How base stations work. Base station on the tower
Mobile communications today have become an integral part of our Everyday life. Knowing about the harm and possible negative consequences, we continue to use this type of communication.
We can limit and protect ourselves from the effects of this harmful factor by reducing the use of the device. But the question remains, the exact answer to which is not yet known: “How to reduce the influence of towers cellular communications on human health and is such an impact dangerous at all?”
How dangerous is cell tower radiation?
Any exogenous factor that acts on the body leads to certain consequences, and radiation from a cell tower is no exception. In this case, the above-mentioned design generates electromagnetic signals for communication between subscribers who use mobile communications. Such radiation is considered relatively safe for society as a whole, but a cell phone tower near your home still causes harm to your health. Therefore, we can say with confidence that the influence of such a source on a person can lead to negative consequences in the form of pathologies and diseases of certain organs.Any cell tower near the house (the harm of such a structure was determined earlier) has Negative influence on human health. However, the intensity of such an effect depends on the amount of signal it produces.
The propagation of a pulse over a particular distance depends on many factors, among which are the following:
- Load on the structure itself, that is, the number of similar towers nearby
- Equipment used by the operator when constructing the tower itself and when receiving the signal to users mobile communications
- The number of buildings nearby, that is, the density of communications near the tower. The more there are, the worse the signal propagates, so during such construction not only the territory is of great importance, but also the objects that are nearby
Physical characteristics of radiation from towers
Today, a lot of research is being conducted on the study of structures called cellular base stations, which have actually been proven to be harmful to health. However, opinions are divided here, since developers claim that such towers are absolutely safe for humans, because they are built in accordance with the standards current legislation and them harmful effects does not exceed the maximum permissible threshold. Scientists still advise to beware of this type of radiation, especially if the tower is built next to the house.Mobile operators say that the operation of the tower has a very indirect effect on a person and actually cannot cause harm to health. This is due to the fact that the signal that propagates goes at a high altitude from the surface of the earth (since it is actually generated at the very high point structures), downward radiation reaches approximately 700-1000 times less than the main path according to the principle of cellular construction. However, according to physical laws, energy dissipation is directly proportional to the square of the distance. That is, the closer the distance to the source of radiation, the greater the impact it will have on a living organism, even taking into account the fact that much less energy reaches the ground than is in the air.
Cellular antennas on residential buildings also cause harm to human health. Such structures produce much less radiation, but their dimensions are also proportionally reduced. As a result, the distance between the room where people are and the point in space where more harmful energy is generated is reduced. Radiation in such places significantly exceeds the permitted 10 μW/cm for safe exposure to the human body. Added to this is electromagnetic energy from other devices. household items and devices for public use, which also serve as a source of hazardous exposure.
Therefore, the harmful effects produced by a cell phone tower near the house (the harm of such a neighborhood has been indisputably proven) from a biological point of view, affects the human body extremely negatively, since it can cause many diseases of internal organs.
The impact of cell towers on human health
Cell towers undoubtedly harm human health. The only question is how much harmful radiation falls on the human body and in proportion to this, what harmful consequences this may entail.The closer a person is, the more energy his body absorbs, which in turn can lead to the following consequences:
- Deterioration of the central nervous system, which is manifested by general weakness, drowsiness, headaches, sleep problems, etc.
- Increased risk of developing disorders of the cardiovascular system, including pathologies of the bloodstream, myocardium, epicardium, pericardium, up to the occurrence of a heart attack
- Changes in hormonal levels, against the background of this, the development of diseases of the genitourinary system is possible, which over time, in extreme forms, can lead to the development of impotence or the inability to fertilize in men or failure to bear a child in women
- Deterioration of well-being, development of acute conditions in chronic diseases, up to the development of bronchial asthma in people suffering from allergic diseases of various origins
- Disruption of the body by changing its homeostasis, which leads to inflammatory diseases in internal organs
Pregnant women and women who are breastfeeding should also be wary of radiation from cell towers. A child, while in the womb, especially in the first months of pregnancy, is very susceptible to the effects of negative influence factors of both endogenous and exogenous origin. In this case, radiation acts as a teratogenic factor, which can cause various pathologies of fetal development or even cause termination of pregnancy due to fetal death in particularly severe cases. Nursing mothers should also be wary of radiation, since negative energy can cause changes in the structure of milk, which in turn will lead to disturbances in the development of the nervous or digestive systems of the child's body.
