What is included in it technology. Information technology concept

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CONCEPT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. TYPES OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Information technology is a process that uses a set of means and methods for collecting, processing and transmitting data to obtain new quality information about the state of an object, process or phenomenon. The purpose of information technology is the production of information for human analysis and decision-making on the basis of any action.

The introduction of the personal computer into the information sphere and the use of telecommunications have determined a new stage in the development of information technology. New information technology is information technology with a “friendly” user interface, using personal computers and telecommunications. New information technology is based on the following basic principles.

Interactive (dialogue) mode of working with a computer.
Integration with other software products.
Flexibility in the process of changing data and setting tasks.

Common types of programs are used as information technology toolsproducts: word processors, publishing systems, spreadsheets, database management systems, electronic calendars, functional information systems.

The main types of information technologies include the following.

Information technology for data processing is designed to solve well-structured problems, the solution algorithms for which are well known and for which all the necessary input data are available. This technology is used at the level of performing activities of low-skilled personnel in order to automate some routine, constantly repeating operations of managerial work.
Management information technology is intended to provide information services to all employees of enterprises involved in making management decisions. Here, information is usually presented in the form of regular or special management reports and contains information about the past, present and possible future of the enterprise.
Automated office information technology is designed to complement the existing communication system for enterprise personnel. Office automation involves organizing and supporting communication processes both within the company and with the external environment on the basis of computer networks and other modern means of transmitting and working with information.
Information technology for decision support is intended to develop a management decision, which occurs as a result of an iterative process in which a decision support system (computing link and control object) and a person (control link that sets the input data and evaluates the result) participate.
Information technology of expert systems is based on the use of artificial intelligence. Expert systems enable managers to receive expert advice on any problem about which knowledge has been accumulated in these systems.

In order not to get drowned in the flow of information, quickly find it and use it wisely, there is a whole field of activity - IT technologies. What this means can be guessed by expanding the abbreviation IT - Information Technology. Everything related to information - search, storage, transmission - refers to IT technologies.

In ancient times, IT technologies also existed. Knowledge was recorded on parchment, papyrus, and paper. carried out by messengers, pigeon mail, in the 19th century, humanity mastered radio and telegraph. Information was stored in libraries and archives.

But, of course, the information technology boom occurred in the 20th century with the advent of computer technology. Computer systems have shown the greatest efficiency when working with information, therefore, when speaking about IT, computer technologies are often meant.

Data transfer

The exchange of information reached a new level after the discovery of electricity. The ability to transmit data via electrical signals has become the most important achievement of IT technology. What did this give to ordinary people?

Our contemporaries can now communicate with each other from anywhere. There is an opportunity to get an education without leaving home. The Internet has largely replaced traditional sources of knowledge. Digitization of paper books, chronicles, and documents is in full swing. Digital copies of priceless works become available to everyone.

At the dawn of the Internet, the amount of information transmitted was very limited. For example, it took 15 minutes to download a music recording to your computer. Improvements in data transmission methods have made it possible to increase the speed of data exchange hundreds of times. This has opened up new opportunities - such as video conferencing, webinars, online viewing of TV programs, and IP telephony.

Data storage

Data transfer and storage are closely interconnected. If it is not possible to store large volumes of information, then powerful communication channels will also not be in demand. And great progress has been made in this area. The cost of a hard drive changes little, but the amount of information that can be written to it has increased tenfold over the decade.

For comparison, the memory capacity of a hard drive in 1995 was about 500 MB, in 2005 it was already 80 GB, and in 2015 the majority exceeded 1 terabyte. On the Internet, servers are used to store data. Essentially, these are ordinary personal computers designed for data storage. For greater efficiency, they are combined into data centers - the brainchild of IT technology. What is this if not one of the symbols of post-industrial society? There can be hundreds of servers in one room. The amount of electricity they consume can reach the output of a small power plant.

Database

Data storage and transmission are, of course, very important, but only if the necessary information is quickly found and processed. Much progress has been made here too. To store information, databases have been developed that allow you to process and retrieve information in an optimal way. Computer databases have entered all spheres of human activity. They are located both at the ticket office and at the medical register; with their help, the lesson schedule at school is drawn up.

There are free and commercial databases, both for a single user and those that allow many people to access them at the same time. Accordingly, programming languages have been created that allow you to create databases for different situations.

Data Search

IT technologies also help us not to get lost in the stormy ocean of information. What are these names - Google, Yandex, Rambler - probably all Internet users know. The huge amount of information accumulated on the World Wide Web makes finding the necessary information a non-trivial task.

