The first Windows OS appeared in. History of the development of Windows operating systems
“If you are not happy with something at work, create your own business.
I started a business in a garage. You should only spend time on what interests you."
Bill Gates William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955, Seattle), better known simply as Bill Gates, is an American entrepreneur, co-chairman of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and creator of the Windows operating system. In the period from 1996 to 2007, he was the richest person on the planet according to Forbes magazine. IN this moment his net worth is $58 billion.
This modest, even shy and slightly awkward child dreamed of becoming a mathematics professor and was not at all like his father - a tall, handsome, successful lawyer. Despite his unique abilities in mathematics and logic, Bill Gates did not show the leadership abilities characteristic of his parents. They could not even imagine that their son would become a real shark of world business.
Together with Paul Allen, he founded Microsoft Corporation, leaving the post of chairman of the board of directors in June 2008.
He loves cars, motor boats and playing poker. He is passionate about work to the point of mania, and the passion for competition carries him away more money. He never ate at home because he didn't want to waste time cooking.
Childhood
Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, the son of corporate lawyer William Henry Gates II and board member of First Interstate Bank, Pacific Northwest Bell, and national board member of United Way Mary Maxwell Gates.
Gates attended Seattle's most exclusive school, where he was able to develop his programming skills on the school minicomputer. At school, Gates did not excel in grammar, civics, and other subjects he considered trivial, but he did achieve top marks in mathematics. By the end primary school Gates's bad behavior began to worry his parents and teachers so much that he was referred to a psychiatrist.
University
In 1973, he entered Harvard University, but was expelled after 2 years and immediately began creating software.
Career
In 1975, Gates and Allen founded Micro-Soft, later named Microsoft Corporation.
On January 1, 1994, Gates married Melinda French. They have three children - Jennifer Katharine, Rory John and Phoebe Adele.
In 1994, Gates acquired Codex Leicester, a collection of works by Leonardo da Vinci. Since 2003, this collection has been on display at the Seattle Art Museum.
In 1998, Gates resigned as president of Microsoft Corporation, and in 2000 he left the post of chief executive officer. Steve Ballmer received both positions.
On December 14, 2004, Bill Gates joined the board of Berkshire Hathaway, thus formalizing his relationship with Warren Buffett. Berkshire Hathaway is a conglomerate that includes Geico (automotive insurance), Benjamin Moore (paints), and Fruit of the Loom (textiles). Gates also serves on the board of Icos, a Bothell biotechnology company.
On 2 March 2005, the UK Foreign Office announced that Gates would receive the title of Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his contributions to UK businesses and his efforts to reduce global poverty.
At the end of 2005, Bill Gates and his wife Melinda Gates were named People of the Year by American Time magazine.
June 27, 2008 was Bill Gates' last as Microsoft CEO. Despite this, he is not breaking with the company for good - Gates will remain Chairman of the Board of Directors (but without executive powers), will be involved in special projects, and will also remain the largest (8.7% of Microsoft shares) shareholder of the corporation.
At the end of October 2008, in the city of Kirkland (Washington State, USA), Bill Gates registered his third company called “bgC3”. Unverified sources claim that "bgC3" stands for Bill Gates Company Three. It was announced that this will be a research center whose tasks will include the provision of scientific and technological services, work in the field of analytics and research, as well as the creation and development of software and hardware.
In 1995, Bill Gates wrote the book “The Road to the Future,” in which he outlined his views on the direction in which society is moving in connection with the development of information technology. In 1996, when Microsoft was refocused on Internet technologies, Gates made significant adjustments to the book.
In 1999, Bill Gates wrote a book, Business @ the Speed of Thought, which shows how information Technology can solve business problems in a completely new way. Of particular note is the fact that Bill Gates' ideas fit well with the concept of lean manufacturing. In the book, Bill Gates outlined the principles of information lean logistics that he developed, based on the experience of its use at Microsoft Corporation. The peculiarities of the book include the fact that the author was one of the first to propose applying the principles of this new direction in business management for all levels of government, modernization of the education system (pedagogical logistics) and healthcare.
This book has been released in 25 languages and is sold in more than 60 countries. Business at the Speed of Thought received critical acclaim and was featured on the New York Times, America Today, Wall Street Journal, and Amazon.com bestseller lists.
