What is retina on iPad? Retina Display technology - what is it?

For those who like the products Apple and mathematics, the TUAW website offers to see in numbers the features of Apple products - hardware and software.

Everyone is talking about Retina displays these days, worrying about them not coming to the Mac and anticipating their arrival on the iPad 3 (which we'll almost certainly see on March 7). Here's one thought from Bjango developer Marc Edwards on Twitter: “The Retina pixel count of a 27" Thunderbolt display is 5120 x 2880 = 14,745,600 pixels. With 4K resolution: 4096x2160 = 8847360 pixels. Retina in iPad 3: 2048x1536 = 3145728 pixels." The calculations make us wonder - what could the appearance of a Retina display on the Mac mean? If Edwards is right, is there really nearly 15 megapixels in a Retina and Thunderbolt display?

Maybe it's just a matter of marketing?

What does the term “Retina Display” even mean? It was invented by Apple, giving the following definition:

“The pixel density of a Retina display is so high that the human eye cannot distinguish individual pixels.”

The definition makes sense and is a clever marketing ploy, but is that all?

Actually this technology It's not just Apple that uses it. High-pixel-per-inch-density screens are starting to appear in other devices, such as Asus' Android tablet. The exact term "Retina display" may only belong to Apple, but the benefits of screens with high resolution Cupertinoans cannot belong. Since this new trend For the industry as a whole, it takes a lot of effort to shake off the “marketing dust” and try to look at the technology objectively.

Definition of "Retina Display"

What does it mean to say that individual pixels on the screen are indistinguishable? Of course, the release of the iPhone 4 and the first Retina display was a big leap in resolution: it went from 480x320 to 960x640 (that is, from 163 pixels per inch to 326 pixels per inch (PPI)). This way people understand that distinguishing feature Retina display is a density of 326 HDPE, or 300 HDPE. The latter number is considered the printing industry's generally accepted empirical baseline for "photo resolution".

However, everything is not so simple.

Look at the small print at arm's length. Notice how difficult it is to read. Now bring the text closer to your face and look at it from a distance of a few centimeters from your nose. Notice how much easier it is to read now. It becomes clear that Apple’s definition of the term “Retina Display” as “a display with indistinguishable pixels” requires clarification - exactly what the distance from the screen to the user’s eyes should be for each specific device. There is a difference - the iMac is on the table, the MacBook is on the table/lap, etc., we hold the iPhone in our hands, and each of us is at a different distance from the eyes.

So, how big does a small pixel have to be to be considered invisible? Math (more precisely, geometry) begins - we need to think about the angle at which we look at the screen.

The viewing angle in this diagram (angle a) is an angle that depends on the interpixel distance (s). As this distance decreases, the angle also decreases. Likewise, the size of an object depends on the distance from which it is viewed - the viewing angle will change depending on the change in the distance from the object to the observer's eyes. Larger objects are clearly visible at a greater angle. The size of the image on the retina is inextricably linked with the size of the object and the distance to it, and is calculated using the following formula:

What happens - the viewing angle is too small to see it? The average person has 20/20 vision - historically determined by the ability to read the letters on a standard vision test chart at an angle of 5 arc minutes (1 arc minute is 1/60th of a degree). What does this mean in terms of pixels? Some of the smallest fonts are Tinyfont, created by Ken Perlin, and Tiny, by Matthew Welch, and their letters are only 5 pixels high (including Tiny's subscripts). This means that the smallest angle for the average eye is one minute of arc. In fact, one arcminute is the scientifically accepted limit of resolution for the retina of a typical human eye.

Retina on existing Apple displays

You can continue the calculations - take some typical viewing distances for various devices Apple combines them with screen sizes and resolutions, and calculates how well the display meets the Retina definition above.

Google kindly provides a table with detailed information about how this data is calculated. Just for fun, let’s take a couple of “non-Apple” devices for comparison - a 50-inch TV, which we will look at from a distance of six feet (about 1.8 meters) and play BluRay discs and DVDs; as well as an Asus tablet Transformer Prime Android with 1920x1200 display resolution.