It is impossible to review every document from start to finish, otherwise each request would take weeks to process. Therefore, search engine developers resort to various tricks. For example, each site has keywords that are searched for first. In addition, the found pages need to be sorted by importance so that the user can extract the maximum useful information from the first sites found.

Also, the search engine should cut off resources that artificially inflate their rankings. Search engines are developed by large teams of programmers. Their founders become billionaires, and the cost of advertising on the search engine's home page costs astronomical sums - all because millions of users visit it every day.

Let them teach me

How can you get a profession in the field of IT technology? These are primarily universities. Professions related to computer technology, programming, and information technology are in great demand now. New departments have appeared at institutes and universities to provide the labor market with specialists in the field of IT technology. Training traditionally focuses on theory. On the one hand, this knowledge is quite abstract, and it is difficult to directly apply it in practical activities. On the other hand, the profession of an IT specialist involves lifelong learning, and the foundation laid at the university will help the graduate quickly master the latest developments.

There is another way to become a professional in this field. Currently, a lot of literature has been published on IT technology. “For Dummies” is probably the name of the most popular series of books devoted to the basics of programming, database design, web design, network technologies, and so on. Studying from this kind of literature also has its advantages. Almost always it is of a purely applied nature, written in easy, intelligible language. Having taken the first steps, you can start earning your first money on the freelance exchange, completing simple tasks for ridiculous money, but gaining invaluable experience. With due diligence, you can achieve noticeable success in 5 years.

Both approaches have a right to exist, especially since sometimes studying at a university becomes inaccessible for financial reasons. The development of IT technology is so rapid that university education simply cannot keep up with it. It gives a certain foundation, but many things will have to be learned again. And in general, the specificity of an information technology specialist is such that you will have to study constantly in order to remain in demand in the labor market.

Promising developments

Among the latest developments and trends in IT technologies, cloud technologies can be noted. If previously a user installed the necessary applications on his computer to work, now more and more services are appearing on the Internet. Graphics and video processing directly in the browser no longer surprises anyone. Accounting and management programs are appearing that allow you to keep abreast of events away from the workplace.

Work is actively underway to recognize human voices and images. If a computer learns to recognize an image, it will be another breakthrough in IT technology. Photos from documents can be checked automatically. This will be of great help to law enforcement agencies and border guards. In the future, confident recognition of human speech will make it possible to control a computer in the most familiar way to a person.

Thousands of articles, websites, books are devoted to IT technology. What it is? It cannot be fully conveyed in one review. But if you are interested in the world of information technology, then the task of the article can be considered completed.

Communications and information technologies are a relatively new industry in the Russian economy. This industry can be called new based on the fact that modern communication services are radically different from the services provided 25-30 years ago. An interesting fact is that the total volume of communication services in monetary terms is increasing every year, mainly due to the provision of new services, such as, for example, mobile communication services. But at the same time, the volume of seemingly outdated postal services remains at the same level and is even growing slightly, occupying about 8% of the communications market.

At the end of 2014, the total volume of communication services amounted to 1,654 billion rubles. Compared to 2013, this amount increased by 0.5%. The largest share in turnover is occupied by mobile communication services – 38.7%. This term refers to services for the provision of radiotelephone mobile communications and public mobile satellite radio communications for various subscribers. The most striking example is the provision of cellular communication services by various operators.

Of the total volume of communication services provided, 55% were provided to the population. In monetary terms, this amounts to 909.1 billion rubles. Typically, the share of communication services provided to the population has remained virtually unchanged over the past 6 years. Since 2009, this figure has remained between 54-56%. This trend indicates a uniform development of the market for communication services and information technologies.

The structure of communication services for the population itself has a slightly different form than the general one. This is primarily due to the fact that the population is practically not provided with special communications services and there are completely no services for connecting networks and transmitting traffic. The first type of communication is the delivery of various valuable cargo, weapons, cash, etc. And the second type of service is provided to telephone operators and Internet providers.

As for other types of services, the population was provided with:

Mobile communication services – 86% (RUB 553.2 billion);
Documentary communication services – 60.5% (RUB 192.6 billion);
Local telephone services – 59.9% (RUB 83 billion);
Radio and television broadcasting services – 43.4% (RUB 36.2 billion);
Postal services – 19.4% (RUB 26.1 billion);
Long-distance and international telephone services – 24.7% (RUB 17.9 billion)

Over 750 thousand people work in the communications and information technology industry. At the end of 2014, the average salary in the industry was 31,900 rubles. This is 700 rubles less than the average salary in all sectors of the economy in the Russian Federation over the past year.

At the end of 2013, 96.13 billion rubles were allocated from the budgets of the Russian Federation at all levels for the development of communications and information technologies. Of these: from the federal budget - 41.89 billion rubles. (43.6%) and from the consolidated budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - 54.24 billion rubles. (56.4%).