In 1975, Gates and Allen created a company called Microsoft. Like most newly created enterprises, Microsoft begins its history on a small scale, but has a global goal - a computer for every desktop and in every home. Over the next few years, Microsoft begins to change the way society operates.
In June 1980, Gates and Allen hire Steve Ballmer ( Steve Ballmer), with whom Gates attended Harvard University, to help run the company. Next month, IBM is approaching Microsoft about a project code-named Chess. As a result, Microsoft is concentrating its efforts on a new operating system - software that controls the operation of computer hardware and acts as a link between hardware and programs, e.g. word processor. It is a platform on which programs can be executed. The company named its new operating system MS‑DOS.
When the IBM PC personal computer running MS‑DOS was released in 1981, the public was presented with absolutely new language. Typing various fancy commands after “C:” is slowly becoming part of everyday work. Users discover the backslash (\) key.
operating system MS‑DOS has proven to be effective, but difficult for many people to understand. Therefore, a better way to create an operating system is required.
Windows was probably the first operating system that no one ordered from Gates, and he undertook to develop it at his own peril and risk. What's so special about it? Firstly, GUI. At that time only the notorious MacOS. Secondly, multitasking. Of course, some operating systems allowed you to run in the background additional task, but they worked too hard for hemorrhoids. In general, in November 1985 it was released Windows 1.0.
The windows in it did not overlap; on 8086 processors the kernel was terribly buggy due to the obvious lack of optimization for this stone. The main platform was the 286th vehicle. Exactly two years later, in November 1987, it was released Windows 2.0, a year and a half later 2.10 was released. There was nothing special about them, except that the windows learned to overlap.
May 1990, a time of great achievements and overthrows. In short, I left Windows 3.0. What was not there: DOS applications ran in a separate window on full screen, and Copy-Paste worked to exchange data with DOS applications, and Windows itself worked in several memory modes: in real ( basic 640 KB), in protected ( version 80286) and extended ( 80386 ). At the same time, it was possible to run applications whose size exceeds the size of physical memory. There was also dynamic data exchange ( DDE A couple of years later, version Windows 3.1 was released, which no longer included hemorrhoids with basic memory ( If anyone launched old games, they remember how they required either 560 kB or some more, although the RAM could have been 16 MB). A newfangled gadget was also introduced that supports True Type fonts. Secured normal operation on the local network. Drag&Drop appeared ( moving files and directories with the mouse). OLE appeared ( Object Linking & Embedding). IN Windows versions 3.11 network support was improved and several more minor features were introduced. Windows was released at the same time NT 3.5, which at that time was a collection of basic networking gadgets taken from OS/2.
In June 1995, the entire computer community was excited by Microsoft's announcement of the release in August of a new operating system, significantly different from Windows 3.11, but at the same time following the canons of MS - windows and more windows. August 24th – official release date Windows-95 (other names: Windows 4.0, Windows Chicago). Now it wasn't easy operating environment- it was a full-fledged operating system that did not require a disk operating system to boot. The 32-bit kernel made it possible to improve access to files and network features. 32-bit applications were better protected from each other's errors, and there was support for multi-user mode on one computer with one system. There are many differences in the interface, a lot of settings and improvements “for the user” - just the Start button, which has become a byword, is worth it...
There was also an update specifically for Windows 3.1x - OSR1, which was not installed from DOS, but simply upgraded the “three-elevens”. By the way, the package included the so-called DOS 7.0, which, unfortunately, had strong differences from DOS 6.22 and, alas, not for the better.
In 1996 it was published Windows-95 OSR2 ( if I'm not mistaken, this stands for Open Service Release). The distribution included Internet Explorer 3.0 and some ancient version of Outlook ( then simply called Exchange). The main features include FAT32 support, an improved hardware and driver initializer. Some settings (including video) can be changed without rebooting. There was also built-in DOS 7.10 with FAT32 support
Blackcomb.
Code name Blackcomb belonged to Windows NT 6.0, the operating system that was planned to be the next after Windows XP. Blackcomb was intended to be the successor to this OS for both desktop and server workstations. At the end of 2001, Blackcomb was scheduled for release in 2005, and in August 2002 it was announced that Windows Longhorn would be an interim version, which would be an update Windows kernels NT 5.x.
