Mainly modular principle of PC construction presentation. Presentation on computer science "backbone - modular principle of computer construction"

Getting to know the computer

Backbone-modular principle of computer construction

Data and programs

Information presented in digital form and processed on a computer is called data .

The sequence of commands that a computer executes while processing data is called program .

Processing data on a computer

• The user launches a program stored in long-term memory, it is loaded into operational memory and begins to execute.
• Execution: The processor reads the instructions and executes them. The necessary data is loaded into RAM from long-term memory or entered using input devices.
• The output (received) data is written by the processor to the operational or long-term memory, and are also provided to the user using information output devices.

Backbone-modular computer device

CPU Data processing

RAM Data and program storage

Data bus

Highway

Address bus

Control bus

Network devices

Long-term memory Storage of data and programs

Input Devices Data Entry

Output devices Data output

Highway

Highway(system bus) includes:

• Data bus;
• Address bus;
• Control bus .

Simplified, the system bus can be represented as a group of cables and electrical (current-carrying) lines on system board.

Data bus

This bus transfers data between various devices. For example, data read from RAM may be sent to the processor for processing and then sent back for storage.

The data bus width is determined by the processor, i.e. the number of binary bits that can be processed by the processor simultaneously.

Address bus

The choice of the device or memory cell to which data is sent or from which data is read via the data bus is made by the processor. Each device or memory cell has its own address. The address is passed along the address bus from the processor to memory or devices.

The address bus width determines the amount of addressable memory.

Control bus

The control bus transmits signals that determine the nature of information exchange along the highway. The signals indicate what operation - reading or writing information - needs to be performed, synchronize data exchange, etc.

Modular principle

The modular principle allows the consumer to assemble the computer configuration he needs and, if necessary, upgrade it.

Modular organization relies on the backbone (bus) principle of information exchange between devices.

Slide 1

The backbone-modular principle of building a computer Introduction to computers Computer science at school www.klyaksa.net

Slide 2

Data and Programs Information presented in digital form and processed on a computer is called data. The sequence of commands that a computer executes while processing data is called a program. Computer science at school www.klyaksa.net

Slide 3

Processing data on a computer The user launches a program stored in long-term memory, it is loaded into operational memory and begins to execute. Execution: The processor reads the instructions and executes them. The necessary data is loaded into RAM from long-term memory or entered using input devices. The output (received) data is written by the processor into RAM or long-term memory, and is also provided to the user using information output devices. Computer science at school www.klyaksa.net

Slide 4

Slide 5

Backbone The backbone (system bus) includes: Data bus; Address bus; Control bus. Simplified, the system bus can be thought of as a group of cables and electrical (current-carrying) lines on the system board. Computer science at school www.klyaksa.net

Slide 6

Data bus This bus transfers data between different devices. For example, data read from RAM may be sent to the processor for processing and then sent back for storage. The data bus width is determined by the processor, i.e. the number of binary bits that can be processed by the processor simultaneously. Computer science at school www.klyaksa.net

Slide 7

Address Bus The processor selects the device or memory location to which data is sent or from which data is read via the data bus. Each device or memory cell has its own address. The address is passed along the address bus from the processor to memory or devices. The address bus width determines the amount of addressable memory. Computer science at school www.klyaksa.net

Backbone-modular principle of computer construction

Computer device

data

program

• The user launches a program stored in long-term memory, it is loaded into operational memory and begins to execute.
• Execution: The processor reads the instructions and executes them. The necessary data is loaded into RAM from long-term memory or entered using input devices.
• The output (received) data is written by the processor into RAM or long-term memory, and is also provided to the user using information output devices.

Backbone-modular computer device

CPU Data processing

RAM Data and program storage

Data bus

Highway

Address bus

Control bus

Data and program storage

Data output

Data input

To ensure information exchange between different devices, some kind of backbone must be provided to move information flows.

Highway(system bus) includes:

• Data bus;
• Address bus;
• Control bus .

Simplified, the system bus can be thought of as a group of cables and electrical (current-carrying) lines on the system board.

The processor and RAM, as well as peripheral input, output and information storage devices that exchange information on machine language(sequences of zeros and ones in the form of electrical impulses).

