What is the maximum RAM. What is the optimal amount of RAM? Types of RAM

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Your computer uses random access memory (RAM) to operate running programs. If it runs slowly, it may be due to low RAM. So, how do you find out how much RAM is on your computer?

Run diagnostics

You can check how much memory is installed, as well as how much is actually used.

First, you should open the “System” form in one of the following ways:

Press the Win + Pause key combination at the same time - this will open the “System” form.
Open the Start menu, call context menu from the “Computer” item by clicking right button computer mouse. In the list, select “Properties” - the “System” form will open.
Open the "Start" menu, select "Settings", go to "System", and click on "O" (Windows 10).

Look for “Installed Memory (RAM)”. You can read the information about how much is installed and actually available for use.

Note that the “useful” amount of RAM is less, since manufacturers report the size differently than Windows recognizes. For example, out of 8 GB, 7.88 GB may be available for use.

Use command line to download a detailed report: find it in the Start menu or by pressing Win + R. In the text field, enter CMD to launch. Type WMIC MEMORYCHIP and press Enter. You will see the size and speed of each installed module.

Check your current RAM usage. Press Ctrl + Shift + Esc to open Task Manager. Select the "Resource Monitor" option, find the "Memory" tab. It is intended to be used, so there is no cause for alarm when you see that most of it is currently occupied by processes.

Reasons why the OS does not show the entire volume

There could be several different reasons why the full amount of RAM is not shown.

How to determine why there may be a lack of memory:

If you are running a 32-bit version of Windows, a maximum of 4 GB of RAM will be available for use. Any amount of RAM greater than this value will not be recognized. You can find out which version you have at the top of the System window. Upgrade to 64-bit.
If your modules have different speeds, they may not communicate together properly. Use the command line to view the characteristics of each module.
If one of your memory modules fails, the operating system cannot work with it. Use free MEMTEST program to scan modules and find errors.
If modules are not supported by your motherboard, they will not be recognized by Windows. Read your motherboard's documentation to ensure you purchase RAM that will be supported by your motherboard.

Story random access memory, or RAM, began back in 1834, when Charles Babbage developed the “analytical engine” - essentially a prototype of a computer. He called the part of this machine, which was responsible for storing intermediate data, a “warehouse.” Memorizing information there was still organized in a purely mechanical way, through shafts and gears.

In the first generations of computers, RAM was used cathode ray tubes, magnetic drums, later magnetic cores appeared, and after them, in the third generation of computers, memory on microcircuits appeared.

Nowadays RAM is made using technology DRAM in form factors DIMM and SO-DIMM, This dynamic memory, organized as integrated circuits semiconductors. It is volatile, meaning data disappears when there is no power.

Choosing RAM is not a difficult task today; the main thing here is to understand the types of memory, its purpose and main characteristics.

Memory types

SO-DIMM

Memory of the SO-DIMM form factor is intended for use in laptops, compact ITX systems, monoblocks - in short, where the minimum physical size of memory modules is important. It differs from the DIMM form factor in that the length of the module is approximately halved and there are fewer pins on the board (204 and 360 pins for SO-DIMM DDR3 and DDR4 versus 240 and 288 on boards of the same types of DIMM memory).
In terms of other characteristics - frequency, timings, volume, SO-DIMM modules can be of any kind, and do not differ in any fundamental way from DIMMs.

DIMM

DIMM - RAM for full-size computers.
The type of memory you choose must first be compatible with the socket on the motherboard. Computer RAM is divided into 4 types – DDR, DDR2, DDR3 And DDR4.

DDR memory appeared in 2001 and had 184 contacts. The supply voltage ranged from 2.2 to 2.4 V. The operating frequency was 400 MHz. It is still available for sale, although the selection is small. Today the format is outdated - it is suitable only if you do not want to update the system completely, and the old motherboard only has connectors for DDR.

The DDR2 standard came out in 2003 and received 240 pins, which increased the number of threads, significantly speeding up the processor data bus. The operating frequency of DDR2 could be up to 800 MHz (in some cases - up to 1066 MHz), and the supply voltage was from 1.8 to 2.1 V - slightly less than that of DDR. Consequently, power consumption and heat dissipation of memory have decreased.
Differences between DDR2 and DDR:

· 240 contacts versus 120
· New slot, not DDR compatible
· Less power consumption
Improved design better cooling
Higher maximum operating frequency

Just like DDR, it is an outdated type of memory - now it is only suitable for old motherboards, in other cases there is no point in buying it, since the new DDR3 and DDR4 are faster.

In 2007, RAM was updated to the DDR3 type, which is still widely used. The same 240 pins remain, but the connection slot for DDR3 has changed - there is no compatibility with DDR2. The operating frequency of the modules is on average from 1333 to 1866 MHz. There are also modules with frequencies up to 2800 MHz.
DDR3 differs from DDR2:

· DDR2 and DDR3 slots are not compatible.
· The clock frequency of DDR3 is 2 times higher - 1600 MHz versus 800 MHz for DDR2.
· Features a reduced supply voltage - about 1.5V, and lower power consumption (in the version DDR3L this value is on average even lower, about 1.35 V).
· The delays (timings) of DDR3 are greater than those of DDR2, but the operating frequency is higher. In general, the speed of DDR3 is 20-30% higher.

