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Question 1. Medieval cities of the East: Arab, Indian, Chinese.

Their differences from European cities 3

Question 2. Economic prerequisites for the territorial organization of the population. 6

Used literature 20

Abstract on the subject “Territorial organization of the population.”

1. Medieval cities of the east:Arabic, Indian, Chinese.

Their difference from European cities.

Unlike most of Europe, the countries of the East in the Middle Ages witnessed several invasions of nomadic peoples who, over time, adopted urban culture, but this happened almost all over again each time. In this regard, ultimately, the development of urban settlement in the East is much slower, and the connection with ancient cities turns out to be closer. This is most evident in the formation of the network and principles of organization of Arab cities.

Arab conquests in the 7th--8th centuries. covered a vast territory from the Iberian Peninsula to the Indus Valley. At the same time, most of the ancient cities in this territory were destroyed, and in their place nomadic camps arose, which later became cities (Cairo in Egypt, Rabat in Morocco, etc.). The capital of the Arab state was originally Medina, a small city in the desert part of the Arabian Peninsula. Then the capital was moved closer to the main trade routes of that time - first to Damascus, and then to the city of Baghdad, which was socially built in 762 as the capital. Simagin Yu. A. Territorial organization of the population: A textbook for universities. -- 2nd ed., rev. and additional / Under general ed. V. G. Glushkova. - M.: Publishing and trading corporation "Dashkov and Co", 2005, - 244 p. Page 95

Baghdad arose at the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, i.e. approximately in the same place where Babylon and other capitals of antiquity existed. Baghdad in its heyday had up to 2 million inhabitants and was the largest city in the world, but after the Mongol conquests of the 13th century. it has lost its meaning.

The principles of development of Baghdad were repeated in other Arab cities. The hill in the center of the city was occupied by a fortress (shakhristan or kasbah), in which the ruler of the area (in Baghdad - the caliph) settled with his entourage, military squad and servants. The ruler's palace included a system of courtyards filled with gardens, pools and fountains. Around the fortress there was a trade and craft part of the city (rabad), surrounded by an external defensive wall. In its center there was a market square, and artisans lived in quarters based on their profession, each of which was surrounded by its own wall. In shakhristan and every quarter there was a mosque, which was larger and more richly decorated, the richer the given quarter was. The mosque, as a rule, ended with a dome, and next to it there was a tower - a minaret (or several minarets). The houses of ordinary residents were with flat roofs, one-story, built of clay, facing the streets with a blank wall, with a courtyard. The important public buildings of the city were caravanserais (hotels), medical centers (schools), and baths located in the city center.

Muslim conquests reached India in the 13th century. In the 16th century a new wave of conquests took place, as a result of which the Mughal Empire was created, which included almost the entire Hindustan peninsula. At the same time, large capital cities, numbering hundreds of thousands of inhabitants, developed in the north of the country, from where the conquests came. In different periods they were the cities of Delhi and Agra. The principles of urban planning of Indian cities of that time included both ancient Indian and Arab elements. Thus, in Delhi, the Red Fort was built (made of red stone), which was a fortress and palace of the emperors Simagin Yu. A., the same, p.96. Near Agra, the Taj Mahal mausoleum has been preserved - one of the most outstanding buildings of medieval India, built according to the classical mosque plan and surrounded by specially created reservoirs.

China was subjected first to the Mongol and then to the Manchurian invasion. At the same time, the capital of the country was also moved to the north - to Beijing. The center of Beijing became a complex of imperial palaces surrounded by gardens - the Purple (Forbidden) City. Around it was the Imperial City, in which the Emperor’s close associates, his guards and servants lived. The Imperial city was surrounded by the Outer Tatar (barbarian) city, in which the Mongols and then the Manchus lived. Adjacent to it was the Outer Chinese City, in which the bulk of the population lived. Each part was surrounded by its own walls. Individual streets in the Outer City, lined with wooden houses forming regular square blocks, were also locked at night. Apparently, the authorities feared that the huge masses of people concentrated in the city might become disobedient. Beijing has been around since the 18th century. numbered more than 1 million inhabitants, being at that time the largest city in the world. The most outstanding buildings of Chinese cities were the palaces of rulers and temples (pagodas), which stood out sharply against the background of ordinary buildings in their size and design.