The table shows surprising things: firstly, it becomes clear that the definition, given by Apple in relation to the Retina display, it corresponds quite closely to the mathematical definition given above. The iPhone 4 screen, which is usually viewed from a distance of 11 inches (28 centimeters), offers characteristics very close to the Retina threshold - which means the calculation methodology is correct.

Secondly, the calculations repeat the earlier conclusion that the iPad's double resolution (2048x1536) is quite consistent with the Retina characteristics. Even if you use the tablet at a distance of 16 inches (about 40 centimeters) from your eyes, the results are very close. The same as in Asus tablet– its display can also be considered Retina.

The calculations also show that many modern Mac displays are much closer to Retina performance than they might seem at first glance. 27-inch iMac screen at 28 inches (approximately 70 cm) distance, 17-inch MacBook Pro at a distance of 26 inches from the eyes (66 cm) and an 11-inch screen MacBook Air from a distance of 22 inches (56 cm) - all of these screens have pixels small enough to be on the verge of invisibility.

Besides, iPhone display with a resolution of 480x320 it looks noticeably worse compared to other products created by Apple to date (its density is only 53% of the pixel density of a Retina display). Even the iPad resolution (1024×768), which many are unhappy with, gives in calculations best indicator– 61%. Analysis of the “worst” Mac display (a 24-inch iMac screen at a distance of 28 inches) shows that the size of its pixels is a third higher than the very threshold of invisibility.

Finally, the calculations show why BluRay images look so good. On large TVs at a small distance from the screen (diagonal - 50 inches, distance - 15 cm), a 1080p picture shows 92% of the Retina level - despite the fact that DVD format shows only 36%.

There are two very important points to consider here.

First, in order to reach or even exceed the coveted pixel stealth threshold of a Retina display, Apple doesn't need to double the resolution of most of its displays. Not at all - just increase the pixel density of the 27-inch from 2560x1440 to about 2912x1638.

The second point is that people need to understand that they shouldn't be fooled by the idea that the Retina display on the Mac will be much better than existing offerings. The release of the iPhone 4 was a huge step forward after iPhone release 3GS mainly because the 3GS's screen was pretty poor (by today's standards). Existing Mac models have much best screens, so they won’t need major improvements.

Beyond arcminutes

Based on the above, you might think that Apple hardly has any reason to change anything at all, since the benefits of high-resolution screens are actually quite modest. But HiDPI does exist, and there are purpose-built screens with densities ranging from 508 to 750 ppi used in the medical industry.

The answer is that our definition of the limits of human vision (details visible at a minute-arc angle) is too primitive. There is much more to consider when considering the interaction of real human vision with computer display technology - including atypical viewing distances, different kinds images and so on. For example, words can be read in much smaller sizes, since our brain has additional benefits in guessing them. The human brain is a good tool for recognizing different patterns, and it will use information from environment to interpret details that the eye cannot clearly make out.

The picture shows several templates that you can check on own display. If you want to try this on the screen of an iOS device, you need to get the corresponding file (for iPhone or iPad) and save it to Camera Roll. This is necessary because iOS will obligingly try to zoom and pan the image, and we want one pixel of the image to occupy one pixel on the screen. After receiving the file in Camera Roll, view the picture on full screen through the Photos app, placing the image in portrait mode. If you start comparing what she looks like Mac screen, iPad or iPhone, you will see the difference in screen capabilities.

Arguments for doubling pixels

Rene Ritchie on iMore makes a strong argument that resolution iPad display should be exactly doubled (that is, become 2048x1536 pixels, and not some intermediate value, as is the case with the iPhone 4). Intermediate value means that every existing application must either be re-scaled each time (and the image will be fuzzy), or will have different dimensions from the screen. This is because every existing iPad app is hard-coded to run on full screen at 1024x768 resolution.

Things are a little different for desktop users. The density of Apple's existing desktop displays ranges between 92 and 133 pixels per inch. Users are more tolerant of resizing UI elements (within reason, of course).

