-up and medium plan were already used.
Soon after Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat Station, other directors rushed to make similar films in train stations around the world.
The first trends indicating the imminent emergence of feature films appear in another film by the Lumiere brothers, “The Watered Waterman.” The short duration of the first films was due to the technical imperfection of the equipment for creating films, but by the beginning of the 1900s, the length of the films gradually increased to 20 minutes.
The first film with sound was “Singer”
Even though a TV is not a luxury item, you need to remember when and by whom it was invented. Appearance modern device we owe it to scientists around the world. Thanks to them, this device has become a familiar thing in every home.
The creation of television was preceded by the following important discoveries:
- Physicist Huygens discovered the theory of light waves.
- Scientist Maxwell proved the existence electromagnetic waves.
- Experiments with television systems began when the scientist Smith discovered the possibility of changing electrical resistance.
- Alexander Stoletov demonstrated the effect of light on electricity. He developed an "electric eye" - a similarity to today's photocells.
Along with these studies, scientists around the world studied the effect of light on the chemical composition of elements and discovered the photoelectric effect. People learned that they can see an image using electromagnetic waves, and also that this picture is transmitted. By that time, radio had already been invented.
When talking about who invented the first television, it is impossible to name just one name, because many people participated in the development and evolution of television. The history of receivers transmitting sound and image begins with the creation of a Nipkow disk, which scans a picture line by line. It was invented by German technician Paul Nipkow.
Karl Brown developed the very first kinescope and called it the “Brown Tube.” However, this invention was not immediately patented and used to transmit images. Several years passed before viewers saw a television receiver whose screen height and width were 3 cm, and the frame rate was ten per second.
British engineer John Lougie Baird invented a mechanical receiver that operates without sound. Although the picture was quite clear. Later, the scientist created the Baird company, which for a long time produced televisions on the market in the absence of competition.
Who is considered the creator of television?
The first television was created thanks to Boris Rosing. Using a cathode ray tube, he received a televised image of dots and figures. This was a big step forward, which allowed the first electronic television receiver to appear. The beam was scanned in the tube using magnetic fields, and the brightness was regulated by a capacitor.
The physicist’s work was continued by his student Vladimir Zvorykin, who patented the invented television in 1932. electronic technology. It is generally accepted that he created the first television.
The famous engineer was born in the Vladimir province. He studied in Russia, but later emigrated to the USA. Zvorykin opened the first electronic television station in the capital, concluding an agreement with RCA. He owns more than a hundred patents for various inventions, the scientist has great amount awards He died at the end of the 20th century, after his death the documentary film “Zvorykin-Muromets” was shot.
Today in Moscow and Murom you can see memorials in honor of the “father of television”. One of the streets in the city of Gusev and an award for achievements in the television field are named after him.
The appearance of television in the USSR
The earliest experience of television broadcasting in the Soviet Union took place in April 1931. Initially, viewings were carried out collectively in certain places; television receivers began to appear in each family later. The first TV set created on Nipkov's disk was produced by the Leningrad plant "Comintern". The device looked like a set-top box with a 4 by 3 cm screen and was connected to a radio receiver. Inventors in the Soviet Union began to assemble mechanical models of devices on their own, and the first televisions appeared in homes. Instructions for assembling such televisions in the USSR were published in the magazine Radiofront.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the first broadcasts of the program with sound appeared. For a long time there was only one channel - the First. During the Second World War, the channel's operation was interrupted. After the end of the war, electronic television appeared, and soon the Second Channel began broadcasting.
Creating a color TV
Not everyone knows when the first color televisions appeared, which have been in every family for a long time. Attempts to create a device with a color screen were made back in the days mechanical devices broadcasting. Hovhannes Adamyan first presented his research in this area; he patented a two-color device for transmitting signals at the beginning of the 20th century.
If we talk about when the color receiver was invented, we should note the work of John Lowey Baird. In 1928, he assembled a receiver that alternately transmitted images using a three-color light filter. He is rightfully considered the creator of color television.
The world's first television with a full color screen was invented by Americans in the mid-20th century. These devices were manufactured by RCA. Even then they could be freely purchased on credit. In the Soviet Union, color television was introduced a little later, despite the fact that development of the device began under Zvorykin. It was Rubin, which later became a mass TV.