How to protect yourself from the influence of a cell tower near your home?
There are several ways to reduce exposure to harmful radiation or eliminate it completely. First of all, it is necessary to determine the amount of energy that can conditionally affect a person. Answering the question "from a cell tower?" It is worth advising to contact specialists from the relevant services, who will determine the level of harmful effects on human health directly at the structure, as well as in houses located next to it.It is also worth remembering that radiation from a cell tower ( safe distance in this case, we will consider it conditionally violated, as is often the case during the construction of such structures) can be reduced with the help of certain building materials. For example, glass reduces harmful effects by 2-3 times, and concrete structures transmit 30 times less radiation . We can conclude that by being indoors, a person reduces the harmful effects of a cell tower on his body.
Cleaning your apartment or house will help partially reduce this. The influence of moisture relatively neutralizes the harmful energy that certain time accumulated in the house. 
If you initially have the opportunity to choose to build a house, it is advisable not to start it in places where towers are located or their construction is planned in the near future. In circumstances where there is no choice of location for the future construction, it is necessary to minimize the harmful effects on the body. You should be wary of radiation of this origin and its contact with the body, as this can lead to negative consequences such as the development of pathologies or diseases caused by this external factor.
High-quality mobile communications are important both in the daily lives of citizens and in the activities of most organizations.
To ensure a wide coverage area and establish a continuous, stable signal, cellular operators are forced to place equipment as concentrated as possible, including in residential neighborhoods.
How safe is this neighborhood for the population?
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The influence of radio signals on human health
Today civilized human life proceeds under the continuous influence electromagnetic radiation(EMR). Its sources include electronics items and household appliances and, of course, wireless communications.
Radio communication is the transmission of high frequency electromagnetic waves from the transmitter to the receiving device. Thus, every person using a mobile phone is constantly within the coverage area electromagnetic field(EMF).
At a certain level, electromagnetic radiation can have an adverse effect on the health of people and other living beings, and cause problems with the operation of navigation equipment and other devices.
Staying for a long time in an area with an increased level of EMF can cause:
- Physiological disorders(nausea, headache, increased fatigue);
- Psychological disorders(irritability, decreased level of self-control).
With a significant increase in the intensity of exposure to radio waves on the human body, the internal organs of the following systems may be affected:
- Endocrine;
- Nervous;
- Immune;
- Reproductive.
This impact can be extremely Negative consequences for health, expressed in the development of serious diseases in a person, including oncology.
Intense exposure to EMR is especially dangerous for children, pregnant women, people suffering from diseases of the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and allergies.
Are towers harmful?
Cellular communications are built on the principle of interaction between base stations and the directly receiving device (mobile phone, tablet, navigator).
The interaction is based on the transmission of an electromagnetic signal in the UHF (ultra high frequency) range.
The radius of the base station signal depends on:
- The cellular standard used by the operator;
- Loads;
- Building densities;
- Equipment used by the operator.
Coverage of a certain area is achieved by installing cell towers based on the cell principle. Hence the name – cellular communications.
Functioning technology cellular system assumes that the maximum radiation energy is concentrated and directed away from the structures on which the base station antennas are located.
The power of the station is not constant and is regulated depending on the load on the network.
Cellular base stations located outside cities are often equipped with signal amplifiers to increase its range. Accordingly, the level of EMR near such objects will be higher.