This bus transfers data between different devices. For example, data read from RAM may be sent to the processor for processing and then sent back for storage.

Thus, data on the data bus can be transferred from device to device in any direction.

The data bus width is determined by the processor, i.e. the number of binary bits that can be processed by the processor simultaneously. The capacity of processors is constantly increasing as computer technology develops.

The modular principle allows the consumer to assemble the computer configuration he needs and, if necessary, upgrade it.

Each individual computer function is implemented by one or more modules - structurally and functionally complete electronic units in a standard design. Organizing a computer structure on a modular basis is similar to building a block house. The main modules of a computer are memory and processor. The processor is a device work manager all computer blocks. The processor's actions are determined by program commands stored in memory.

Thanks to the use of the above principle, it becomes possible to create a wide variety of products from one set of basic components. From a set of modules it is possible to create a wide variety of computers (complex technical systems), differing from each other in performance, purpose (home, office, application server, etc.), architecture, platform.

The modular organization is based on the backbone (bus) principle of information exchange between devices.

The backbone-modular principle has a number of advantages:

• 1. to work with external devices The same processor commands are used as for working with memory.
• 2. connection to the main line additional devices does not require changes to already existing devices, processor, memory.
• 3. By changing the composition of the modules, you can change the power and purpose of the computer during its operation.

Principle open architecture - rules for building a computer, according to which everyone new block should be compatible with the old one and easily install in the same place in the computer.

In a computer, you can just as easily replace old blocks with new ones, wherever they are located, as a result of which the operation of the computer is not only not disrupted, but also becomes more productive.

This principle allows you not to throw away, but to modernize a previously purchased computer, easily replacing outdated units in it with more advanced and convenient ones, as well as purchasing and installing new units. Moreover, in all of them, the connectors for connecting them are standard and do not require any changes in the design of the computer itself.

• Describe the process of data processing on a computer?
• What is a motherboard for?
• What device is used to store processed information and program commands?
• What does the system bus include?
• Why do you need expansion slots?
• Is it possible to replace the existing one on your computer? HDD to another, larger volume?
• What other devices can be replaced in your (school) computer?
• Have you upgraded your computer? Tell us more.

BACKGROUND-MODULAR DEVICE OF A COMPUTER Information backbone (bus) Input devices Output devices Long-term memory The architecture of modern PCs is based on the backbone-modular principle: constructing a computer from functional blocks interacting via common channel(channels) – buses. The bus includes three multi-bit buses: a data bus, an address bus and a control bus, which are multi-wire lines. Data bus (8, 16, 32, 64 bits) Address bus (16, 20, 24, 32, 36, 64 bits) Control bus Controllers RAM Processor Controllers

BACKGROUND-MODULAR COMPUTER DEVICE Information highway (bus) Input devices Output devices Long-term memory Data bus. This bus transfers data between different devices. The data bus width is determined by the processor capacity, i.e. the number of binary bits that the processor processes in one clock cycle. Data bus (8, 16, 32, 64 bits) Address bus (16, 20, 24, 32, 36, 64 bits) Control bus Controllers RAM Processor Controllers

BACKGROUND-MODULAR COMPUTER DEVICE Information highway (bus) Input devices Output devices Long-term memory Address bus. Each device or RAM cell has its own address. The address is transmitted along the address bus from the processor to the RAM and devices. The address bus width is determined by the amount of addressable memory. The number of addressable cells can be calculated using the formula: N = 2 I, where I is the address bus width. N = 2 64 cells. Data bus (8, 16, 32, 64 bits) Address bus (16, 20, 24, 32, 36, 64 bits) Control bus Controllers RAM Processor Controllers

BACKGROUND-MODULAR COMPUTER DEVICE Information highway (bus) Input devices Output devices Long-term memory Control bus. The control bus transmits signals that determine the nature of information exchange along the highway. Control signals determine what operation - reading or writing information from memory - needs to be performed, synchronize the exchange of information between devices, etc. Data bus (8, 16, 32, 64 bits) Address bus (16, 20, 24, 32, 36, 64 bits) Control bus Controllers RAM Processor Controllers