During development Windows Longhorn some Blackcomb features were added to it and assigned the number 6.0. Blackcomb has been surrounded by confusion, with some reports suggesting that marketing plans have been heavily revised and that it should be a Windows 6.x server OS, but with improvements.
In January 2006, Microsoft announced that the new client OS would be Vienna, which was scheduled for release in 2010.
In March 2006 it became known that the heiress Windows Vista will be Fiji, which was scheduled for release in 2008.
In 2008, as a result of complaints from Fijians that the new OS would be named after their country, new information about Fiji became known. According to Fijians, Ben Green said Fiji will add new TV formats, support for interactive services and user interface improvements for Windows Media Center. It is likely included in Windows composition 7 program Windows Media Center has already added changes that should have been in Fiji.
Windows 7
Windows 7- operating system Windows family NT, the successor to Windows Vista. In the Windows NT line, the system has version number 6.1 (Windows 2000 - 5.0, Windows XP - 5.1, Windows Server 2003 - 5.2, Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 - 6.0). The server version is Windows Server 2008 R2, the version for integrated systems is Windows Embedded Standard 2011 (Quebec), the mobile version is Windows Embedded Compact 2011 (Chelan, Windows CE 7.0)
The operating system went on sale on October 22, 2009, less than three years after the release of the previous operating system, Windows Vista. Partners and clients with a Volume Licensing license were granted access to RTM on July 24, 2009. Final (copy from discs that later went on sale) pirated version was available to everyone from the first days of August 2009.
Windows 7 includes some developments that were excluded from Windows Vista, as well as innovations in the interface and built-in programs. The games Inkball and Ultimate Extras were excluded from Windows 7; applications that have analogues in Windows Live ( Windows Mail, Windows Calendar, etc..), Microsoft Agent technology, Windows Meeting Space; The option to return to the Start menu has disappeared. classic menu and automatic docking of browser and email client.
On July 24, 2007, Microsoft officially changed the code name Vienna on Windows 7. The number of Windows 7 in the NT line in which it will be located is 6.1 ( at one time, systems of this family received the numbers: Windows 2000 - 5.0, Windows XP - 5.1, Windows Server 2003 - 5.2, Windows Vista - 6.0, Windows Server 2008 - 6.0).
On October 13, 2008, Microsoft Vice President Mike Nash announced that the code Windows name 7 and will become the official name of the new version. Initial edition ( Windows 7 Starter) will be distributed exclusively with new computers, it will not include functional parts for playing H.264, AAC, MPEG-2.
Basics of the Microsoft Windows operating system. History of development, types of operating systems. Basic concepts of Windows, file structure. Windows Help System. Windows operating system management. Work with documents. Universal technological operations in the Windows environment
operating system is a set of programs that provide control over the operation of the computer and its interaction with the user.
From a human perspective, the operating system serves as an intermediary between humans, the computer's electronic components, and application programs. It allows a person to run programs, transfer to them and receive all kinds of data from them, control the operation of programs, change the parameters of the computer and devices connected to it, and redistribute resources. Working on a computer is actually working with its operating system. If you install only an operating system (OS) on your computer, you won’t be able to do anything meaningful on the computer either. To enter and format texts, draw graphs, calculate salaries or listen to a laser disc, special application programs are needed. But even without an OS, it is impossible to run any application program.
The operating system solves problems that can be divided into two categories:
· firstly, management of all computer resources;
· secondly, the exchange of data between computer devices, between a computer and a person.
In addition, it is the OS that provides the ability to individually configure a computer: the OS determines what components the computer on which it is installed is assembled from and configures itself to work with these components.
Not so long ago, the user had to perform setup work manually, but today manufacturers of computer components have developed plug-and-play protocol(turned it on - it worked). This protocol allows the operating system, at the time of connecting a new component, to obtain information about the new device sufficient to configure the OS to work with it.
PC operating systems differ in several ways. In particular, OSs are:
· single-tasking And multitasking;
· single-user And multi-user;
· network And non-network.
In addition, the operating system may have a command interface or a graphical multi-window interface (or both).
Single-tasking operating systems allow you to solve only one task at a time. Such systems usually allow you to run one program in main mode.
Multitasking systems allow you to run several programs simultaneously that will work in parallel.