In general, we can say that in the cities of the East the main functions remained administrative and military in the Middle Ages, although the majority of the population in them, as in Europe, were artisans and traders. The eastern cities never received any autonomy, which hampered social progress and preserved the regime of feudal relations until the beginning of the 20th century. Constant external conquests by more backward peoples hampered cultural and technical progress. Externally, the eastern cities still looked like a combination of magnificent palaces and temples - on the one hand, and the squalid hovels of the majority of the inhabitants - on the other, which the cities of Europe began to move away from in the early Middle Ages. It is not surprising that in modern times the cities of the East began to develop under European influence and today they retain their originality only in the old parts of Yu. A. Simagin, the same, pp. 97-98.

2. Economic prerequisites for the territorial organization of the population.

The main task of the economy (economy) is to provide the material basis for the functioning of society. Economic relations and processes permeate all social life. Naturally, the economy influences almost all aspects of society, including the territorial organization of the population. The most general dependencies can be identified on the type of economy, determined by its economic structure. The main types distinguished in this case:

appropriating economy;

agricultural economy;

industrial economy;

post-industrial economy.

At the earliest stages of human development, there was no economy as such. The so-called appropriating economy reigned - people lived off what nature gave them. At the same time, they were engaged in hunting, fishing, gathering, without standing out economically from many species of animals (but already standing out socially) Simagin Yu. A., the same, p. 180. Tribes of people slowly moved along the shores of seas and rivers, following herds of large game animals, gradually populating almost the entire surface of the land, except for the most naturally harsh areas in the regions of the poles and high mountains. There were no permanent settlements, and the population density was extremely low - even in the most densely populated areas there was no more than 1 person.
per 1 km 2. At present, there are no large territories on Earth with a predominance of appropriative economy.

In the VIII-X millennium BC. uh, at about the same time, an agrarian (Neolithic) revolution began in several regions of the earth - a transition from an appropriating economy to a producing (rural) economy. The resulting type of economy was agricultural (pre-industrial), which by the 2nd millennium AD. e. spread to almost all human-inhabited territories (except Australia and large parts of America). The main sign of the dominance of the agricultural type of economy is the predominance of agriculture (the primary sector of the economy) in the structure of employment and/or the structure of production (GDP). Currently, the agricultural type of economy still prevails in the least developed countries of the Earth (Burundi and others in Africa, Bhutan and others in Asia).

The main branches of agriculture are crop production and livestock farming. Accordingly, already at the beginning of the agrarian revolution, two different types of territorial organization of the population were formed - permanent agricultural and nomadic livestock. Their common features are a dispersed population, a strong dependence of density and settlement on natural conditions, extremely rare (usually one in several generations) permanent resettlement for the agricultural development of new territories.

Under the influence of nomadic livestock farming, a network of permanent settlements did not develop. People constantly move through certain territories following herds of animals that need food and water. Population density remains low, rarely exceeding 1 person.
per 1 km 2. Initially, the areas of distribution of nomadism significantly exceeded the areas of agricultural settlement, but today nomadic settlement has survived only in certain areas of Northern and Eastern Africa, South-West and Central Asia. In some cases, permanent migrations were transformed into seasonal ones (between high-mountain and low-mountain areas, between tundra and forest-tundra, etc.), which led to the emergence of temporarily inhabited settlements and a slight increase in population density, but not more than 10 people.
per 1 km 2.

Under the influence of plant growing, a network of permanent settlements has developed, the size and density of which strongly depend on the favorable natural conditions for plant growing. As a result, population density can vary widely, but, as a rule, it ranges from 10 to 100 people.
per 1 km 2. At the same time, residents are distinguished by a strong attachment to the land and extremely low migration mobility. Most of them never leave their settlement in their lives. The most common trips are to the nearest market several times a year. Initially, permanent agricultural settlement occupied relatively small territories, but today it predominates in rural areas the vast majority of states on Earth.

The Industrial Revolution began in the XVII-XVIII centuries. in foreign Europe, and has now spread to the vast majority of human-inhabited territories on Earth. As a result, an industrial type of economy was formed - the predominance of industry and construction or the secondary sector in the structure of employment and production. The industrial type of economy predominates in most modern states.

The development of industry causes a rapid concentration of population in cities and their agglomerations. As a result, massive flows of permanent residents are formed - mainly from rural areas to cities, and then to suburban areas Simagin Yu. A., same, p.182. Massive labor commuting migrations are appearing - mainly within urban agglomerations, which gradually, in terms of their scale (number of people involved), begin to exceed permanent settlements. The importance of natural conditions for population concentration is noticeably reduced. The main ones are socio-economic conditions, especially the convenience of transport links. The population density increases sharply - up to 1000 people.
per 1 km 2 in the most urbanized areas. At the same time, population density in non-urbanized rural areas begins to decline.