2014 was marked by the closure of the large-scale state program “Creation of technology parks in the Russian Federation in the field of high technologies.” The program was launched in March 2006 with the goal of accelerating the development of high-tech sectors of the economy. The result of this program was the construction of 12 technology parks on the territory of the Russian Federation, which will house more than 800 companies working in the field of high technology. The total investment volume exceeded 30.4 billion rubles. Of these, 13.4 billion were allocated from the Federal budget and 17 billion from the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The total turnover of resident companies at the end of 2014 amounted to 40.5 billion rubles, and for the entire period of implementation of the program, the total revenue exceeded 130 billion rubles. As a result of the program, more than 18.5 thousand jobs were created.

Postal service

The operator of the Russian postal network is the state company Russian Post. This organization employs slightly less than half of all employees employed in the field of communications and information technology. According to data for 2014, the staff of Russian Post amounted to 342 thousand people. The company's average annual turnover is 120 billion rubles.

Despite the fact that postal services are gradually being replaced by more modern information technologies and means of communication, the dependence of the Russian population on postal services is very high. This is especially true for residents of rural areas and hard-to-reach areas of the country. At the end of 2014, the following were sent and delivered by mail:

Printed publications – 1,050 million pieces.
Written correspondence – 1,650 million pieces.
Parcels – 73 million pieces.
Postal money transfers – 69 million. things
Pensions and benefits – 409 million.

As can be seen in the diagram, since 2010 there has been a decrease in the number of postal services provided in these segments. This is primarily due to the active activities of banking institutions in these market segments. But the decrease in services for the delivery of printed publications and correspondence is directly related to the increase in the influence of the Internet.

At the end of 2014, the total cost of postal services amounted to 134.3 billion rubles. At the same time, only 26.1 billion rubles worth of services were provided to the population. In the total turnover of postal services, the largest share is occupied by operations with the receipt, forwarding and delivery of funds - more than 34%.

2.1.Definition of information technology

Technologywhen translated from Greek (techne) means art, skill, skill, and these are nothing more than processes.

A process should be understood as a certain set of actions aimed at achieving a set goal. The process must be determined by the strategy chosen by the person and implemented using a combination of various means and methods.

The concept of technology means a complex of knowledge about methods, techniques of labor, sets of material and technical factors, methods of combining them to create a product or service.

In relation to industrial production, the concept of industrial production technology is used.

The application of the concept of technology to information processes led to the emergence of the concept of information technology as a body of knowledge about methods of automated processing of information using a computer to automate management activities.

In modern society, the main technical means of information processing technology is the personal computer, which has significantly influenced both the concept of constructing and using technological processes and the quality of the resulting information. The introduction of the personal computer into the information sphere and the use of telecommunications have determined a new stage in the development of information technology and, as a consequence, a change in its name by adding one of the synonyms: “new”, “computer” or “modern”.

Information technology (IT), like any other technology, can be divided into two distinct components:

Hardware. This part of information technology includes the physical structure, configuration of computer technology, systems and other equipment.

Software. It is a set of rules, guidelines and algorithms necessary to ensure the performance of technical equipment. This also includes programs, agreements, standards and rules of use aimed at coordinating individual tasks and the process as a whole.

The so-called algorithmic (intelligent) software plays a significant role. It, depending on the intentions, expected results and goals, should justify the advisability of using and deploying hardware and software, as well as its configuration in each specific case.

Information technology is a set of methods and software and hardware combined into a technological chain that ensures the collection, processing, storage, distribution and display of information in order to reduce the labor intensity of the processes of using information resources, as well as increase their reliability and efficiency.

2.2.Evolution of information technology

Information processing has a long history of development, dating back to the invention of the first abacus and printing device. The modern term information technology arose in the late 1970s. and began to denote the processing of information using computer technology. The development of computer technology occurred in several stages, each of which was the result of innovative technological solutions and led to the creation of a new generation of computers. Evolutionary processes have affected both hardware and software. Advances in information technology undoubtedly affected their use in the economy. And if at the stages of development of computer technology their use was limited to scientific and technical calculations, mainly in the military field, then as information technologies improved, various areas of the economy, and then the entertainment sector, became areas of use.

First generation computers, created on the basis of vacuum tubes, had low performance and, as a result, limited application. The invention of transistors and their mass production led to the emergence of second generation computers. The high performance of such computers, as well as significant advances in the field of software development, have made it possible to use them in economic activities for processing and storing economic information.