The main difference multi-user systems from single-user is the availability of means to protect each user’s information from unauthorized access by other users. It should be noted that not every multitasking system is multi-user, and not every single-user OS is single-tasking.
In recent years, a graphical multi-window interface has become the de facto standard, where the required actions and descriptions of objects are not entered in the form of text, but are selected from menus, file lists, etc.
To replace the MS DOS operating system with its graphical Windows shells 3.1 and Windows 3.11 came full-fledged operating systems of the Windows family (first Windows 95, then Windows 98, Windows Millennium, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7). The figure shows the stages of development personal computers PC class and Windows operating system:
Operating systems family Windows is a 32-bit operating system that provides multitasking and multi-threaded application processing. They support convenient graphic user interface, ability to work in protected mode, compatibility with programs real mode and networking capabilities. Windows includes Plug and Play hardware support, long filenames, and improved robustness.
32-bit means that operations on 32-bit data are faster here than on 16-bit data. 32-bit Windows applications run in their own address space, which is not accessible to other programs. This protects applications from each other's errors. If one application fails, the other continues to function normally. A failed application can be terminated.
Multitasking provides the ability to work in parallel with several applications. While one of them is busy, for example, printing a document on a printer or receiving email from Internet networks, another can recalculate a spreadsheet or do other useful work.
Multithreading allows applications designed in a specific way to simultaneously run multiple processes of their own. For example, when working with a multi-threaded spreadsheet, the user will be able to recalculate in one table while printing another and loading a third into memory. While one thread is waiting, for example, to complete a communication operation with a slow peripheral device, the other can continue to do its work.
A distinctive feature of Windows is its object-oriented approach to system design. At the user level, the object approach is expressed in the fact that the interface is a semblance of the real world, and working with the machine is reduced to actions with familiar objects. Thus, folders can be opened, put in a briefcase, documents can be viewed, corrected, moved from one place to another, thrown into the trash, a fax or letter can be sent to the recipient, etc. The user works with tasks and applications in the same way as with documents on his desk. The object-oriented approach is implemented through the model worker table– primary Windows object. After Windows boots, it is displayed on the screen. Various objects can be located on the desktop: programs, folders with documents (texts, pictures, tables), shortcuts to programs or folders.
Shortcuts provide access to a program or document from multiple locations without creating multiple physical copies of the file. On the desktop you can place not only icons of applications and individual documents, but also folders. Folders are another name for directories.
A significant innovation in Windows was panel tasks. Despite its small functionality, it makes the multitasking mechanism clear and greatly speeds up the process of switching between applications. Externally, the taskbar is a strip, usually located at the bottom of the screen, which contains application buttons and the Start button. On the right side there is usually a clock and small icons of programs that are currently active.
Windows allows you to work with audio and video files of various formats. A significant achievement of Windows was its built-in computer communications programs. Windows communications tools are designed for ordinary users and do not require special knowledge. These tools include the ability to work in local networks and wide area networks, setting up modems, connecting to email, and much more.
In the Windows operating system, the mouse is widely used when working with windows and applications. Typically, the mouse is used to select pieces of text or graphic objects, check and uncheck boxes, select menu commands, select toolbar buttons, manipulate controls in dialogs, and “scroll” documents in windows.
In Windows, the right mouse button is also actively used. By placing the pointer over the object of interest and right-clicking, you can expand contextual menu, containing the most common commands applicable to this object.
When shutting down, you cannot simply turn off the computer without shutting down the system properly - this may lead to the loss of some unsaved data. To properly shut down, it is necessary to save data in all applications that the user was working with, shut down all previously running DOS applications, open the “Start” button menu and select the “Shut Down” command.
reference systemWindows
Modern software is highly complex, which is why both the operating system and most of its applications provide help systems. reference systemWindows is not only a set of help files, but also a powerful tool for obtaining advice and support for any problems that may arise while working with the system.
Ways to obtain help
Main menu
The main Windows directory is called from the Main Menu with the command Start Help and Support.
F1 key
Key
If a dialog box is open, pressing the key
Help in dialog boxes
When working with dialog box controls, you often need quick, short help. This opportunity is provided by a special hint button. , located in the title bar next to the close button. After clicking on the tooltip button, you need to move the mouse pointer over the control of interest and click the left button. A tooltip will appear that describes the purpose of this element.