The transition to a post-industrial type of economy (the predominance of the service sector or tertiary sector in the structure of employment and GDP) began in the most developed countries of the Earth (USA, Japan, Western Europe) in the second half of the 20th century. Intensive development of the service sector is possible only with a sufficiently high concentration of population - as a rule, at least 50 people.
per 1 km 2. But then the multiplier effect begins to take effect. The greater the population concentration, the more people necessary for work in the sphere of its services, in connection with this, the concentration of the population increases even more, i.e. the population itself becomes the main resource for economic development. As a result, the population density in areas with a developed service sector can reach several thousand people per 1 km 2. But at the same time, not only the shares of those employed in the secondary and primary sectors of the economy are reduced, but also the absolute scale of production in these sectors - industrial enterprises are closed, and the area of agricultural land is reduced. So, the scale of human impact on the natural environment, including the area of intensively used territories, is being reduced. In Russia, with this trend, even a reduction in populated areas is possible.

people of the Earth's territories.

Return migrations ultimately surpass permanent settlements in scale and importance. At the same time, pendulum migrations for services and irregular recreational trips are becoming especially large-scale. Although the importance of labor migrations (commuting and longer irregular) remains. Specific migration flows turn out to be strongly related to the level of development of the service sector and the characteristics of its organization.

The conducted retrospective analysis of the relationship between economic development and the territorial organization of the population allows us to identify a general pattern determined by the degree of development of the territory. In the early stages of territory development (and the initial stages of economic development), the population “follows” the economy. Thus, people gradually populated almost the entire surface of the earth's land, following biological natural resources, and then developed almost all suitable territories for agriculture. The latest manifestation of this trend is modern “areas of new development”, where people appeared to extract industrial natural resources. But as the territory is developed and the economy develops, the economy begins to “follow” the population. A turning point occurs in the industrial economy, when for many industries the main factor in the location of enterprises becomes labor (the availability of labor resources, especially qualified ones). With a post-industrial economy, even the reduction of territories already developed by man begins - the economy “contracts” to the most populated and developed areas. So, at all stages there is a natural relationship between economy and settlement. But at first the leading link in this connection is the economy, and subsequently settlement.

In a market economy, interaction between the economy and the population is carried out through the mechanisms of the labor market. Supply in this market is the number of people willing to work, and demand is the number of jobs provided by employers. The relationship between supply and demand is regulated by the price of labor - the level of wages Simagin Yu. A., the same, p. 184. At the same time, at any given moment in time, supply and demand, as a rule, do not coincide, as a result of which either unemployment is formed - an excess of supply over demand, or a shortage of personnel - an excess of demand over supply.

In general, unemployment in any limited territory (local, regional or national labor market) contributes to the outflow of the population to other territories, and the shortage of personnel contributes to the influx of people from other territories. But in certain situations this may not be the case.

Firstly, it is important unemployment rate-- share of unemployed people from the economically active population. An unemployment rate of over 10% is considered high - only then can we talk about the outflow of population caused by it, and the impact of unemployment will be relatively noticeable at a level of at least 5%.

Secondly, it is necessary to take into account types of unemployment. She may be:

dynamic (frictional) - when an unemployed person already knows where he will work, but has not yet started work for various reasons, for example, a job has not yet been created, although it should appear in the near future;

structural - when the unemployed and available vacancies do not correspond to each other according to any characteristics (profession, age, etc.), although free seats may be more than unemployed;

cyclical - when, in conditions of an economic crisis (reduction in employment), the number of unemployed is, in principle, greater than the number of available free jobs, and it is impossible to provide all the unemployed with work;

associated with the agrarian population - when in areas dominated by the agrarian type of economy, in conditions of constant natural growth and limited resources (land and water), a “surplus” population is constantly formed, unable to find jobs.

At dynamic unemployment, which can reach significant values in areas with large seasonal unevenness of labor (agricultural, resort, etc.), no large population shifts are occurring. The unemployed are waiting for work to appear (the onset of the season), living on benefits or savings accumulated over the past season. But seasonal labor migration to other areas is also possible.