DDR3 is a good choice today. Many motherboards on sale have DDR3 memory connectors, and due to the massive popularity of this type, it is unlikely to disappear soon. It is also slightly cheaper than DDR4.

DDR4 - new type RAM developed only in 2012. It is an evolutionary development of previous types. Memory bandwidth has increased again, now reaching 25.6 GB/s. The operating frequency also increased - from an average of 2133 MHz to 3600 MHz. If we compare the new type with DDR3, which lasted on the market for 8 years and became widespread, then the performance increase is insignificant, and not all motherboards and processors support the new type.
DDR4 differences:

· Incompatible with previous types
· Reduced supply voltage - from 1.2 to 1.05 V, power consumption has also decreased
· Operating frequency memory up to 3200 MHz (can reach 4166 MHz in some trims), while, of course, the timings have increased proportionally
May be slightly faster than DDR3

If you already have DDR3 sticks, then there is no point in rushing to change them to DDR4. When this format spreads massively, and all motherboards already support DDR4, the transition to a new type will happen by itself with an update of the entire system. Thus, we can summarize that DDR4 is more of a marketing product than a real new type of RAM.

Which memory frequency should I choose?

Choosing a frequency should begin by checking the maximum supported frequencies by your processor and motherboard. It makes sense to take a frequency higher than that supported by the processor only when overclocking the processor.

Today you should not choose memory with a frequency lower than 1600 MHz. The 1333 MHz option is acceptable in the case of DDR3, unless these are ancient modules lying around the seller, which will obviously be slower than the new ones.

The best option for today is memory with a frequency range from 1600 to 2400 MHz. A higher frequency has almost no advantage, but it costs much more, and as a rule, these are overclocked modules with raised timings. For example, the difference between modules of 1600 and 2133 MHz in a number of work programs will be no more than 5-8%; in games the difference may be even smaller. Frequencies of 2133-2400 MHz are worth taking if you are engaged in video/audio encoding and rendering.

The difference between frequencies of 2400 and 3600 MHz will cost you quite a lot, without significantly increasing speed.

How much RAM should I take?

The amount you need depends on the type of work performed on the computer, the operating system installed, and the programs used. Also, do not lose sight of the maximum supported memory capacity of your motherboard.

Volume 2 GB- today, it may only be enough to browse the Internet. More than half will be consumed by the operating system; the rest will be enough for the leisurely work of undemanding programs.

Volume 4 GB– suitable for a mid-range computer, for a home PC media center. Enough to watch movies and even play undemanding games. Modern ones, alas, are difficult to cope with. (Best choice if you have a 32-bit Windows operating system that sees no more than 3 GB of RAM)

Volume 8 GB(or a 2x4GB kit) is the recommended volume today for a full-fledged PC. This is enough for almost any games, for working with any resource-demanding software. The best choice for a universal computer.

A capacity of 16 GB (or sets of 2x8GB, 4x4GB) will be justified if you work with graphics, heavy programming environments, or constantly render videos. It’s also perfect for online streaming – with 8 GB there may be stutters, especially with high-quality video broadcasts. Some games in high resolutions and with HD textures can behave better with 16 GB of RAM on board.

Volume 32 GB(set 2x16GB, or 4x8GB) – still a very controversial choice, useful for some very extreme work tasks. It would be better to spend money on other computer components; this will have a stronger effect on its performance.

Operating modes: is it better to have 1 memory stick or 2?

RAM can operate in single-channel, dual-, triple- and quad-channel modes. Definitely, if your motherboard has a sufficient number of slots, then it is better to take several identical smaller memory sticks instead of one. The speed of access to them will increase from 2 to 4 times.

In order for the memory to work in dual-channel mode, you need to install the sticks in slots of the same color on the motherboard. As a rule, the color is repeated through the connector. It is important that the memory frequency in the two sticks be the same.

- Single chanell Mode– single-channel operating mode. Turns on when one memory stick is installed, or different modules running on different frequencies. As a result, the memory operates at the frequency of the slowest stick.
- Dual Mode– two-channel mode. Works only with memory modules of the same frequency, increases operating speed by 2 times. Manufacturers produce sets of memory modules specifically for this purpose, which can contain 2 or 4 identical sticks.
-Triple Mode– works on the same principle as two-channel. In practice it is not always faster.
- Quad Mode- four-channel mode, which works on the principle of two-channel, accordingly increasing the speed of operation by 4 times. Used where needed exclusively high speed- for example, in servers.

- Flex Mode– a more flexible version of the two-channel operating mode, when the bars are of different volumes, but only the frequency is the same. In this case, in dual-channel mode, the same volumes of modules will be used, and the remaining volume will function in single-channel mode.

Does memory need a heatsink?

Now we are long gone from the days when, at a voltage of 2 V, an operating frequency of 1600 MHz was achieved, and as a result, a lot of heat was generated, which had to be removed somehow. Then the radiator could be a criterion for the survival of an overclocked module.

Nowadays, memory power consumption has decreased significantly, and a heatsink on a module can be justified from a technical point of view only if you are into overclocking and the module will operate at frequencies that are prohibitive for it. In all other cases, radiators can be justified, perhaps, by their beautiful design.