Consider a 27-inch Thunderbolt display with a density of 109 HDD and a resolution of 2560x1440 pixels, and assume that Apple wants to fit it to Retina specifications. The resolution can be increased to 4192x2358 pixels (the density will be 178 PND), such a display will be better than the display in the iPhone 4. There will be a third fewer pixels than with the native doubling of the resolution (5120x2880). UI elements will appear proportionately larger, but no larger, than on today's 24-inch iMac screen, so they won't appear fuzzy or clunky.

Conclusion

Here are a few things that the authors of the TUAW website tried to convince us of:

— Retina display is not just an attractive marketing concept;

— when determining whether the display is Retina or not, you need to take into account the distance to the screen;

- If the Mac display is upgraded to Retina specs, the changes will be much less noticeable than the improvement in the iPhone 4 screen compared to the 3GS screen.

• Translation

After the recent release Retina MacBook Pro and The new iPads and screens with increased pixel density have begun to actively enter our lives. What does this mean for web developers?

First, let's understand the terminology.

Physical pixels

Physical pixels(device pixel or physical pixel) - the pixels we are used to: the smallest elements of any display, each of which has its own color and brightness.

Screen Density Screen density is the number of physical pixels on the display. Typically measured in pixels per inch (PPI: pixels per inch). Apple, having developed Retina screens with double pixel density, claims that the human eye is not able to discern a higher density.

CSS pixels

CSS pixels(CSS pixels) - an abstract value used by browsers to accurately display content on pages, regardless of the screen (DIPs: device-independent pixels). Example:

Such a block on regular screens will occupy an area of ​​200x300 pixels, and on Retina screens the same block will receive 400x600 pixels. Thus, on Retina screens the pixel density is 4 times greater than on regular ones:

The relationship between physical and CSS pixels can be set like this:
device-pixel-ratio, -o-device-pixel-ratio, -moz-device-pixel-ratio, -Webkit-device-pixel-ratio ( … )

Or like this:
device-pixel-ratio, -o-min-device-pixel-ratio, min--moz-device-pixel-ratio, -Webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio ( … )

In Javascript you can achieve this using
window.devicePixelRatio

Raster pixels

Raster pixels(bitmap pixels) - the smallest parts that make up a raster image (PNG, JPF, GIF, etc.) Each pixel contains information about the color and location in the image coordinate system. In some formats, a pixel may contain Additional information, for example, transparency.

In addition to raster resolution, images on the Internet have abstract dimensions in CSS pixels. The browser compresses or stretches the image according to its CSS width and length. When displayed on a normal screen, one raster pixel corresponds to one CSS pixel. On Retina screens, each raster pixel is multiplied by 4 times:

Optimization

There are several ways to optimize graphics for display on Retina screens. Each has both pros and cons; it is necessary in each specific case to choose what has higher priority: performance, ease of implementation, browser support or some other parameters.

HTML and CSS scaling

The easiest way to prepare graphics for a Retina display is to simply halve the physical dimensions of the image. For example, to display a 200x300 pixel photo on a screen with increased pixel density, you would need to load a 400x600 pixel photo and scale it down using CSS attributes or HTML parameters. This is what it will look like on a normal screen:

And this on Retina:

There are several ways to implement HTML and CSS scaling:

HTML

The easiest way is to simply set the width and height parameters to the img tag:

Where to use: on single-page sites with few images.

Javascript

The same result can be achieved by using Javascript to halve image sizes for Retina screens. Using jQuery libraries it looks like this:
$(window).load(function() ( var images = $("img"); images.each(function(i) ( $(this).width($(this).width() / 2); ) ); ));

Where to use: on sites with multiple images in the content.

CSS (SCSS)

You can also use an image as a background with the required dimensions (background-size) of a specific div. The background-size parameter is not supported in IE 7 and 8.
.image ( background-image: url( [email protected]); background-size: 200px 300px; /* Alternatively background-size: contain; */ height: 300px; width: 200px; )

You can use pseudo-elements:before or:after
.image-container:before ( background-image: url( [email protected]); background-size: 200px 300px; content:""; display: block; height: 300px; width: 200px; )

The technique also works when using sprites:
.icon ( background-image: url( [email protected]); background-size: 200px 300px; height: 25px; width: 25px; &.trash ( background-position: 25px 0; ) &.edit ( background-position: 25px 25px; ) )

Where to use: on sites with a limited number background images(for example, one as a sprite).