Since the mid-1960s. Electronic circuits of medium and high degrees of integration began to be used for the production of computers, which marked the beginning of the third stage in the development of computer technology. New technical solutions based on microprocessors served as the basis for the creation of the first personal computers, which were characterized by their small size and low cost. During this period, the production of computers acquired an industrial scale, and the development of operating systems and software contributed to an increase in the number of users of computer technology and the expansion of its areas of application. High functionality and affordable price ensured the introduction of computer technology into almost every department of enterprises to solve such local problems as accounting and data processing.

The modern generation of computers originated in the mid-70s. XX century and still exists today. The basis of these computers were large and ultra-large integrated circuits (LSI and VLSI) and microprocessors.

In parallel with the hardware, software was also formed, both system and application, which also went through several generations in its evolution. The first generation of software were basic programming languages that only computer scientists could master. The procedurally oriented languages FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL of the second generation of programming languages allowed scientists and specialists from various fields of science and technology to join the development of application programs. The third stage in software development is characterized by the use of developed operating systems (OS), database management systems (DB) and structured programming languages such as Pascal. The fourth generation is marked by the development and use of object-oriented languages, software for distributed computer systems, an improved graphical interface and integrated programming environment, as well as advanced software tools for working with databases. The fifth generation is focused on knowledge processing, support for network architectures and technologies.

The widespread use of computer technology and the need to exchange data between remote computers have become an impetus for the creation and development of computer networks. At the initial stage, a variety of non-standard devices were used, capable of providing connections only to those computers for which they were designed, and in the mid-1980s. Standard technologies for connecting computers into a network have been established - Ethernet, Arcnet, Token Ring, which has significantly simplified the process of creating network structures.

Models for organizing calculations and information processing have also been improved. Since the 1950s. a centralized computing model was used, when non-intelligent terminals were connected to a powerful computer, and users worked in a time-shared mode. Subsequently, the centralized model could also include personal computers as intelligent terminals. In the 1980s The distributed computing model has become widespread, one of the most popular versions of which is called the “client-server” architecture.

All advances in the field of IT have been used in managing business processes in enterprises and organizations. At the same time, integrated with organizational decisions and aimed at meeting business needs, they formed a class of economic information systems for managing economic entities (enterprises, banks, trade organizations, government agencies, etc.).

Economic information systems have also undergone significant changes in their development. If in the 50s. Computer technology was used mainly for processing significant amounts of information, then in the 60s. marked by the beginning of comprehensive automation of enterprise management and integration of information support based on databases. The full-scale use of automated control systems dates back to the 70s, when, based on third-generation electronic computers, it became possible to create computer systems with a distributed terminal network. 80s marked by the widespread use of personal computers by management workers and the creation of a large set of automated workstations. However, it should be noted that this kind of local (“island”) automation did not contribute to increasing the efficiency of management in enterprises and organizations. Only in the 90s. the development of telecommunication technologies has led to the creation of flexible local and global networks and, as a consequence, to the development and implementation of integrated systems that have provided a real opportunity for collective work of both direct executors of business operations and managers making management decisions.

2.3.Structure of information technologies

Structure of information technology includes the following procedures: data collection and registration; preparation of information arrays; processing, accumulation and storage of data; generation of resultant information; transfer of data from sourcesoccurrence to the place of processing, and the results (calculations) - to consumers of information for acceptance management decisions.

As a rule, economic information is subject to all transformation procedures, but in some cases some procedures may be missing. The sequence of their implementation also varies, and some procedures may be repeated. The composition of the transformation procedures and the features of their implementation largely depend on the economic entity conducting automated information processing. Let's consider the features of performing basic information transformation procedures.

Collection and registration of information occur differently in different economic entities. This procedure is most complex in automated management processes industrial enterprises, firms where primary accounting information is collected and registered, reflecting the production and economic activities of the facility. This procedure is no less complex in financial authorities, where the flow of cash resources is processed.

Particular importance is attached to the reliability, completeness and timeliness of primary information. At an enterprise, the collection and registration of information occurs when performing various business operations (reception of finished products, receipt and release of materials, etc.), in banks - when performing financial and credit transactions with legal entities and individuals. Accounting data can arise at workplaces as a result of counting the number of processed parts, assembled units, products, identification of defects, etc. In the process of collecting factual information, measurements, calculations, weighing of material objects, counting banknotes, obtaining temporary and quantitative characteristics of the work of individual performers are carried out. The collection of information is usually accompanied by its registration, i.e. fixing information on a material medium (document, machine medium), entering it into a personal computer. Recording in primary documents is mainly carried out manually, so collection and registration procedures remain the most labor-intensive, and the process of automating document flow is still relevant. In the context of automation of enterprise management, special attention is paid to the use of technical means of collecting and recording information, combining the operations of quantitative measurement, registration, accumulation and transmission of information through communication channels, input directly into a computer to generate the necessary documents or accumulate the received data in the system.