Conducted studies and measurements in the area adjacent to the place where cellular base stations are installed confirm that the EMR level is within standard values and practically does not differ from the background radiation level characteristic of a particular area.
Thus, it is safe for citizens to live in close proximity to the location of cell phone towers if:
- The equipment is located above the nearby building area;
- The equipment parameters comply with established sanitary and hygienic standards.
If the base station signal is directly directed towards a nearby building, then such a neighborhood can be hazardous to health.
If you want to know the law banning smoking in the entrances of residential buildings, we advise you to read.
Cellular base station on the roof of a house
In cities with dense buildings, cellular operators are often forced to install equipment on the roofs of high-rise buildings, including residential buildings.
Such actions are not prohibited by law(installation of industrial equipment on the territory of residential buildings is not allowed, and cellular communication equipment is not one of them), but require compliance with a certain procedure.
Equipment placement parameters must comply with established standards:
- The EMF level in the adjacent area should not exceed 10 mW/cm2;
- Depending on the radiated power, the antenna should be erected at a level of 1.5 to 5 meters from the roof surface and at a distance of 10–25 meters from other buildings;
- The possibility of people accessing the roof must be excluded.
The telecom operator must obtain permission from the supervisory authority to install the equipment, as well as the consent of the owners of the premises located in the house on the roof of which the base station is supposed to be built.
The owners’ decision to approve the installation of equipment is made at a general meeting in accordance with Article 44 of the RF Housing Code, and at least two-thirds of all owners must vote for such a decision.
After this, the telecom operator develops design documentation containing all the characteristics of the installed equipment, which, in turn, must be certified.
The equipment is put into operation after the communications organization receives a sanitary and epidemiological certificate. Further, at least once every 3 years, control measurements of the EMF level are carried out.
Government regulation
At the state level, standards are established that reflect the safe limits of EMR from radio transmitters.
In Russia, the Sanitary and Epidemiological Rules and Standards SanPiN 2.1.8/2.2.4.1383-03 are in force, approved by Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated 06/09/2003 No. 135.
The government agency authorized to monitor the level of EMR from cellular base stations is Rospotrebnadzor.
It is to this body that complaints about possible violations by telecom operators should be sent.
If, as a result of the inspection, the fact of exceeding permissible level EMR, then through the court officials of Rospotrebnadzor may demand the dismantling of equipment whose operation may threaten the health of citizens.
Protect the Earth's population from electromagnetic waves. About 200 scientists from all over the world made this appeal to the UN. We invite you to watch the video.
The terms “base station” and “cell tower” have long been firmly established in our lexicon. And if the average user does not remember these things so often, then the “cell phone” in terms of familiarity is clearly among the top ten. Hundreds of millions of people use cellular communications every day, but very few of them think about how this very connection is ensured. And of this minority, very few truly understand the complexity and subtlety of this communication tool.
From the point of view of most people, installing a cellular base station is a fairly simple matter. Just hang up a few antennas, connect them to the network, and you're done. But this idea is fundamentally wrong. And so we decided to talk about how many subtleties and nuances arise when installing a base station in a metropolis.
To clearly illustrate our story, we documented in detail the process of installing a cell tower on the roof of a building in Moscow, at the address: st. Krasnodonskaya, 19, building 2. This is a two-story detached administrative building. We chose this particular example because this base station not only has a small bracket for hanging antennas, but a 5-section tower 15 m high. But let’s start in order.
Preparation and design
The work of installing a base station begins with finding a suitable site. When it is found, a lease agreement is concluded with its owner. The required location of the antennas of the future station and the mass of the payload are determined, and based on this, metal structures are designed. This takes into account the load-bearing capacity of the structural elements of the building itself.
A set of documentation (almost 5 cm thick) is issued for each installed base station. Among other things, many parameters of the future design are indicated here: its location on the site, dimensions, total weight, location of support points, voltage and power consumption, and so on.