HTML and CSS Scaling: Pros

• Ease of implementation
• Cross-browser compatibility

HTML and CSS scaling: cons

• Devices with regular screens will download extra megabytes
• On regular screens, image clarity may suffer due to compression algorithms
• The background-size option is not supported in IE 7 and 8.

Determining Screen Pixel Density

This is perhaps the most popular way to optimize graphics for Retina displays. Uses CSS or Javascript.

CSS

This method uses device-pixel-ratio to set the desired ratio between physical and CSS pixels:
.icon ( background-image: url(example.png); background-size: 200px 300px; height: 300px; width: 200px; ) @media only screen and (-Webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), only screen and (-moz-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), only screen and (-o-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3/2), only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5) ( .icon ( background-image: url( [email protected]); } }

Where to use: on sites or applications that use background-image for design elements. Not suitable for images within content.

pros

• Cross-browser compatibility

Minuses

• Tiring to implement, especially on large sites
• Using a content image as a background is semantically incorrect

Javascript

The same result can be achieved using window.devicePixelRatio:
$(document).ready(function())( if (window.devicePixelRatio > 1) ( var lowresImages = $("img"); images.each(function(i) ( var lowres = $(this).attr(" src"); var highres = lowres.replace(".", "@2x."); $(this).attr("src", highres); )); ) ));

There is a special Javascript plugin Retina.js, which can do everything described above, but with additional features, such as skipping external images and skipping internal but non-retina copies.

Where to use: on any sites with images in the content.

pros

• Ease of implementation
• Devices do not download unnecessary images
• Controlling pixel density on a website

Minuses

• Retina devices download both versions of each image
• Image tampering is noticeable on retina devices
• Doesn't work in some popular browsers (IE and Firefox)

Scalable vector graphics

Regardless of the method used raster images by nature remain limited in scalability. This is where vector graphics can help us. SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) format on XML based supported by most browsers. The easiest way to use SVG images is in img tag or the CSS parameters background-image and content:url().

In this example, a simple SVG image can be scaled as desired:

The same thing will happen with using CSS:
/* Using a background image */ .image ( background-image: url(example.svg); background-size: 200px 300px; height: 200px; width: 300px; ) /* Using content:url() */ .image- container:before ( content: url(example.svg); /* width and height do not work with content:url() */ )

Support for IE 7 or 8 and Android 2.x will require the use of replacement PNG images. This can be easily done using Modernizr:
.image ( background-image: url(example.png); background-size: 200px 300px; ) .svg ( .image ( background-image: url(example.svg); ) )

For better cross-browser compatibility and to avoid rasterization problems in Firefox and Opera, you should do each SVG image corresponding to its parent HTML element.

In HTML, you can implement a similar thing using the desired data in the a tag:

WITH using jQuery and Modernizr:
$(document).ready(function())( if(!Modernizr.svg) ( var images = $("img"); images.each(function(i) ( $(this).attr("src", $ (this).data("png-fallback")); )); ) ));

Where to use: on any website, suitable for icons, logos and simple vector illustrations.

pros

• A single set of images for all devices
• Ease of implementation
• Infinite scaling

Minuses

• No precise pixel-to-pixel anti-aliasing
• Not suitable for complex graphics due to large file sizes
• No native support in IE 7, 8, etc. earlier versions Android

Icon fonts

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fPF, LFP UYUYFBEF, UFP CHUE DAMP CH RMPFOPUFY RYLUEMEK - RTPUFP PYYVBEFUS!

dPRPMOYFEMSHOBS YOZHPTNBGYS:

• bChFPT: -
• dBFB RHVMYLBGYY PTYZYOBMB: bCHZHUF 2012
• yUFPYUOIL: www.theverge.com
• RETECHPD CHSHRPMOEO RP ЪBLБЪХ eCo Shop

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Retina Display – proprietary technology Apple company, on the basis of which displays for all new mobile devices. The company promotes this technology as a modern miracle, which has no equal, and promises in these screens, in addition to excellent color balance, also a huge pixel density. Basically, there is now an intellectual war between Samsung's Retina and OLED technologies. What's more interesting is that Retina is a familiar TFT technology+ IPS. Plus the dominance of the brand, of course.