Transfer of information carried out in various ways: using a courier, sending by mail, delivery by vehicles, remote transmission via communication channels using other means of communication. Remote transmission via communication channels reduces data transmission time, but its implementation requires special technical means, which increases the cost of the transmission process. It is preferable to use technical means of collection and registration, which, automatically collecting information from sensors installed at workplaces, transfer it to a computer for subsequent processing, which increases its reliability and reduces labor intensity.

Can be transmitted remotely as primary information from its locations emergence , and the result in the opposite direction. In this case, the resulting information is recorded by various devices: displays, scoreboards, and printing devices. Information flows through communication channels to the processing center mainly in two ways: on computer media or directly entered into a computer using special software and hardware.

Remote transmission of information using modern communication means is constantly developing and improving. This method of information transfer is of particular importance in multi-level intersectoral systems, where the use remote transmission significantly speeds up the passage of information from one control level to another and reduces the overall data processing time.

Machine coding - a procedure for computer representation (recording) of information on computer media in codes adopted in a personal computer. This encoding of information produced by transferring data from primary documents to magnetic disks,information from which is then entered into the PC for processing.

Recording information on computer media is carried out on a PC as an independent procedure or as a result of processing.

The storage and accumulation of economic information is caused by its repeated use, the use of semi-permanent, reference and other types of information, and the need to compile primary data before processing it. Storage and accumulationinformation is carried out in information databases, on computer media in the form of information arrays, where the data is arranged according to the order established during the design process.

Directly related to storage and accumulation data search, those. selecting the necessary data from stored information, including searching for information to be corrected or replaced. The information search procedure is performed automatically based on a request for the required information compiled by the user or PC.

Processing of economic information produced on a PC, as a rule, in a decentralized manner, in places where primary information arises, where automated workstations for specialists of one or another management service (department) are organized financially - technical supply and sales, chief technologist department, design department, accounting department, planning department, etc.). Processing, however, can be carried out not only autonomously, but also in computer networks, using a set of PC software and information arrays to solve functional problems.

IN In the course of solving problems on a computer, in accordance with the machine program, result summaries are generated, which are printed by machine on paper or displayed on the screen.

Printing summaries may be accompanied by a replication procedure if a document with the resulting information needs to be provided to several users.

Decision-making in an automated organizational management system, as a rule, is carried out by a specialist with or without the use of technical means, but in the latter case, based on a thorough analysis of the resulting information obtainedon a PC. The decision-making task is complicated by the fact that a specialist has to look for the most acceptable solution from a variety of feasible solutions, minimizing the loss of resources (time, labor, material, etc.). Thanks to the use of personal computers and terminal devices, the analytics of the processed information is increased, and a gradual transition to automation of the development of optimal solutions in the process of user dialogue with the computer system is ensured. This is facilitated by the use of new technologies of expert decision support systems.

2.4.Technological support of information technologies

Meaningful The aspect of considering the elements of AIT allows us to identify the subsystems that provide the operating technology.

TechnologicalAIT support consists of subsystems that automate information services for users, solving problems using computers and other technical controls in established operating modes.

Mandatory elements of information technology support are information, linguistic, technical, software, mathematical, legal, organizational and ergonomic.

Information support (IS) is a set of design decisions regarding the volume, placement, and forms of organizing information circulating in the AIT. It includes a set of indicators, reference data, classifiers and codifiers of information, unified documentation systems specially organized for automatic maintenance, arrays of information on appropriate media, as well as personnel ensuring the reliability of storage, timeliness and quality of information processing technology.

Linguistic support (LS) combines a set of language tools for formalizing natural language, constructing and combining information units during communication between AIT personnel and computer technology. With the help of linguistic support, communication between a person and a machine is carried out. LO includes information languages for describing the structural units of the AIT information base (documents, indicators, details, etc.); control and manipulation languages data AIT information base; language tools of information retrieval systems; language tools for automated design of AIT; special-purpose dialog languages and other languages; a system of terms and definitions used in the process of development and operation of automated control systems.

Technical support (TS) is a complex of technical means (technical means of collection, registration, transmission, processing, display,information reproduction, office equipment, etc.) that ensure the operation of AIT. The central place among all technical means is occupied by the PC. Structural elements of technical support, along with technical means, are also methodological and guidance materials, technical documentation and personnel servicing these technical means.

Software includes a set of programs that implement the functions and tasks of AIT and ensure the stable operation of complexes of technical means. Included in the softwareThe software includes system-wide and special programs, as well as instructional and methodological materials on the use of software tools and personnel involved in its development and maintenance for the entire period of the AIT life cycle.