This folder contains comprehensive information:
- design documentation;
- copies of statements, licenses, certificates and statements of conformity for all elements, down to nuts and paint;
- working documentation for equipment, metal structures, architectural and construction solutions, lightning protection;
- sanitary and epidemiological conclusion on the safety of the station for residents of surrounding houses.
Let's return to our tower. After coordination and approval of the project, a separate platform and five tower segments were manufactured at the plant. Since in in this case We were talking about a rather heavy structure, so it had to be installed on the load-bearing walls of the building. To do this, holes were cut in the roof and support beams were installed. They play the role of a pile foundation for the platform, on which the station equipment and a tower with antennas were subsequently mounted. The total weight of the platform was 3857 kg.
The profile, dimensions and number of beams from which the platform is assembled, wall thickness, length of welds, hardware used - all these parameters are calculated based on the mass of the payload, the load-bearing capacity of the building walls, as well as possible wind loads in a given region. Of course, these are far from the only criteria; first of all, the tower must provide the ability to install transceiver antennas at the required height within the visibility range of neighboring base stations. In addition, the structure must be rigid enough so that the relay communication beam does not get lost.
Installation of metal structures
The building is small and does not have a separate exit to the roof, so the installation team has to climb the fire escape. Its lower part is cut off to prevent residents of surrounding houses from climbing onto the roof. Unfortunately, this doesn’t stop them much, so something often disappears from the roofs - spare parts, cables, feeders, etc.
Despite the fact that each station is equipped with an alarm system, the security service does not always manage to arrive on time.
Another base station is already installed on the roof mobile operator, but its size cannot be compared with ours.
After installing the platform, sites are prepared for installing the first section of the tower:
After installing the section, “tightening the nuts” begins:
Installation of the tower on studs is done so that deviations from the vertical can be compensated during installation and further operation.
The verticality of the structure is constantly monitored from two points using theodolites. Moreover, measurements are carried out separately for each section of the tower, and then the measurement log will be included in the set of documents. Subsequently, periodic measurements of the position of the tower are carried out, since a slight spiral twisting of the structure (up to 50 mm at 72 m height) can occur under its own weight and the weight of the equipment.
Equipment cabinet prepared for installation on the platform:
So, the first section is installed and aligned. Installers are preparing to receive the second section:
Safety and comfort of work are given great attention not only during installation, but also during further maintenance. The work platforms are sized to provide engineers with enough space to work. Stair railings have been installed, and openings in the platforms on the tower are closed with hatches to prevent accidental falls. The platform is raised above the roof plane to winter time the equipment was not covered with snow or blocked by ice.
Installation of the remaining sections of the tower:
Hardware cabinet queue:
The tower has been installed and the final measurements have been taken using theodolites. Deviations are minimal and strictly within tolerances. The mass of the tower was 2827 kg, and the total mass of all metal structures was 6684 kg.
The colors of the sections are standard: the lower and upper ones are always red, the intermediate ones alternate with white. At the top you can see 4 pins, which are a continuation of the ribs of the tower - these are lightning protection elements.
Equipment
The next stage was the installation of all the necessary equipment and laying of cables. Full list installed equipment:
As a result, the station acquired a rather majestic appearance, especially in comparison with the building itself:
The station is supplied with power voltage of 380 V (3 phases), which is then converted to 48 V. The power is taken with a reserve - up to 10 kW. Food is supplied in a separate cabinet.
Let's open the door of the equipment cabinet. It has a built-in air conditioner (top) and a heater (bottom).
The temperature in the cabinet is maintained at 18...20 degrees Celsius throughout the year. This is necessary for uninterrupted operation of the equipment and long service life of the batteries (they are located below).
The batteries are designed to ensure operation of the station for about a day in the event of a power outage.
On top there is a switching unit and a voltage converter.
The transfer of information between system modules and transceivers (about them below) is carried out through fiber optic cables. This is what the connector in the switching unit looks like. Under no circumstances should it be touched with hands; the fiber is very sensitive to damage and contamination.