There is no clear answer to the question “who created the television receiver”. However, based on prevailing views and available facts, Vladimir Zvorykin is considered to be the founder of television. If we talk about what year it was TV was invented, it is generally accepted that 1923 was the year when Zworykin applied for a television patent.
Today TV is part of our life and the norm, new models of devices are being created that are absolutely different from the first televisions. Their screens measure tens of centimeters. The quality of broadcasting has increased greatly and has become digital. Over the past 20 years, television has come a long way and will certainly continue to evolve. And for all this we need to say thanks to the one who invented television.
When was it created
first TV?
The date that has gone down in history is March 25, 1954. On this day, the American company Radio Corporation of America (RCA) began producing the world's first color television receivers. They were called CT-100. The CT-100 had a 12-inch screen and cost $1,000! Only about five thousand CT-100 color TVs were produced.
The appearance of the new product was preceded by years of hard work by an entire development team, which took place in RCA laboratories from the early forties to the mid-fifties. At that time, the idea of color television was perceived as science fiction, far from being realized.
The Americans didn't stop there. Active work began to promote color television. A division of RCA, NBC, following the work of the American television company CBS, began to develop and promote its ideas for a “color” experiment.
And the result was not long in coming! Ten years later he began broadcasting regularly in America. TV channel Peacock Network and “color” television programs amounted to up to forty hours a week.
What happened in the USSR?
A very interesting quote from the newspaper: “Tomorrow, for the first time in the USSR, an experimental television transmission (far vision) will be carried out.” © Pravda 1931.
Only a year has passed. The Leningrad plant "Comintern" began producing the first Soviet televisions. May 10, 1932 can rightfully be called an epoch-making date in the history of development Soviet television. Then the first twenty television receivers were released.
What was the name of the first television?
The device was called a “TV for an individual user.” The development was carried out by the talented Leningrad engineer A.Ya. Breitbart. What was the first Soviet TV? It was a TV set-top box for a radio receiver, with small dimensions. Between 1933 and 1936, the USSR produced more than three thousand optical-mechanical televisions. They had a screen size of three by four centimeters (!) and were called the “B-2” brand. This was the first serial TV produced in the USSR.
Television programs began broadcasting in the USSR in 1939. But they bore little resemblance to modern television programs. So far it has been experimental television. The broadcasts were carried out using radio stations. The broadcast was not regular, there was not even a schedule.
The “B-2” brand television had a mechanical scanning unit with a Nipkow disk, a radio image treatise based on the “ECHS-2” radio receiver and a synchronization unit. The sound was received on another receiver - "ECHS-2", which was produced by the MosElectric plant since 1932. The sound was reproduced using a loudspeaker-plate of the Zarya type (Kalinin plant in Moscow). Image and sound could be received at different frequencies in the medium wave range. Another wavelength range could have been used. The image had an orange tint because the source was a neon lamp. The visible part of the screen with a magnifying lens had a size of 30 by 40 mm. The TV was equipped with frequency tuning and synchronization generator adjustment. The body was made from an oak box. The box had three control handles and a viewing window on the front side. Dimensions 215 by 220 by 165 mm. The weight of the TV with receiver lamps was 3.5 kilograms.
Programs could be received using homemade receivers. They were made by folk “Kulibins”. Interestingly, the signals had good power, and they could be caught quite long distances. Kiev residents caught transmissions from London! The image then was poor, and it was difficult to see anything.
TV receiver TK-1
Later, the plant began producing television receivers, which were called TK-1. These devices began to be produced under an American license, and TVs of the VRK brand also began to be produced.
It was necessary to develop a device, a version of which would be widespread. The work of the team at the Leningrad Radist plant yielded results. This is how the TV receiver brand 17 TN-1 appeared, having a diameter of seventeen centimeters. It was a great achievement.
Just before the Great Patriotic War, the Aleksandrovsky Radio Plant produced an ATP-1 TV. This TV was far superior to American RCA in all respects.
The war stopped development, and only in 1949 a new round in the production of televisions began. Then the legendary KVN-49 was released. Real, black and white. This was a real breakthrough because television became accessible to everyone. By the early 60s, few people had televisions, and this was considered very prestigious.
But things went well! A new era was ahead - the era of television.