General-system software includes programs designed for a wide range of users and designed to organize the computing process and solve common information processing problems. They allow you to expand the functionality of the computer, automate planning of the sequence of computational work, monitor and manage the process processing data, as well as automate the work of programmers. Special software is a set of programs developed during the creation of AIT for a specific functional purpose. It includes packages of application programs that organize data and process it when solving functional problems.

Mathematical software (MS) is a set of mathematical methods, models and information processing algorithms used in solving functional problems and in the process of automating AIT design work. Mathematical security includes tools for modeling management processes, methods and means for solving typical management problems, methods for optimizing the management processes under study and making decisions (methods of multi-criteria optimization, mathematical programming, mathematical statistics, queuing theory, etc.). Technical documentation for this type of AIT support contains descriptions of problems, tasks for algorithmization, economic and mathematical models of problems, textual and test examples of their solution. The staff consists of specialists in the organization of facility management, management problem setters, specialists in computational methods, and AIT designers.

Organizational support (OS) is a set of documents regulating the activities of AIT personnel in the operating conditions of AIS. In the process of solving management problems, this type of support determines the interaction of workersmanagement services and AIT personnel with technical means and among themselves. Organizational support is implemented in various methodological and guidance materials at the stages of development, implementation and operation of AIS and AIT, in particular, when conducting a pre-design survey, forming technical specifications for design and feasibility studies, developing design solutions in the design process, selecting automated tasks, standard design solutions and application programs (APP), implementation of the system into operation.

Legal support (LBS) is a set of legal norms regulating legal relationswhen creating and implementing AIS and AIT. Legal support at the stage of development of AIS and AIT includes regulations related to the contractual relationship between the developer and the customer in the process of creating AIS and AIT, with the legal regulation of various deviations during this process, as well as those caused by the need to provide the development process of AIS and AIT with various types of resources. Legal support at the stage of operation of AIS and AIT includes the determination of their status in specific sectors of public administration, the legal position on the competence of AIS and AIT units and the organization of their activities, the rights, duties and responsibilities of personnel, the procedure for creating and using information in AIS, procedures for its registration, collection, storage, transfer and processing, the procedure for acquiring and using electronic computers and other technical means, the procedure for creating and using mathematical and software.

Ergonomic support (ES) as a set of methods and tools used at different stages of the development and operation of AIT, is intended to create optimal conditions for highly efficient and error-free human activity in AIT, for its fastest development. The ergonomic support of AIT includes: a set of various documentation containing ergonomic requirements for workplaces, information models, operating conditions for personnel, as well as a set of the most appropriate ways to implement these requirements and carry out ergonomic examination of the level of their implementation; a set of methods, educational and methodological documentation and technical means that provide justification for the formulation of requirements for the level of personnel training, as well as the formation of a system for selecting and training AIT personnel; a set of methods and techniques that ensure high efficiency of human activity in AIT.

AIS and AIT implement the solution of functional management problems, the totality of which constitutes the so-called functional part of the economic activity object as systems. The composition, order and principles of interaction of functional subsystems, tasks and their complexes are established based on and taking into account the achievement of the functioning goal facing the economic object. The basic principles of decomposition - the identification of independent functional subsystems of complexes of tasks - are: the relative independence of each of them, i.e. the presence of a specific control object; the presence of an appropriate set of functions and functional tasks with a clearly defined local purpose of operation; minimizing the composition of elements included in the subsystem; the presence of one or more local criteria that contribute to the optimization of the operating mode of the subsystem and are consistent with the global criterion for optimizing the functioning of the AIS and the system as a whole.

2.5.Classification of information technologies

Information technologies can currently be classified according to a number of criteria, in particular by:

method of implementation in AIS;
degree of coverage of management tasks;
the class of technological operations being implemented;
user interface type;
method of constructing a computer network;
subject areas served.

According to the method of implementing AIT in AIS, traditional and new information technologies are distinguished. If traditional AIT existed in conditions of centralized data processing, before the mass use of PCs, and were focused mainly on reducing labor intensity in the generation of regular reporting, then new information technologies are associated with information support for the management process in real time.

New information technology is a technology that is based on the use of computers, the active participation of users (non-professionals in the field of programming) in the information process; high level of friendly user interface; widespread use of general-purpose and general-purpose application software packages, the ability for the user to access remote databases and programs thanks to computer networks.