All cellular base stations are connected to a single fiber-optic information network stretched throughout Moscow. The white bay under the equipment cabinet is exactly the cable through which this station is connected.
To the right of the cabinet there are system GSM modules, CDMA and LTE:
These modules are the heart of the base station; they receive the signal from the antennas and carry out its conversion and compression with further forwarding. They are not afraid of precipitation, all connectors are sealed, and the operating temperature range is from +60 to -50.
Lightning arresters are located under the system modules, which prevent equipment from burning out in the event of a lightning strike:
On the right above the modules there are coils of fiber optic cable, with which they are connected to the transceivers on the tower.
Let's move on to the tower. It has transceivers installed separately for each band (GSM, CDMA and LTE). They amplify the signal from extremely low values to 115-120 dB. Power is supplied to them from the equipment cabinet:
The oblong vertical “boxes” are the antennas. They are shielded at the back to protect operating personnel from electromagnetic radiation. Let's go up to the platform.
Fiber optic cables are connected to the transceiver along the edges, and the power supply is in the center:
Grounding is connected to the tower:
Cable connectors and their plugs on the antenna:
We have already mentioned that designing and building a cellular base station is not at all as simple as it seems to the uninitiated. There are many nuances here that are also related to the specific location of the station. For example, the transmission of a radio signal over a large water surface deteriorates, although it should be the other way around, because there are no obstacles. But the fact is that an electromagnetic field spreads over the surface of the earth, and large volume water acts as a kind of capacitor, over which interference with the radio signal increases. And there are many such subtleties, so the efficiency of the base station directly depends on the professionalism of designers and installers.
Most cellular users are unaware of the huge system that provides their comfort. Meanwhile, these are not only switching computers and special controllers, but also thousands, no, tens of thousands of base stations, the sensitive antennas of which allow subscribers to always stay in touch.
More brains than hardware
Main element cellular network any standard - this is the base station(BSS, Base Station System), which handles call distribution and authentication mobile phones. Depending on the communication standard, base stations (BS) operate in the frequency range from 450 to 1880 MHz. BSs form the basis of macrocells, the so-called “cells”. Since the working radius of such stations is about 10-12 km outside the city and about 5 km in the city, many BSs are built and located relatively close to each other. Fully autonomous and automated base stations are small containers that are usually installed on the roof of buildings. There are usually several computers there, source autonomous power supply and air conditioning - all BS equipment is very sensitive to temperature changes. All this wealth is supplied automatic system fire extinguishing and alarm systems. Wireless or cable channel communication with the network control center, where a huge flow of data is transmitted - incoming and outgoing calls from subscribers.
BS container.
Secure Communication
There is an opinion that base stations are very harmful to health. According to domestic sanitary standards and rules, BS antennas are placed on existing buildings or on special masts. There are two types of antennas: transmitting (or transceiver) and receiving, which are not sources of electromagnetic fields at all. The main radiation energy of the transmitting antenna is concentrated in a rather narrow “beam”, which is always directed away from structures and above adjacent buildings. This necessary condition normal functioning cellular communications and security environment.
Base station filling.
The radiation power of the BS antenna is not constant, it varies depending on the network load - the number of active cell phones in the service area. At the same time, for stations located in different areas of the city, the load varies. At night it is practically zero, but in the evening it rises sharply.
Studies of the electromagnetic situation in the territory adjacent to the BS have been repeatedly carried out by specialists from Sweden, Hungary and Russia. If you study the results of these measurements, you can see that in 100% of cases the electromagnetic environment in the building on which the BS is installed does not differ from the background. In the adjacent territory, in 91% of cases, the recorded level of the electromagnetic field was 10 times less than the MPL (maximum permissible level) established for radio engineering facilities in Moscow. The maximum value recorded during measurements was 2 times less than the installed remote control, near a building on which three stations of different standards were installed at once. Thus, we can say with confidence that cellular base stations are not dangerous to public health.