TFT, or LCD – screens based on the properties of liquid crystals. These crystals are a liquid that, under certain influences, can turn into a crystal and then become liquid again. This liquid is synthesized at enterprises, building various LCD screens. The principle of operation of the monitor is quite simple if you describe it with your fingers. There are two polarizing filters through which the light passes. One of them has a vertical lattice of cutouts, the second – a horizontal one. Between the filters there is an “aquarium” with liquid crystals. Of course, it is very thin, closed, and inside, in addition to crystals, there are paths for passing electric current. The crystals themselves do not reproduce color, but reflect it. When current is applied to the grid, the crystal rotates and changes the direction of light. This is already enough for monochrome displays. When the polarizing plates have one direction, the light at the output of the filter is delayed and a black dot is obtained, otherwise it is a white dot. Color is created using color filters, each of which is hit by a ray from a crystal.

Various transmission “improvers” have been invented for LCD monitors, for example, IPS and TN. Using the first technology, a wide viewing angle of the picture on the screen is organized, as well as more natural colors. The second technology looks narrower and worse, but works much faster. It is impossible to combine them. The concept of TFT, generally speaking, refers to transistor technology on thin film, where each of them enhances the properties of an individual pixel in terms of speed and contrast. In TN, the liquid crystals are located perpendicular to the screen, in IPS - parallel. What is important for the user is that the eye does not see individual pixels at a density above 300 dpi, and Retina technology has already achieved this.

It remains only to talk a little about how, in principle, OLED technologies differ from the basic LCD features. They use a working fluid, which itself, without initiating light, can create a glow, as a result of which much thinner monitors can be obtained using this technology. In addition, OLED monitors use energy much more economically and can work longer without recharging. It is still unknown which technology will win in the future, but already the sizes of Samsung devices are growing and increasing their density by an inch, which is why Retina seems like a technology of the day before. But Apple yet There will be aces up your sleeve – as always.

Retina displays and the recently introduced Retina HD displays are often mentioned when discussing Apple products. In this article we will try to determine the differences between these types of displays, and whether these displays are worth the money they are asking for.

What is Retina display? Or, what definition is accurate for displays with this name?

Retina display is more of a marketing ploy than a technical term, but also a definition this concept can be given: this is a screen used in a computing device that has high density pixels so that the human eye cannot see individual pixels. In other words, it is assumed that a person will not be able to tell the difference between a photograph of a painting shown on a Retina screen and the painting itself. But this is only in theory.

Retina is owned by Apple. Other companies may produce screens with the same technical characteristics, but they won’t be able to call them Retina. This is a trademark.

What resolution does the Retina display have?

Screen resolutions are given in the format "number of pixels" X "number of pixels". But key point for Retina displays is pixel density (the number of pixels per inch). With the same screen resolutions (in pixels), but different sizes(in inches) pixel densities will vary.

But, even in terms of pixel density, there is no single number that qualifies a screen as Retina, since when determining Retina displays, the distance of the screen from the eyes is taken into account.

In fact, you can more often find the following pixel density indicators for various types devices:

• 326ppi - smartphones
• 264ppi - tablets
• 220ppi - laptops

Are there screens with better performance than Retina displays?

Eat. There are screens that have higher pixel density. Apple itself, since the launch of the iPhone 6, has offered to use an improved Retina screen HD. But many Android devices superior to Apple devices in this indicator, for example LG G3 - 534 pixels per inch.

But, if we recall our previous definition of Retina, then increasing the pixel density is a rather controversial undertaking, because the human eye no longer sees the difference at such high ppi values. Apple themselves spoke about this. But iPhone release 6 can be regarded as an admission that the difference can still be felt.

Difference between Retina and Retina HD.

The term Retina HD refers only to the screens of new Apple smartphones. So what is superior to Retina HD over its predecessor:

• Higher resolution
• Greater contrast
• Wider viewing angle thanks to dual domain pixels technology
• Also, if you look at the screen with glasses, the image on the screen will be brighter than on previous models.