Context hint
Explanations about the elements dialog boxes can be obtained in another way. You need to click on the element right mouse key. In this case, either a tooltip will immediately appear, or a context menu with a single item “What is this?” Left-clicking on these words will bring up context-sensitive help. Sometimes it is enough to point at an element with the mouse for a tooltip to appear.
Help in applications
In the menu bar of almost all Windows programs there is an item Reference(sometimes represented simply by a question mark). Using this item, you can open the main help window, as well as get help information about the program.
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Introduction
A modern operating system is a complex complex software, providing the user not only with standardized input/output of information and program management, but also simplifying work with the computer. Software interface operating systems allows you to reduce the size specific program, simplify its work with all components of the computing system.
It is known that operating systems acquired a modern look during the development of the third generation computers, that is, from the mid-60s to 1980. At this time, a significant increase in processor efficiency was achieved through the implementation of multitasking.
The Windows operating system is the most common operating system, and for most users it is the most suitable due to its simplicity, good interface, acceptable performance and huge amount application programs for her.
Windows systems have passed difficult path from primitive graphical shells to completely modern operating systems. Microsoft began developing an interface manager (Interface Manager, later Microsoft Windows) in September 1981. Although the first prototypes were based on the so-called Multiplan and Word-like menus, in 1982 the interface elements were successfully changed to pull-down menus and dialog boxes.
The purpose of this work: to briefly review the history of the development of operating rooms Microsoft systems Windows.
1. Short story development of operational Windows systems
Currently, the most widely used graphical operating systems are the Windows family of Microsoft Corporation. In 2005, the Windows family celebrated its twentieth anniversary. They are constantly improving, so each a new version It has additional features. The first version of this operating system is Windows 1.0was released in November 1985. Windows 1.0 could do very little and was more of a graphical shell for MS-DOS, but this system allowed the user to run several programs ramm at the same time. The main inconvenience when working with Windows 1.0 was that open windows could not overlap each other (to increase the size of one window, it was necessary to reduce the size of the one next to it). Also, too few programs were written for Windows 1.0, so this system has not received widespread use. Windows 3.1(1992), Windows for Workgroups 3.11(1993) are graphic films that were popular in the past operating shells, running the MS DOS operating system and using the built-in functions and procedures of this OS at the lower level. These are object-oriented applications based on a hierarchically organized window system. Windows NT(1993) is a multi-user and scalable network operating system for personal computers that supports a client-server architecture and includes its own security system. It can interact with various operating systems from both Microsoft and other companies (for example, MacOS or UNIX) installed on single-processor and multiprocessor computers built on the basis of CISC or RISC technologies. Windows 95is a multitasking and multi-threaded 32-bit operating system with a graphical interface. The system fully supports 16-bit applications created for MS DOS. This is an integrated multimedia environment for exchanging text, graphics, audio and other information. Windows 98was a logical development of Windows 95 towards greater computer performance without adding new hardware to it. The system includes a number of programs, the combined use of which increases computer performance and allows more efficient use of Internet web resources through the use of new multimedia capabilities of operating systems. Windows 2000is a next-generation network operating system equipped with advanced multi-processing capabilities and effective protection information. Implemented function working with files in offline mode allows you to select network files into folders for subsequent work with them, without connecting to the network, which provides additional opportunities for mobile users. This is the operating system which has a number of additional features and advantages compared to the previous version of Windows 98. The system has expanded multimedia capabilities and improved means of accessing the Internet. The OS also supports newest types equipment and has a significantly improved help system. Windows XP(2001) was a step by Microsoft Corporation towards the integration of the Windows ME user OS and Windows 2000 OS networks. As a result of such integration, their strengths one of the best operating systems was obtained, which acquired a new user interface that greatly simplifies the use of a personal computer for various purposes, including management local networks. Two different versions of this OS have been developed: for home users (Windows XP Home Edition) and corporate users (Windows XP Professional). Windows Vista(2007) is the latest operating system (has kernel version 6.0). Unlike previous versions Vista comes on DVD due to its increased complexity and new "sophisticated" interface (Aero). In addition, each disc contains all five of its modifications: Home Basic, Home Premium, Enterprise and Ultimat. In the next chapter we will look at each operating system in more detail. 2. Characteristics of Windows operating systems Windows NT -It is Microsoft's first networked, multi-threaded graphics operating system to include tamper protection. The OS itself operates in privileged mode (kernel mode), while protected subsystems and application programs operate in non-privileged (user) mode. In kernel mode, all system areas are accessible and all machine commands are allowed to execute. In user mode, some commands are prohibited and system memory areas are inaccessible. The Windows NT network operating system is implemented on the basis of a client-server architecture, when each of the application programs accesses the service functions of the system through calls to local procedures. The system services these requests and returns the results of their requests to clients. Windows NT fully supports 16-bit programs (designed for DOS) that run as separate processes on virtual machines in shared memory space. .2 Operating system Windows 95