If the radiator is massive and noticeably increases the height of the memory bar, this is already a significant disadvantage, since it may prevent you from installing a processor super cooler in the system. By the way, there are special low-profile memory modules designed for installation in compact cases. They are slightly more expensive than regular size modules.

What are timings?

Timings, or latency (latency)- one of the most important characteristics RAM, which determine its performance. Let's outline general meaning this parameter.

Simply put, RAM can be thought of as a two-dimensional table in which each cell carries information. Cells are accessed by column and row numbers, and this is indicated by the row access strobe RAS(Row Access Strobe) and column access gate CAS (Access Strobe) by changing the voltage. Thus, for each cycle of work, accesses occur RAS And CAS, and between these calls and the write/read commands there are certain delays, which are called timings.

In the description of the RAM module you can see five timings, which for convenience are written as a sequence of numbers separated by a hyphen, for example 8-9-9-20-27 .

· tRCD (time of RAS to CAS Delay)- timing, which determines the delay from the RAS pulse to the CAS
· CL (time of CAS Latency)- timing, which determines the delay between the write/read command and the CAS pulse
· tRP (time of Row Precharge)- timing, which determines the delay when transitioning from one line to the next
· tRAS (time of Active to Precharge Delay)- timing, which determines the delay between the activation of the line and the end of working with it; considered the main meaning
· Command rate– defines the delay between the command to select an individual chip on the module until the command to activate the line; this timing is not always indicated.

To put it even more simply, it is important to know only one thing about timings - the lower their values, the better. In this case, the strips can have the same operating frequency, but different timings, and a module with lower values will always be faster. So you should choose the minimum timings; for DDR4, timings for average values will be 15-15-15-36, for DDR3 - 10-10-10-30. It is also worth remembering that timings are related to the memory frequency, so when overclocking you will most likely have to increase the timings, and vice versa - you can manually lower the frequency, thereby reducing the timings. It is most beneficial to pay attention to the totality of these parameters, choosing rather a balance, and not chasing the extreme values of the parameters.

How to decide on a budget?

Having a larger amount, you can afford larger volume random access memory. The main difference between cheap and expensive modules will be in the timings, operating frequency, and brand - well-known, advertised modules may cost a little more than noname modules from an unknown manufacturer.
Besides, extra money there is a radiator installed on the modules. Not all planks need it, but manufacturers are not skimping on them now.

The price will also depend on the timings than they the lower the higher speed, and accordingly, price.

So, having up to 2000 rubles, you can purchase a 4 GB memory module, or 2 2 GB modules, which is preferable. Choose depending on what your PC configuration allows. DDR3 type modules will cost almost half as much as DDR4. With such a budget, it makes more sense to take DDR3.

To the group up to 4000 rubles includes modules with a capacity of 8 GB, as well as sets of 2x4 GB. This optimal choice for any task except professional video work and in any other difficult environments.

In total up to 8000 rubles It will cost 16 GB of memory. Recommended for professional purposes, or for avid gamers - even enough in reserve, while waiting for new demanding games.

If it's not a problem to spend up to 13,000 rubles, then the best choice would be to invest them in a set of 4 4 GB sticks. For this money you can even choose more beautiful radiators, perhaps for later overclocking.

I don’t recommend taking more than 16 GB without the purpose of working in professional heavy environments (and even then not in all), but if you really want it, then for the amount from 13,000 rubles you can climb to Olympus by purchasing a 32 GB or even 64 GB kit. True, this will not make much sense for the average user or gamer - it is better to spend money on, say, a flagship video card.

RAM(RAM, Random Access Memory, RAM) is one of the main parts in a computer. This is a volatile component that stores machine code, incoming/outgoing and intermediate data while the computer is running. The process of choosing RAM seems clear at first glance, but it contains many nuances that need to be taken into account in order to purchase quality components.

The easiest way to choose a RAM stick is to use the list of recommended modules on the website of the manufacturer of the motherboard installed on the computer. Since these parts of the PC are inextricably linked with each other (including the processor), it makes sense to pay attention to the manufacturer’s advice. The recommended RAM modules listed on his website will definitely work on your PC.

Another tip to follow when purchasing RAM sticks is matching with other hardware. Buying an inexpensive motherboard and budget processor, do not choose expensive RAM because it will not reach its potential during operation. But it is very important to pay attention to specifications RAM.

Main settings

When purchasing new RAM, pay attention to the main parameters that will help you make the right choice.

First, determine what type of RAM is suitable for your motherboard. This parameter is indicated in its description. Today there are four types: SDRAM, DDR (DDR1), DDR2, DDR3 and DDR4.

The most common type of RAM today is DDR3. Unlike modules of the previous generation, it operates at a clock frequency of up to 2400 MHz and consumes 30-40% less power compared to its predecessor. In addition, it has a lower supply voltage, so it generates less heat.

All types of RAM are incompatible with each other in terms of electrical (supply voltage differs) and physical parameters (control holes are located in different places). The photo shows why a DDR3 RAM module cannot be installed in the DDR2 socket.

Healthy! Now the DDR4 standard is gaining popularity. It features lower power consumption and higher operating frequencies (prospect for growth up to 3200 MHz).

The form factor characterizes the size of the RAM sticks. There are two types:

DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module) – installed on desktop PCs;
SO-DIMM – for installation in laptops or monoblocks.