TV "KVN-49"
The most popular and mass TV"KVN-49", which had as many as three programs, but only two were used. Programs could be switched with a special switch located behind the rear wall. The screen size was 18cm. Interestingly, a lens filled with distilled water was used to enlarge the image!
In 1951, a television equipment plant was created (Moscow), which is now called “Rubin”. In 1953, TV “Sever” appeared, then: “Ekran”, “Yantar”, “Topaz” and others. The very first was “Ruby”, with a diagonal of 43 centimeters, which began to be produced in large series in 1956.
Thus, already from the end of the 50s, the USSR began producing electronic televisions for the mass consumer, which were constantly improved.
First color TV
The first color TV in the USSR was the Rubin-401 brand, which began production in 1967. In 1976, Rubin - 714 appeared. It immediately became the most popular. Interestingly, by the end of the 80s, every third family in the USSR had color televisions. Although the color television system was developed by the Russian scientist Zworykin back in 1928, it was only since 1950 that its implementation became possible.
The TV brand "Rubin - 401" had quite high technical specifications. The TV "Rubin 401-1" was designed to receive b/w and color images on a 59LK3Ts kinescope with an image size of 370 by 475 mm in any of the 12 channels of the MV range. The TV had 21 lamps, 15 transistors, 54 diodes. Sensitivity when receiving b/w transmissions along the image and sound paths is 50 µV. Clarity in the center horizontally and vertically - 450 lines. Selectivity over adjacent channels and sound path is 40 dB. Power consumption from the network is 340 W. Weight - 65 kg.
Who invented the first television?
This question is not very simple. And it is impossible to get a definite answer to it.
Because the most important condition, the solid foundation that laid the foundation for the invention, is the advent of radio. It is believed that the inventor of radio is A.S. Popov. People all over the world worked on the radio problem: the Italian Marconi, the American Tesla, the Frenchman Branly, all stand on a par with our brilliant compatriot. The stable radio communication that we have now is the product of the joint thought of everyone talented people on earth who worked in this direction. And if it weren’t for Thomas Edison, there would be no television.
The invention of the first television was preceded by many years of research by scientists in attempts to make the radio signal visible. Mechanical scanning of the radio beam was used. Thus, with the help of a Nipkow disk, the so-called line-by-line reading of the image took place, as well as its line-by-line scanning on the screen. Scotsman John Bird in the late 20s managed to develop a successful television that could work on this principle. At the same time, John Bird founded the world's first television production. Similar television receivers were already being produced in other countries. They confidently occupied a leading position in the market until the 30s.
But the future lay with the cathode ray tube.
Russian professor Boris Rosing, who received a patent back in 1907, was one of the first developers of CRTs in the world. And often, when the question is asked: when was the first television invented, you can hear the answer as a date - 1907, the author is Russian professor Boris Rosing, the developer of the CRT.
Transmitting and receiving devices of the B.L. Rosing system.
Similar television receivers were also invented in other countries.
But another Russian, who was a student of Rosing, made a real revolution in electronic television. This is V.K. Zvorykin, whose name is known to everyone. After the 1917 revolution, the scientist worked in America. And it was the Russian scientist who in 1931 managed to develop a modern television system based on CRT. This made it possible to begin creating simple and high-quality television receivers all over the world.
When the world-famous scientist Paul Nipkow came up with a spiral-shaped disk with holes in 1883, it was a real mechanical television. 14 years passed after the invention of the Nipkow disk and the cathode ray tube was invented - the basis of all tube televisions that appeared subsequently. The idea belonged to Jonathan Zenneck and Ferdinand Brown.
In the USSR, the Leningrad T-2 TV was produced in 1954; it was one of the first tube TVs. Do you remember the sensational film “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears”? It was this TV that was then in Professor Tikhomirov’s apartment. It was a very solid unit, its weight was 50 kilograms!
TV “Leningrad T-2”
The first tube radios began to appear in the 20s. Then tube amplifiers began to be actively used in electric players.
The real heyday of lamp technology was the 50s. It was at this time that radios, record players and the first tube televisions became widespread. But a strong rival has appeared - the transistor, which is a semiconductor amplification device. In the 70s, equipment began to use integrated circuits. One such microcircuit, no larger than a postage stamp, then contained dozens, and later hundreds, of transistors. And now their number has reached millions!
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