Windows 95-This is Microsoft's first full-fledged graphical operating system that does not require the presence of any other OS (for example, MS DOS) on the computer. This OS provides the ability to work with email and network files, provides support external devices, sound and video equipment, laptop computers. Plug & Play included with Windows 95 (Plug and Play) greatly simplifies the process of changing and configuring PC hardware. The system contains drivers for most of the most well-known hardware, automatically installs and configures them. In addition, the user has visual control over the operation of the personal computer. In Windows 95, searching for documents has been greatly simplified. If earlier, in order to find a lost file, you needed to know its location and name, now it is enough to remember only a few words contained in it, and the OS itself will find files containing such words. .3 Operating system Windows 98
Windows 98represents the second generation of user operating systems from Microsoft Corporation. Active Desktop (active desktop) -
a new OS component that allows you to view any web pages as “wallpaper” directly on the Windows desktop. At the same time, they can be automatically updated according to a schedule. The display settings have also been optimized; it is now possible to change screen resolutions and color depths without rebooting. Among the standard Windows component 98 includes the TV Viewer application, which allows you to view television channels if you have the appropriate hardware (TV Tuner). A computer running TV Viewer can receive cable and satellite TV broadcasts, as well as work with data distributed over the Internet. For users mobile computers Windows 98 includes support for special PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) expansion cards, which allow you to connect additional devices to your laptop. 2.4 Windows 2000 operating system
Windows 2000 -a hybrid operating system that combines the advantages of two families: Windows NT and Windows 98. Their equal support provides Windows 2000 with the ability to interact with earlier versions of Windows. Deleted in Windows 2000 forced reboot systems in most cases. It is now possible to adapt the main Start menu to the user's work habits, displaying frequently used applications. Windows 2000 has major security improvements. The security system includes components to verify the user who gains access to any objects (shared files and printers) and the actions that he can perform on these objects. The system prevents overwriting and deleting the main system files, thereby maintaining the functionality of the system. IP Security (IPSec) support helps protect data transmitted over the network. The IPSec tool is important part security systems for virtual private networks (Virtual Private Network - VPN), allowing organizations to securely transfer data over the Internet. Support for dynamic HTNL and XNL (eXtended Markup Language) gives developers greater flexibility while reducing development time. .5 Windows ME operating system
Windows ME (Millennium Edition)is a significantly improved version of the Windows 98 operating system in terms of adding entertainment, multimedia and networking opportunities.
Windows ME allows you to work with digital photos: upload pictures from digital cameras and scanners, edit them without using third-party programs, create slide movies and screensavers from your photos. Windows ME supports the latest types of hardware: five-button mouse, broadband modems with USB interface and etc. Windows ME has improved the Internet Sharing setup tool. .6 Operating system Windows XP
Windows XP(eXPerience -experience) is Microsoft's latest operating system for users, which was released back on October 25, 2001. The new operating system is based on the kernel used in Windows 2000 and Windows NT, which has a number of advantages: efficient and flexible operating system technology that includes the benefits of multitasking, fault tolerance and security system memory, thanks to which problems that arise during operation are prevented and eliminated and system stability is maintained; the ability to restore the work done by the user in many cases where the program crashed before the corresponding document was saved; System memory protection helps prevent programs written with errors from affecting the stability of the computer; When installing new software, in most cases you will not need to restart Windows XP, as was necessary in older earlier versions Windows. The operating system was developed in three versions that meet almost any needs of personal computer users used at work or at home. Windows XP Home Editionis the best platform for working with digital multimedia materials and the best choice for home computer users and computer game enthusiasts. Windows XP Professionalhas almost all the advantages of Windows XP Home Edition. In addition, it includes additional features remote access, security, performance and management, and multilingual support, making it an excellent operating system for organizations with mixed language environments and for users looking to get the most out of their computer. Windows XP 64-bit Editionfor specialized technical workstations whose users require the highest levels of performance and scalability. .7 Windows Vista operating system
The final (6000th) build of the new Windows Vista operating system reached the end consumer on January 30, 2007. Unlike previous versions, it is supplied on DVD media for two reasons: increased complexity and sophisticated interface of the new operating system; Each disk contains all its modifications (from Home Basic to Ultimate for 32- and 64-bit processors). Microsoft has developed five versions of the Windows Vista operating system for different market segments: Home Basicis positioned as an operating system “for housewives”. Maximum supported memory is limited to 8 GB, and does not support multiprocessing, multi-core, or the new GUI Aero.In addition, some utilities and options related to system and network maintenance that are not particularly important in a household are missing. Home Premium- a more advanced version in which these limitations are partially eliminated. It still does not fully support two cores, but it allows you to “see” memory up to 16 GB in order for the interface to feel good Aero.