Bus frequency and bandwidth

The performance of RAM depends on these two parameters. The bus frequency characterizes the amount of information transmitted per unit of time. The higher it is, the more information will pass through the bus in the same time period. There is a directly proportional relationship between bus frequency and bandwidth: if the RAM frequency is 1800 MHz, theoretically it has throughput 14400 Mb/sec.

Do not chase high RAM frequencies on the basis of “the more, the better.” For the average user, the difference between 1333 MHz or 1600 MHz is invisible. It is important only for professional users who are engaged in video rendering, or for overclockers trying to “overclock” the RAM.

When choosing a frequency, take into account the tasks you set for the computer and its configuration. It is desirable that the operating frequency of the RAM modules coincide with the frequency at which it operates motherboard. If you connect a DDR3-1800 stick to a motherboard that supports the DDR3-1333 standard, the RAM will run at 1333 MHz.

In this case, the more, the better - this is the optimal description of the parameter. Today, the minimum allowable amount of RAM that should be installed on a computer or laptop is 4 GB. Depending on the tasks performed on the device, the amount of RAM can be 8, 32 or even 128 GB. For an ordinary user, 8 GB will be enough; for a specialist working with video processing programs, or for a gamer, 16-64 GB of RAM will be needed.

RAM timings are characterized by delays in operation. They are calculated in nanoseconds, and in the description they are indicated by a sequential set of numbers: 9-9-9-27, where the first three parameters are: CAS Latency, RAS to CAS Delay, RAS Precharge Time and DRAM Cycle Time Tras/Trc. They characterize the performance in the “memory-processor” segment, which directly affects the efficiency of the computer. The lower these values, the lower the delay and the faster the PC will perform.

Some companies indicate only one number in the description of RAM modules - CL9. It characterizes CAS Latency. Basically it is equal to or lower than other parameters.

Good to know! The higher the RAM frequency, the higher the timings, so you need to choose the optimal ratio for yourself.

RAM sticks are sold with the designation “Low Latency”. This means that at high frequencies they have low timings. But their cost is higher than that of conventional models.

Modes

To increase computer performance, special operating modes of RAM strips are used: one-, two-, three-channel and Flex-Mode. In this case, the speed of the system theoretically increases two, three or more times.

Important! The motherboard must support these operating modes. The description for it indicates which slots you need to install the brackets in to enable the desired mode.

Single channel mode starts when one RAM module is used or all the sticks have different parameters. In this case, the system operates at bar speed with the lowest frequency.
Dual channel mode turns on when two RAM modules with the same characteristics (frequency, timings, volume) are installed in the connectors. The performance increase is 10-20% in games and 20-70% when working with graphics.
Three channel mode activated when three identical RAM sticks are connected. In reality, it does not always outperform dual-channel mode.
Flex-Mode (flexible)– increases PC performance when using two RAM sticks of the same frequency, but different in volume.

Important! It is advisable that the memory sticks be from the same delivery batch. There are kits on sale consisting of two to four modules that are completely compatible with each other in operation.

Buying digital technology, please pay attention to the manufacturer. Among the companies producing RAM modules, the most popular are: Corsair, Kingston, GoodRam, Hynix, Samsung and others.

It is interesting that the market for the production of memory chips for RAM modules is almost completely divided between three large companies: Samsung, Hynix, Micron. A large manufacturers use their chips to produce their own models.

Modern RAM sticks operate at low power consumption, so they generate little heat. In view of this, there is no need to buy models with installed radiators. But if you are a fan of overclocking hardware, then take care of purchasing RAM modules with heatsinks. They will prevent them from burning out during overclocking.

If necessary, the user can purchase a cooling system for RAM, consisting of radiators and fans. It is also intended for use by overclockers.

Selecting an existing plank

By purchasing new module RAM to the one already installed in your PC, remember that often such combinations do not work together. But if you decide to buy, make sure that the timings and bus frequencies are the same. In addition, choose RAM sticks from the same manufacturer.

Video

If you don't fully understand how to choose RAM, watch this video.

RAM is used to temporarily store data necessary for the operation of the operating system and all programs. There should be enough RAM; if there is not enough, the computer starts to slow down.

The board with memory chips is called a memory module (or stick). Memory for a laptop, except for the size of the slots, is no different from memory for a computer, so when choosing, follow the same recommendations.

For office computer One 4 GB DDR4 stick with a frequency of 2400 or 2666 MHz is enough (costs almost the same).
RAM Crucial CT4G4DFS824A

For multimedia computer(movies, simple games) it is better to take two 4 GB DDR4 sticks with a frequency of 2666 MHz, then the memory will work in a faster dual-channel mode.
RAM Ballistix BLS2C4G4D240FSB

For a mid-class gaming computer, you can take one 8 GB DDR4 stick with a frequency of 2666 MHz so that in the future you can add another one, and it would be better if it is a simpler running model.
RAM Crucial CT8G4DFS824A

And for a powerful gaming or professional PC, you need to immediately take a set of 2 DDR4 8 GB sticks, and a frequency of 2666 MHz will be quite sufficient.

2. How much memory is needed

For an office computer designed for working with documents and accessing the Internet, one 4 GB memory stick is sufficient.

For a multimedia computer that can be used to watch high-quality videos and undemanding games, 8 GB of memory is sufficient.