According to the degree of coverage of management tasks by AIT, electronic data processing is distinguished, when data is processed using a computer, without revising the methodology and organization of management processes, individual economic problems are solved, ensuring partial automation of management activities. In the second case, computing tools, including supercomputers and personal computers, are used to comprehensively solve functional problems, generate regular reports and work in information and reference mode for preparing management decisions. This may also include AIT decision support. They provide for the widespread use of economic and mathematical methods, models and PPP for analytical work and the formation of forecasts, drawing up business plans, informed assessments and conclusions on the studied processes of production and economic practice. This group also includes the currently widely implemented AIT, called electronic office and expert decision support. These two AIT options are focused on using the latest achievements in the field of integrating the latest approaches to automating the work of specialists and managers, creating for them the most favorable conditions for performing professional functions, high-quality and timely information services using a full automated set of management procedures implemented in a specific workplace and the office in general.

The electronic office provides for the availability of integrated application software packages, including specialized programs and information technologies that provide a comprehensive implementation of the tasks of the subject area.

Currently, electronic offices are becoming increasingly widespread, the equipment and employees of which can be located in more than one room. The need to work with documents, materials, databases of a specific organization or institution at home, in a hotel and in vehicles has led to the emergence of AIT virtual offices. Such AIT are based on the operation of a local network connected to a territorial or global network. Thanks to this, the subscriber systems of the institution’s employees, regardless of where they are located, are included in the network common to them.

Automated information technologies for expert support form the basis for automating the work of analysts. These workers, in addition to analytical methods and models for studying situations developing in market conditions for the sale of products, services, and the financial situation of an enterprise, firm, financial and credit organization, are forced to use the experience of assessing situations accumulated and stored in the system, i.e. information that makes up the knowledge base in a specific subject area. Information processed according to certain rules allows you to prepare informed decisions for behavior in financial and commodity markets, and develop a strategy in the areas of management and marketing.

According to the class of technological operations being implemented, AIT is considered essentially in a software aspect and includes: word processing, spreadsheets, automated data banks, processing of graphic and audio information, multimedia systems, expert systems and artificial intelligence, online search for information in external databases, hypertext systems , automation of programming technology, etc.

Based on the type of user interface, AIT can be considered from the point of view of the user's ability to access information and computing resources. Thus, batch AIT excludes the user’s ability to influence the processing of information while it is being reproduced automatically. This is explained by the organization of processing, which is based on performing a programmatically defined sequence of operations on data previously accumulated in the system and combined into a package. Unlike batch, interactive AIT provides the user with an unlimited opportunity to interact with information resources stored in the system in real time, while receiving all the necessary information to solve functional problems and make decisions. The network AIT interface provides the user with means of teleaccess to geographically distributed information and computing resources thanks to developed communication means, which makes such AIT widely used and multifunctional everywhere.

Currently, there is a tendency to combine various types of information technologies into a single computer-technological complex, which is called integrated. A special place in it belongs to means of communication, which provide not only extremely broad technological capabilities for automating management activities, but also form the basis for the creation of various network options for automated information technology (local, multi-level distributed, global computer networks, e-mail, digital networks of integrated services). All of them are focused on the technological interaction of a set of objects formed by devices for transmitting, processing, accumulating, storing and protecting data, and are integrated computer data processing systems of great complexity with practically unlimited operational capabilities for the implementation of management processes in the economy.

Integrated computer data processing systems are designed as a complex information technology and software complex. It supports a unified way of presenting data and user interaction with system components, and provides the information and computing needs of specialists that arise in the course of their professional work. Particular importance in such systems is given to the protection of information during its transmission and processing.

The most widely used methods for protecting economic information are hardware and software methods, in particular the use of a communication system selected for its security properties and quality of service, guaranteeing the safety of information during transmission and delivery to its recipient; encryption and decryption of data by subscribers of public networks (telephone, telegraph) with the agreement of users on common technical means, encryption algorithms, etc.

And technologists are often referred to as IT or IT specialists.

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Subtitles

Information Technology Discipline

In a broad sense, IT covers all areas of creation, transmission, storage and perception of information, not limited only to computer technology. At the same time, IT is often associated specifically with computer technology, and this is no coincidence: the advent of computers brought IT to a new level, just as television once did, and even earlier, printing.

Information technology industry

The information technology industry is concerned with the creation, development and operation of information systems. Information technologies are called upon, based on and rationally using modern achievements in the field of computer technology and other high technologies, the latest means of communication, software and practical experience, to solve problems for the effective organization of the information process to reduce the cost of time, labor, energy and material resources in all areas human life and modern society. Information technologies interact and are often an integral part of the service sector, management, industrial production, and social processes.

Story

Information technologies began to actively develop in the 1960s, along with the emergence and development of the first information systems (IS).

Technical means,
Communication means,
Organizational and methodological support,
Standardization.