Business- version for installation at the workplace, similar to Home Basic, but with expanded support for network capabilities and the presence of special service functions (file system encryption, backup and etc). This is a junior version of the operating system with support for multi-cores and RAM up to 128 GB. A newfangled interface has been introduced Aero.
Ultimate- the most full version, eliminating any compromise in both functionality and price. 2.8
Operating system Windows 7
windows operating system microsoft Windows 7- the latest operating system of the Windows NT family to date, following Windows Vista. In the Windows NT line, the system is version 6.1, which was released in its final form on October 22, 2009. Windows 7 includes some developments that were excluded from Windows Vista. 7 has support for multitouch monitors. 7 contains many improvements, as a result of which working on a computer has become even faster, more convenient and more efficient. Effective ways search and manage files, such as jump lists and preview on the improved taskbar, increase the speed of work. Additional advantage of Windows 7 can be considered closer integration with driver manufacturers. Most of them are detected automatically, while in 90% of cases, backward compatibility with Windows Vista drivers is maintained. 7 supports internal folder aliases. For example, the Program Files folder in some localized versions of Windows was translated and displayed with the translated name, but remained in English at the file system level. With Windows 7, you can run many applications previously used in Windows XP in a special Windows XP compatibility mode, and you can easily recover data using backup copies, automatically created in home or corporate network. With a variety of different entertainment features, Windows 7 is a great choice for home and work. In 2012 it is expected emergence of Windows 8 (Windows NT 6.2). The minimum hardware requirements for all operating systems of the Windows family are shown in Table 1. Table 1 - Hardware requirements of operating systems of the Windows family Windows versionMinimum requirementsCPURAN, MBHDD, MBAdditionalWindows 95Intel 386DX8 (16)30…70CD-ROM, VGA Windows NTIntel 48616 (32)100CD-ROM, VGA Windows 98Intel 486 / 66MHz16 (32)110…300CD-ROM, VGA Windows 2000Pentium / 133MHz32 (64)650CD/DVD-ROM, VGA Windows MEPentium / 150MHz32 (64)200…500CD/DVD-ROM, VGA Windows XPCeleron /233MHz64(128)1500CD/DVD-ROM,SVGA Windows VistaPentium III / 800MHz512 (1024)15000DVD-ROM, SVGA Windows Ready Boostallows you to use a flash drive as additional source RAM, which should provide higher system performance. Windows Super Fetchdeals with efficient memory management, which allows you to quickly access data. Conclusion
So, in this work we examined the most important stages of creating operating systems of the Windows family. An operating system is a set of programs that allow you to manage the resources (RAM, hard drive, processor, peripherals) of a computer. Without an operating system, it is impossible to run any application program, for example, a text editor. Therefore, the OS is the base for which various applications are developed. It is the most common operating system, and for most users it is the most suitable due to its simplicity, good interface, acceptable performance and a huge number of application programs for it. The Windows OS is designed in a very logical and uniform way, with almost all programs using the same basic operations, which are always performed in the same way. Microsoft operating systems can be divided into groups: MS-DOS and MS-DOS+Windows 3.1; T.N. consumer versions of Windows (Windows 95/98/Me); Bibliography
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