For a mid-range gaming computer, the minimum option is 8 GB of RAM.

A powerful gaming or professional computer requires 16 GB of memory.

A larger amount of memory may only be needed for very demanding professional programs and is not needed by ordinary users.

Memory capacity for older PCs

If you decide to increase the memory on your old computer, be aware that 32-bit versions of Windows do not support more than 3 GB of RAM. That is, if you install 4 GB of RAM, the operating system will see and use only 3 GB.

As for 64-bit versions of Windows, they will be able to use all the installed memory, but if you have old computer or there is old printer, then they may not have drivers for these operating systems. In this case, before purchasing memory, install 64-bit Windows version and check if everything works for you. I also recommend looking at the website of the motherboard manufacturer and seeing what volume of modules and total amount of memory it supports.

Please also note that 64-bit operating systems consume 2 times more memory, for example, Windows 7 x64 takes about 800 MB for its needs. Therefore, 2 GB of memory for such a system will not be enough, preferably at least 4 GB.

Practice shows that modern operating rooms Windows systems 7,8,10 are fully expanded with a memory capacity of 8 GB. The system becomes more responsive, programs open faster, and jerks (freezes) disappear in games.

3. Memory types

Modern memory is of the DDR SDRAM type and is constantly being improved. So DDR and DDR2 memory is already obsolete and can only be used on older computers. DDR3 memory is no longer advisable to use on new PCs; it has been replaced by the faster and more promising DDR4.

Please note that the selected memory type must be supported by the processor and motherboard.

Also, new processors, for compatibility reasons, can support DDR3L memory, which differs from regular DDR3 by a reduced voltage from 1.5 to 1.35 V. Such processors will be able to work with regular DDR memory 3 if you already have it, but processor manufacturers do not recommend this due to increased degradation of memory controllers designed for DDR4 with an even lower voltage of 1.2 V.

Memory type for older PCs

Outdated DDR2 memory costs several times more than more modern memory. A 2 GB DDR2 stick costs 2 times more, and a 4 GB DDR2 stick costs 4 times more than a DDR3 or DDR4 stick of the same size.

Therefore, if you want to significantly increase the memory on an old computer, then perhaps more the best option there will be a transition to a more modern platform with a replacement of the motherboard and, if necessary, a processor that will support DDR4 memory.

Calculate how much it will cost you; perhaps a profitable solution would be to sell the old motherboard with old memory and purchase new, albeit not the most expensive, but more modern components.

The motherboard connectors for installing memory are called slots.

Each memory type (DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4) has its own slot. DDR3 memory can only be installed in a motherboard with DDR3 slots, DDR4 - with DDR4 slots. Motherboards that support old DDR2 memory are no longer produced.

5. Memory characteristics

The main characteristics of memory on which its performance depends are frequency and timings. Memory speed does not have as strong an impact on the overall performance of the computer as the processor. However, you can often get faster memory for not much more. Fast memory needed primarily for powerful professional computers.

5.1. Memory frequency

Frequency has highest value on memory speed. But before purchasing it, you need to make sure that the processor and motherboard also support the required frequency. Otherwise, the actual memory operating frequency will be lower and you will simply overpay for something that will not be used.

Inexpensive motherboards support lower maximum memory frequencies, for example for DDR4 it is 2400 MHz. Medium and high class can support memory with higher frequency (3400-3600 MHz).

But with processors the situation is different. Older processors with DDR3 memory support may support memory with a maximum frequency of 1333, 1600, or 1866 MHz (depending on the model). For modern processors that support DDR4 memory, the maximum supported memory frequency may be 2400 MHz or higher.

Intel 6th generation and higher processors and AMD Ryzen processors support DDR4 memory at 2400 MHz or higher. At the same time, in their model range there are not only powerful expensive processors, but also mid-range and budget-class processors. Thus, you can build a computer on the most modern platform with an inexpensive processor and DDR4 memory, and in the future change the processor and get the highest performance.

The main memory today is DDR4 2400 MHz, which is supported by the most modern processors, motherboards and costs the same as DDR4 2133 MHz. Therefore, purchasing DDR4 memory with a frequency of 2133 MHz today does not make sense.

You can find out what memory frequency a particular processor supports on the manufacturers’ websites:

By model number or serial number it is very easy to find all the characteristics of any processor on the website:

Or just enter the model number in the search engine Google system or Yandex (for example, “Ryzen 7 1800X”).

5.2. High Frequency Memory

Now I want to touch on another interesting point. On sale you can find RAM at a much higher frequency than can be supported by any modern processor(3000-3600 MHz and above). Accordingly, many users are wondering how this can be?

It's all about a technology developed by Intel, eXtreme Memory Profile (XMP). XMP allows memory to run at a higher frequency than the processor officially supports. XMP must be supported by both the memory itself and the motherboard. High frequency memory simply cannot exist without support for this technology, but not all motherboards can boast of its support. These are mainly more expensive models above the middle class.

The essence of XMP technology is that the motherboard automatically increases the frequency of the memory bus, due to which the memory begins to operate at its higher frequency.

AMD has similar technology called AMD Memory Profile (AMP), which was supported by older motherboards for AMD processors. These motherboards usually also supported XMP modules.