LOGICAL DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM BOARD North bridge Processor South bridge RAM Memory bus PCI Express AGP Monitor Projector Video card SATA PATA Hard drives CD drives DVD drives USB PCI Network card Internal modem Network wifi adapter Sound card Printer Scanner Digital camera Web camera PS/2 modem Keyboard Mouse Digital video cameras IEEE 1394 Sound chip Microphone Speakers Headphones

Throughput The performance of the device depends on clock frequency clock generator (measured in MHz) and bit depth, i.e. the number of bits of data that a device can process or transmit simultaneously (measured in bits). Additionally, the devices use internal frequency multiplication with different coefficients. The data bus bandwidth (measured in bits/s) is equal to the product of the bus width (measured in bits) and the bus frequency (measured in Hz = 1/s). Bus Bandwidth = Bus Width × Bus Frequency

NORTH AND SOUTH BRIDGE To match the clock frequency and bit capacity of devices, special chips are installed on the motherboard (their set is called a chipset), which includes a RAM and video memory controller (the so-called north bridge) and a peripheral device controller (south bridge)

PROCESSOR FREQUENCY The Northbridge provides data exchange with the processor, RAM and video memory. The processor frequency is several times higher than base frequency highways (FSB bus - from the English FrontSide Bus). If the FSB frequency is 266 MHz, the frequency multiplication factor is 14, then the processor frequency will be equal to: 266 MHz × 14 3.7 GHz

SYSTEM BUS Between the northbridge and the processor, data is transferred via the system bus at a frequency four times higher than the FSB bus frequency, i.e. The processor can receive and transmit data at a frequency of 266 MHz × 4 = 1064 MHz. Since the bit depth system bus equal to the processor bit capacity (64 bits), then the system bus bandwidth is equal to: 64 Bit × 1064 MHz = Mbit/s 66 Gbit/s 8 GB/s

MEMORY BUS Data exchange between the processor and RAM is carried out via the memory bus, the frequency of which may be lower than the processor bus frequency. If the memory bus frequency is 533 MHz, and the memory bus width equal to the processor bit width is 64 bits, then the memory bus bandwidth is: 64 Bits × 533 MHz = Mbit/s 33 Gbit/s 4 GB/s

AGP AND PCI Express BUS For connecting the video card to north bridge a 32-bit AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port) bus with a frequency of 66 MHz or an AGP×8 bus with a frequency of 66 MHz × 8 = 528 MHz is used. The video data bus capacity of AGP×8 is: 32 Bit × 528 MHz = Mbps 16.5 Gbps 2 GB/s. Higher throughput has a PCI Express bus - an accelerated bus for the interaction of peripheral devices. A monitor or projector is connected to the video card using an analog VGA connector or a digital DVI connector. AGP×8

PCI BUS The PCI bus (peripheral device interaction bus) provides information exchange with peripheral device controllers ( LAN card, built-in modem, network adapter Wi-Fi), which are installed in the expansion slots of the motherboard. Bit depth PCI buses can be 32 bits or 64 bits, and the frequency is 33 MHz or 66 MHz. The maximum PCI bus bandwidth is: 64 Bit × 66 MHz = 4224 Mbit/s = 528 MB/s.

ATA BUS Devices are connected to the south bridge via the ATA bus external memory (hard disks, CD and DVD drives). The data transfer speed on the parallel PATA bus (Parallel ATA) reaches 133 MB/s, and on the serial SATA bus (Serial ATA) – 300 MB/s.

USB BUS The USB bus (Universal Serial Bus) provides connection to the computer simultaneously of several peripheral devices (printer, scanner, digital camera, Web camera, modem, etc.). This bus has a throughput of up to 60 MB/s. USB port

Sound A microcircuit integrated into the system board can be connected to the south bridge, which provides processing digital audio(this function can also be performed sound card, which connects to the PCI bus). Audio connectors can be used to connect a microphone, speakers, or headphones to the motherboard. Audio connectors

SYSTEM BOARD TESTING Memory bus bandwidth = 64 bits × 199.9 MHz Mbps 1600 MB/s 1.5 GB/s