Networks

Currently, there are various data transfer networks - sets of communication end devices (terminals), united by data transfer channels and switching devices (network nodes) that ensure the exchange of messages between all end devices.

The following types of data networks exist:

Telephone networks are subscriber communication networks, for access to which telephones, automatic telephone exchanges and data transmission equipment are used.
Computer networks are networks whose end devices are computers.

Telephone

The main method until 2003-2004, now outdated, for connecting to the Internet was to use a modem connected to the telephone network. Although it has all the necessary features, broadband is preferred by many internet users. In almost all countries of the European Union, household access to a telephone line is very high, with the exception of Austria, Finland and Portugal. However, in Spain, access to the main telephone networks (narrowband) has virtually disappeared. In 2003, half of all Internet connections were telephone connections. Currently, 97% of Internet connections are made through broadband systems. Almost 95% of connections are made at speeds greater than or equal to 1 Mbps. .

Broadband

Term broadband includes a wide range of technologies that provide higher data transfer rates and access to the Internet. These technologies use wires or fiber optic cables.

Multilink dial-up

Provide increased throughput by connecting two or more remote access connections together and treating them as a single data channel. Requires two or more modems, phone lines, and account numbers, as well as a provider that supports the technology. This option was briefly popular before ISDN, DSL and other more modern technologies. Some manufacturers have created special modems to support this method.

ISDN

cellular

TV

Game console

A specialized electronic device designed and created for video games. The most commonly used output device is a television or, less commonly, a computer monitor - which is why such devices are called set-top boxes, since they are attached to an independent display device. Portable (pocket) gaming systems have their own built-in display device (they are not attached to anything), so calling them game consoles is somewhat incorrect. Initially, game consoles differed from personal computers in a number of important ways - they relied on the use of a television as the main display device and did not support most of the standard peripherals created for personal computers, such as a keyboard or modem. Until recently, almost all consoles sold were designed to run proprietary games, distributed without support for other consoles. However, as game consoles developed, the difference between them and personal computers began to gradually blur - some consoles can allow connecting a keyboard, a hard drive, and even running the Linux operating system on them. Circuits and software for some set-top boxes may, as an exception, be distributed under free licenses. The game console market has evolved from relatively simple electronic television game systems such as Pong to powerful, feature-rich gaming systems today.

Services

Email

Technology and the services it provides for sending and receiving electronic messages (called “letters” or “e-mails”) over a distributed (including global) computer network. E-mail, in terms of its elements and operating principle, practically replicates the system of regular (paper) mail, borrowing both terms (mail, letter, envelope, attachment, box, delivery, etc.) and characteristic features - ease of use, message transmission delays, sufficient reliability and at the same time there is no guarantee of delivery. The advantages of e-mail are: addresses of the form user_name @domain_name that are easily perceived and remembered by a person (for example, [email protected]); the ability to transfer both plain text and formatted, as well as arbitrary files; independence of servers (in general, they access each other directly); sufficiently high reliability of message delivery; ease of use by humans and programs. Disadvantages of e-mail: the presence of such a phenomenon as spam (mass advertising and viral mailings); the theoretical impossibility of guaranteed delivery of a specific letter; possible delays in message delivery (up to several days); restrictions on the size of one message and on the total size of messages in a mailbox (personal for users).

Search system

A software and hardware complex with a web interface that provides the ability to search for information on the Internet. A search engine usually means a website on which the interface (front-end) of the system is located. The software part of the search system is the search engine (search engine) - a set of programs that provides the functionality of the search system and is usually a trade secret of the search engine developer company. Most search engines search for information on World Wide Web sites, but there are also systems that can search for files on FTP servers, products in online stores, and information in Usenet newsgroups. Improving search is one of the priority tasks of the modern Internet (see about the main problems in the operation of search engines in the article Deep Web). According to Net Applications, in November 2011, search engine usage was distributed as follows:

Technological potential and growth

Gilbert and Lopez note the exponential growth of technological progress (a kind of Moore's Law) as the power density of all information processing machines doubling per capita every 14 months between 1986 and 2007; global telecommunications capacity per capita doubles every 34 months; The amount of information contributed in the world per capita doubles every 40 months (that is, every three years), and the transmission of information per capita tends to double approximately every 12.3 years.

Use of information technology in business

Information technology as a tool for increasing the efficiency of the core business must be used thoughtfully and carefully. A positive effect is achieved only if the company's management has a clear idea of the goals of future actions. That is, if a tool appears that can benefit a business, it is necessary to foresee several steps ahead how the business itself will develop and how the use of IT must be developed to support the successful implementation of the business strategy. Otherwise, this very powerful tool, which is also expensive and difficult to use, will not bring any benefit to the business, and IT funds will be wasted