Purchasing more expensive memory with a very high frequency and a motherboard with XMP support makes sense for very powerful professional computers equipped with a top-end processor. In a middle-class computer, this will be wasted money, since everything will depend on the performance of other components.

In games, the memory frequency has a small impact and there is no point in overpaying; it will be enough to go for 2400 MHz, or 2666 MHz if the difference in price is small.

For professional applications, you can take memory with a higher frequency - 2666 MHz or, if you want and have funds, 3000 MHz. The difference in performance here is greater than in games, but not dramatic, so there is no particular point in pushing the memory frequency.

Let me remind you once again that your motherboard must support memory at the required frequency. In addition, sometimes Intel processors become unstable at memory frequencies above 3000 MHz, and for Ryzen this limit is around 2900 MHz.

Timings are the delays between read/write/copy operations of data in RAM. Accordingly, the fewer these delays, the better. But timings have a much smaller impact on memory speed than its frequency.

There are only 4 main timings that are indicated in the characteristics of memory modules.

Of these, the most important is the first number, which is called latency (CL).

Typical latency for DDR3 1333 MHz memory is CL 9, for higher frequency DDR3 memory is CL 11.

Typical latency for DDR4 2133 MHz memory is CL 15, for DDR4 memory with higher frequencies is CL 16.

You should not purchase memory with a latency higher than specified, as this indicates an overall low level of its technical characteristics.

Typically, memory with lower timings is more expensive, but if the price difference is not significant, then memory with lower latency should be preferred.

5.4. Supply voltage

Memory may have different supply voltages. It can be either standard (generally accepted for a certain type of memory), or increased (for enthusiasts) or, conversely, decreased.

This is especially important if you want to add memory to your computer or laptop. In this case, the voltage of the new strips should be the same as the existing ones. Otherwise, problems may occur, since most motherboards cannot display different voltage for different modules.

If the voltage is set to a level with a lower voltage, then others may not have enough power and the system will not work stably. If the voltage is set to a level with a higher voltage, then the memory designed for a lower voltage may fail.

If you are building a new computer, then this is not so important, but to avoid possible compatibility problems with the motherboard and replacing or expanding memory in the future, it is better to choose sticks with a standard supply voltage.

The memory, depending on the type, has the following standard supply voltages:

DDR - 2.5 V
DDR2 - 1.8 V
DDR3 - 1.5 V
DDR3L - 1.35 V
DDR4 - 1.2 V

I think you noticed that there is DDR3L memory in the list. This is not a new type of memory, but regular DDR3, but with a reduced supply voltage (Low). This is the kind of memory needed for Intel processors 6th generation and above, which support both DDR4 and DDR3 memory. But in this case, it is better to build the system on new DDR4 memory.

6. Marking of memory modules

Memory modules are marked depending on the type of memory and its frequency. The marking of DDR memory modules begins with PC, followed by a number indicating the generation and speed in megabytes per second (MB/s).

Such markings are inconvenient to navigate; it is enough to know the type of memory (DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4), its frequency and latency. But sometimes, for example on ad sites, you can see markings copied from the strip. Therefore, so that you can get your bearings in this case, I will give the markings in classic look, indicating the memory type, its frequency and typical latency.

DDR - obsolete

PC-2100 (DDR 266 MHz) - CL 2.5
PC-2700 (DDR 333 MHz) - CL 2.5
PC-3200 (DDR 400 MHz) - CL 2.5

DDR2 - obsolete

PC2-4200 (DDR2 533 MHz) - CL 5
PC2-5300 (DDR2 667 MHz) - CL 5
PC2-6400 (DDR2 800 MHz) - CL 5
PC2-8500 (DDR2 1066 MHz) - CL 5

DDR3 - obsolete

PC3-10600 (DDR3 1333 MHz) - CL 9
PC3-12800 (DDR3 1600 MHz) - CL 11
PC3-14400 (DDR3 1866 MHz) - CL 11
PC3-16000 (DDR3 2000 MHz) - CL 11

PC4-17000 (DDR4 2133 MHz) - CL 15
PC4-19200 (DDR4 2400 MHz) - CL 16
PC4-21300 (DDR4 2666 MHz) - CL 16
PC4-24000 (DDR4 3000 MHz) - CL 16
PC4-25600 (DDR4 3200 MHz) - CL 16

DDR3 and DDR4 memory may have a higher frequency, but only top processors and more expensive motherboards can work with it.

7. Design of memory modules

Memory sticks can be single-sided, double-sided, with or without radiators.

7.1. Chip placement

Chips on memory modules can be placed on one side of the board (single-sided) or on both sides (double-sided).

This doesn't matter if you are purchasing memory for a new computer. If you want to add memory to an old PC, then it is advisable that the arrangement of chips on the new stick be the same as on the old one. This will help avoid compatibility issues and increase the likelihood of memory operating in dual-channel mode, which we will talk about later in this article.

Nowadays you can find many memory modules with aluminum radiators various colors and shapes.

The presence of heatsinks can be justified on DDR3 memory with a high frequency (1866 MHz or more), since it heats up more. At the same time, ventilation must be well organized in the housing.