Came, set up, flew away
Base stations are mounted on high-rise buildings or on metal towers that are specially built. High-rise masts (more than 50 meters) are usually installed outside the city using helicopters. All structures are brought from special factories on long tractors and then assembled into 4 large sections, which the helicopter has to hoist one on top of the other. The first section, 20 meters high, is installed with a heavy truck crane, and the rest - only with the help of a rotorcraft.
Special helicopters are used for installation. It looks like an ordinary Mi-8, but in fact it is a radically modified machine - a flying laboratory worth about $2 million. Especially for the installation of complex structures, it has an external suspension, onto which a cable with tower blocks is attached. It is controlled by a computer, which takes into account all gusts of wind and holds several tons of metal strictly vertically. There is also a special transparent rear cockpit, from which another pilot controls the installation. The entire process is carried out in radio silence mode - control is carried out only by visual commands from the “flag” engineer from the ground. It is this person who must make sure for himself that the flanges of the blocks are in contact, and only after securing the section give the command to the helicopter pilot to unhook the cable from the external sling. The assembly process itself occurs very quickly - in just 40 minutes.
Installation of a base station from a helicopter.
Parade of unusual projects
Exotics in the construction of sea base stations. Is it a joke - everyone cellular company there may be several thousand communication facilities, and not all of them are located in megacities. For example, at MTS there is a BS powered by a wind generator - they are installed in the Krasnodar region. There are BS in portable containers - a box the size of a small TV in which the source is mounted uninterruptible power supply and air conditioning. Such BS can be mounted almost anywhere, for example, directly on poles. In particular, in Moscow, a similar BS was installed in Gostiny Dvor. There are BS mounted on bell towers - in Suzdal and Sergiev Posad, for example. These are the highest places in the area, it is unprofitable to erect a mast there - so we had to ask permission from the church. But a completely unique system is the base station in the Lefortovo tunnel in Moscow. There, the antenna is a slotted radiating cable stretched in a three-kilometer tunnel.
The VimpelCom company has its own pride - to provide coverage of the Bee Line GSM network on a busy section of the Krasnodar-Sochi federal highway passing through the village Moldavanovka, a base station operating on solar energy. On the mountain pass in the Moldavanovka area it turned out to be difficult to provide high-quality coverage. One of the possible positions of the base station, providing an acceptable coverage area, was a natural site at an altitude of 711 meters on the mountain. It was decided to replace the expensive project of organizing traditional power supply alternative system on solar batteries. Peak power solar panels enough to power the station itself, two air conditioners and recharge the batteries overnight. In addition to solar panels, a wind generator was also installed. IN " VimpelCom"emphasize that this is the first base station using alternative energy sources in Russia, but not the first in the world.
Base station"Bee Line" on solar energy.
In April 2004, a solar-powered mobile communications base station also began operating in the Kimberley District of Western Australia. In total, it uses 60 solar panels weighing a total of 7.4 tons.
Mobile operator specialists also distinguished themselves in the construction of “exotics” SMARTS. For example, BS with a coverage area extended to 100 km are used in the Astrakhan region. In the Samara, Penza and Volgograd regions, base stations are at high altitudes. There are a lot of hills there. Such stations have to be installed with the help of specially trained units of climbers.
Big throughput necessary for mobile BSs that are deployed in just a few hours. For example, exactly this kind of BS works at the Grushinsky festival.
It should be noted that exotic BS is not an invention of the “mysterious Russian soul.” For example, in the UK they began to install “green” cellular base stations. Finally, the English “greens”, who opposed the construction of cellular base stations in protected areas of Foggy Albion, can sleep peacefully. A second autonomous base station powered by hydrogen fuel cells has been installed in the heart of Aberdeenshire Forest. The first such station was installed in Scotland, near the world famous ski center. Installing a conventional station would require laying about five kilometers of electrical cable, which would cause irreparable damage to the environment in these places.