Modern DDR4 RAM with a frequency of 2400, 2666 MHz practically does not heat up and the radiators on it will be purely decorative. They can even get in the way, because after a while they become clogged with dust, which is difficult to clean out of them. In addition, such memory will cost slightly more. So, if you want, you can save on this, for example, by taking excellent memory Crucial at 2400 MHz without heatsinks.

Memory with a frequency of 3000 MHz or more also has an increased supply voltage, but it also does not heat up very much and in any case there will be heatsinks on it.

8. Memory for laptops

Memory for laptops is different from memory for desktop computers only by the size of the memory module and is marked SO-DIMM DDR. Just like for desktop computers, memory for laptops has types DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR3L, DDR4.

In terms of frequency, timings and supply voltage, memory for laptops does not differ from memory for computers. But laptops only come with 1 or 2 memory slots and have stricter maximum capacity limits. Be sure to check these parameters before choosing memory for a specific laptop model.

9. Memory operating modes

The memory can operate in Single Channel, Dual Channel, Triple Channel or Quad Channel mode.

In single-channel mode, data is written sequentially to each module. In multi-channel modes, data is written in parallel to all modules, which leads to a significant increase in the speed of the memory subsystem.

Single-channel memory mode is limited only to hopelessly outdated motherboards with DDR memory and the first models with DDR2.

All modern motherboards support dual-channel memory mode, while three-channel and quad-channel modes are supported only by a few models of very expensive motherboards.

The main condition for dual-channel mode operation is the presence of 2 or 4 memory sticks. Three-channel mode requires 3 or 6 memory sticks, and four-channel mode requires 4 or 8 memory sticks.

It is desirable that all memory modules are the same. Otherwise, dual-channel operation is not guaranteed.

If you want to add memory to an old computer and your motherboard supports dual-channel mode, try to choose a stick that is as identical in all respects as possible. It is best to sell the old one and buy 2 new identical strips.

In modern computers, memory controllers have been moved from the motherboard to the processor. Now it is not so important that the memory modules are the same, since the processor will still be able to activate dual-channel mode in most cases. This means that if you want to add more memory in the future modern computer, then you won’t have to look for exactly the same module; it’s enough to choose the one with the most similar characteristics. But I still recommend that the memory modules be the same. This will give you a guarantee of its fast and stable operation.

With the transfer of memory controllers to the processor, 2 more modes of dual-channel memory operation appeared - Ganged (paired) and Unganged (unpaired). If the memory modules are the same, the processor can work with them in Ganged mode, as before. If the modules differ in characteristics, the processor can activate the Unganged mode to eliminate distortions in working with memory. In general, the memory speed in these modes is almost the same and makes no difference.

The only downside to dual-channel mode is that multiple memory modules are more expensive than one of the same size. But if you are not very strapped for money, then buy 2 sticks, the memory speed will be much higher.

If you need, say, 16 GB of RAM, but you can’t afford it yet, then you can buy one 8 GB stick so that you can add another one of the same kind in the future. But it is still better to purchase two identical strips at once, since later you may not be able to find the same one and you will encounter a compatibility problem.

10. Memory module manufacturers

One of best ratios price/quality today is the memory of the impeccably proven Crucial brand, which has modules from budget to gaming (Ballistix).

Competing with it is the well-deserved Corsair brand, whose memory is somewhat more expensive.

As an inexpensive but high-quality alternative, I especially recommend the Polish brand Goodram, which has bars with low timings at a low price (Play line).

For an inexpensive office computer, simple and reliable memory made by AMD or Transcend will be sufficient. They have proven themselves to be excellent and there are practically no problems with them.

In general, the Korean companies Hynix and Samsung are considered leaders in memory production. But now modules of these brands are mass-produced in cheap Chinese factories, and among them there are a lot of fakes. Therefore, I do not recommend purchasing memory from these brands.

An exception may be Hynix Original and Samsung Original memory modules, which are manufactured in Korea. These strips are usually blue, their quality is considered better than those made in China and the guarantee for them is slightly higher. But in terms of speed characteristics, they are inferior to memory with lower timings from other quality brands.

Well, for enthusiasts and fans of modding there are affordable overclocking brands GeIL, G.Skill, Team. Their memory is distinguished by low timings, high overclocking potential, unusual appearance and costs a little less than the popular Corsair brand.

There is also a wide range of memory modules on sale from the very popular manufacturer Kingston. Memory sold under the budget Kingston brand has never been of high quality. But they have a top-end HyperX series, which is deservedly popular, which can be recommended for purchase, but is often overpriced.

11. Memory packaging

It is better to purchase memory in individual packaging.

Usually she is more High Quality and the likelihood of damage during transportation is significantly lower than with memory that comes unpackaged.

12. Increase memory

If you are planning to add memory to an existing computer or laptop, then first find out what the maximum memory capacity and total memory capacity is supported by your motherboard or laptop.

Also check how many memory slots are on the motherboard or laptop, how many of them are occupied and what kind of memory sticks are installed in them. It's better to do it visually. Open the case, take out the memory sticks, examine them and write down all the characteristics (or take a photo).

If for some reason you don’t want to get into the case, you can view the memory parameters in the program on the SPD tab. This way you won't know if the stick is single-sided or double-sided, but you can find out the memory characteristics if there is no sticker on the stick.

There is a base and effective memory frequency. CPU-Z program and many similar ones show the base frequency, it needs to be multiplied by 2.