By the way, for amateurs and specialists: the cellular configuration of base stations built at many domestic and foreign resorts is very interesting and unusual. At such stations, as a rule, there are only two cells, one “shoots” in one direction of the coast, the second in the opposite direction. You can’t go into the sea with a phone, but taking a photo of yourself on the beach and sending it to the snow-covered capital is a nice thing.
But African operators have gone the furthest - they install base stations on special rafts in the middle of large rivers. As a result, they “cover” both nearby villages and the river itself. There are no roads there, and the main transport routes are by water. Well, it’s more difficult to steal equipment from there.
Total control
Constant control cellular network coverage, quality voice communication vital for any cellular operator. This is precisely why mobile laboratories, equipped with the latest technology, set off every day. A typical example of such a car is a minibus Volkswagen Transporter or SUV Suzuki Grand Vitara, they are equipped with measuring equipment for testing AMPS/DAMPS or GSM900/1800 networks.
Volkswagen Transporter
In each region, engineers develop special routes to control the network. As an option, crews set off based on user complaints about poor quality communication or inability to get through. The third option for detours is a thorough check of the operation of new base stations. The measuring complex not only checks the coverage area of the BS and compares it with the plan, but also tests the quality of switching between the BS and its neighbors.
Each car's special equipment costs tens of thousands of dollars and takes up about a third of the interior. There can be two complexes in total in the car; they are powered from the on-board network. The first task is to real mode time to monitor the quality of cellular network coverage. It usually consists of powerful laptop from Toshiba, several special devices and three phones Sagem, one of which operates only in the GSM900 range, the second - GSM1800, the third - supports both communication standards. Each of the telephones continuously rings special technical numbers in the company's office with so-called “long calls” for 54-59 minutes. At this time, measuring equipment analyzes the quality of the coating and determines how successfully cell call transmitted from cell to cell, in which cases communication interruptions may occur. All data is immediately entered into a computer for further analysis.
The second complex consists of four Sagem phones. Two of them call each other with “short calls” lasting 59 seconds. Another one calls on special service number to the office of the cellular company, another one receives calls from the company's office. After connection, a short message is sent a voice message, pronounced feminine and in a male voice. Since the standard text is known, the resulting result is instantly compared with it and a measure of message similarity is established. The more similar they are, the better quality communications. One of important parts complex is a system satellite navigation(GPS). With its help, the computer determines the location in the city and enters all the parameters of the cellular network with location reference into a special “black box”. This allows fault locations to be determined with high accuracy.
The issue of base stations has already been raised, but a clear definition has not been identified. I believe that these towers should be removed, because they do not serve any purpose. useful information, and with them (towers) large quantities just littering the map.
akbars, please write a clear definition of what needs to be done with them. And it is advisable to include it in the rules.
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The issue of base stations has already been raised, but a clear definition has not been identified. I believe that these towers should be removed, because they do not carry any useful information, and if there are a large number of them (towers), it will only litter the map.
akbars, please write a clear definition of what needs to be done with them. And it is advisable to include it in the rules.
The issue of base stations has already been raised, but a clear definition has not been identified. I believe that these towers should be removed, because they do not carry any useful information, and if there are a large number of them (towers), it will only litter the map.
akbars, please write a clear definition of what needs to be done with them. And it is advisable to include it in the rules.
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The issue of base stations has already been raised, but a clear definition has not been identified. I believe that these towers should be removed, because they do not carry any useful information, and if there are a large number of them (towers), it will only litter the map.
akbars, please write a clear definition of what needs to be done with them. And it is advisable to include it in the rules.
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The issue of base stations has already been raised, but a clear definition has not been identified. I believe that these towers should be removed, because they do not carry any useful information, and if there are a large number of them (towers), it will only litter the map.
akbars, please write a clear definition of what needs to be done with them. And it is advisable to include it in the rules.
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