Once you know how much memory you can increase, how many free slots are available, and what kind of memory you have installed, you can begin to explore the possibilities of increasing memory.

If all memory slots are occupied, then the only way to increase memory is to replace existing memory sticks with new ones of larger capacity. And old planks can be sold on an advertisement site or exchanged at a computer store when purchasing new ones.

If there are free slots, then you can add new memory sticks to the existing ones. In this case, it is desirable that the new strips be as close as possible to the characteristics of those already installed. In this case, you can avoid various problems compatibility and increase the chances that the memory will work in dual-channel mode. To do this, the following conditions must be met, in order of importance.

The memory type must match (DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR3L, DDR4).
The supply voltage for all strips must be the same.
All planks must be single-sided or double-sided.
The frequency of all bars must match.
All strips must be of the same volume (for dual-channel mode).
The number of strips must be even: 2, 4 (for dual-channel mode).
It is desirable that the latency (CL) matches.
It is desirable that the strips are from the same manufacturer.

The easiest place to start choosing is with the manufacturer. Choose in the online store catalog strips of the same manufacturer, volume and frequency as installed in yours. Make sure that the supply voltage matches and check with your consultant whether they are single-sided or double-sided. If the latency also matches, then generally good.

If you were unable to find strips from the same manufacturer with similar characteristics, then choose all the others from the list of recommended ones. Then again look for strips of the required volume and frequency, check the supply voltage and check whether they are single-sided or double-sided. If you are unable to find similar planks, then look in another store, catalog or ad site.

The best option is always to sell all the old memory and buy 2 new identical sticks. If the motherboard does not support the brackets of the required volume, you may have to buy 4 identical brackets.

13. Setting up filters in the online store

Go to the “RAM” section on the seller’s website.
Select recommended manufacturers.
Select the form factor (DIMM - PC, SO-DIMM - laptop).
Select the memory type (DDR3, DDR3L, DDR4).
Select the required volume of slats (2, 4, 8 GB).
Select the maximum frequency supported by the processor (1600, 1866, 2133, 2400 MHz).
If your motherboard supports XMP, add higher frequency memory (2666, 3000 MHz) to the selection.
Sort the selection by price.
Consistently look through all items, starting with the cheapest ones.
Select several strips that match the frequency.
If the price difference is acceptable to you, take sticks with a higher frequency and lower latency (CL).

Thus, you will get the optimal price/quality/speed ratio of memory at the lowest possible cost.

14. Links

RAM Corsair CMK16GX4M2A2400C16
RAM Corsair CMK8GX4M2A2400C16
RAM Crucial CT2K4G4DFS824A

Each application on a computer takes up not only space on the hard drive, but also RAM when running. The more applications installed on your computer that are used simultaneously, the more RAM is required for comfortable work. Every tab in the browser open documents, pictures, instant messengers and other programs take up a certain amount of RAM. In the "Task Manager" you can see how many free memory available on the computer while working and performing certain tasks.

If there is not enough RAM, the computer will start to slow down and try to unload applications that are least actively used from memory. When it comes to simply using a computer, in most cases, when there is a lack of memory, browser tabs are unloaded, which leads to them being reloaded at the moment of switching. This causes certain inconvenience to the user, which can be eliminated in two ways:

, which will not improve the situation much;
Add RAM.

The cost of additional RAM is not that high, and installing it can solve problems that arise. However, before purchasing, it is important not only to choose the right memory, but also to make sure that it will work on the computer in which you plan to install it. The fact is that almost all motherboards, as well as processors (especially on laptops), are capable of supporting a certain amount of memory, the maximum of which cannot be exceeded. Therefore, before purchasing additional dies, it is important to find out how much RAM the laptop supports. This can be done in several ways, which will be discussed below.

Determine how much RAM a laptop supports programmatically

There are dozens of diagnostic applications that allow you to find out various information about the computer you are using: data about the components installed in it and their characteristics, information about operating system, information about DirectX and much more. Among such diagnostic programs, AIDA64 rightfully occupies one of the leading places. This application It is free to try and can be downloaded to test how much RAM your laptop can support.

Downloading and installing AIDA64 (we recommend the Extreme version) from the developers’ website is easy. When this is done, the program must be launched and the maximum amount of RAM for the computer being used is determined as follows:

Please note: On some computers, AIDA64 may provide information about two northern bridges. In fact, these tabs contain miscellaneous information, and you need to select the option that contains items about RAM.

Important: If there is no "Maximum Memory" option next to the information about supported memory types, this does not mean that the motherboard will support any amount of RAM. In this case, you must follow the second method of determining the maximum amount of RAM, described below.

Find information about the maximum RAM on the network

The second way to determine the maximum amount of RAM supported by a laptop is more complex, but you will have to resort to it if diagnostic programs do not indicate necessary information. This method is to search for information on the Internet, and you should look for it:

Please note: If you select components for a laptop poorly (which is quite rare), the maximum amount of memory that the motherboard and processor can handle may differ. Therefore, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with this information for both components.

You can often find out about the maximum supported amount of RAM on websites based on the laptop model various internet shops. This option should be used as a last resort, since the information on product pages is not always true. If you decide to determine the maximum amount of memory supported by a laptop in this way, we recommend comparing the found indicator on the websites of several online stores.