At structural unemployment outflow of the population will occur if in other areas there are free jobs in the same profession that the unemployed have, and if resettlement will have less significant costs than retraining for those professions that are required in place. Naturally, the level of salary after resettlement or retraining will also matter.

At cyclical unemployment there will be a massive outflow of the unemployed. At the same time, most of them will initially be accommodated for a limited period, hoping to return back after the situation improves. And only in the case of a successful settlement in a new place, while maintaining a difficult economic situation in the old one, can the final resettlement with the relocation of the family take place. In addition, the cyclical unemployed will massively participate in migration to areas with seasonal increases in employment.

At agricultural population there will be a constant outflow of the “surplus” population - either to areas of new agricultural development (if there are any), or to the cities of their country and other states where there is a likelihood of finding work. IN in this case Resettlements for permanent residence will prevail, but many of them, as in the previous case, will be of a gradual nature: first for a certain period (from several months to several years), then for permanent residence Simagin Yu. A. , same, p.186. Another significant difference is that with an agrarian population, the share of young people in migration is highest, since it is they who constantly turn out to be “superfluous” in agricultural areas, where all jobs are already occupied.

In addition to the relationship between supply and demand in the labor market (the presence of unemployment or personnel shortages), the level of wages, or more precisely, its relationship with the cost of living, is also important. Thus, in areas with a shortage of personnel there will be no influx of unemployed (or even an outflow of the local population) if the ratio of wages and cost of living in these areas is worse than in others.

The influence of the labor market on population migration can be clearly seen using the example of modern migrations between developing and developed countries. These migrations are predominantly labor. At the same time, in accordance with the general patterns of economic development and settlement, the importance of permanent settlements is gradually decreasing, and temporary ones (seasonal, for several years, etc.) are increasing.

In developing countries there is a permanent agricultural population, which provides a significant amount of unskilled labor. Economic crises with cyclical unemployment are also common. In developed countries, on the contrary, there is an almost constant shortage of unskilled labor (except during periods of the most acute economic crises). As a result, flows of unskilled migrants are formed (“muscle drain”) from developing countries to developed ones, in which all parties involved are interested:

countries of emigration (exit of migrants), since this weakens demographic pressure in them, making it possible to ease the problem of unemployment and lack of various resources for a growing population;

countries of immigration (influx of migrants), since without their labor the functioning of many sectors of the economy would be impossible. Especially great importance Immigrant labor is available in the sparsely populated oil-exporting states of the Persian Gulf (Kuwait, etc.) - up to 90% of all employees. But in many European countries, immigrants make up up to 30% of all employed people;

Migrants themselves, since as a result of migration they significantly improve their economic situation, receive relatively high (relative to the country of emigration) paid work, which allows them not only to live in the country of immigration, but also in many cases to financially support relatives in the country of emigration. In many developing countries (even such large ones as Egypt), remittances from emigrants are one of the main sources of foreign currency entering the country.

But due to more favorable ratio wages and the cost of living, there is an outflow of highly qualified personnel from developing countries to developed ones (“brain drain”), despite their shortage in the developing countries themselves. The scale of such migrations is hundreds of times smaller than the flows of unskilled workers. But there is a clear problem, because in this case there is a "post-gratifying" side. These are developing states that have spent significant amounts of money on training the necessary socialists, and are deprived of them without any compensation.

The indicated general patterns of relationship between the economy and the territorial organization of the population also apply in modern Russia. Thus, for centuries, Russia has pursued a policy of developing the outskirts of the state, primarily the sparsely populated northern and eastern Simagin Yu. A., the same, p. 188. This policy manifested itself especially clearly in the 1930s-1970s, when, under the conditions of a planned economy, large-scale projects were created for the development of natural resources in the northern and eastern regions of Russia - the hydropower cascade on the Angara, the Baikal-Amur Railway, the Norilsk metallurgical complex, etc., and to implement these projects, the population was involved, as a result of which settlement systems for many previously practically uninhabited territories were practically re-created. Population of some regions (Murmansk region, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Kamchatka region, etc.) for the period of the 1930s-1980s. increased by 20-40 times, and the share of the population living in the old-developed parts of the country (Central and North-Western Russia) was constantly declining.

Unfortunately, in many cases, resettlement was not of a voluntary nature (for high salaries, various benefits and other similar reasons), but violent (widespread use of the labor of repressed and imprisoned people, mass deportations, including of entire peoples). Nevertheless, the main trend was very clear: population followed production, although by the 1980s. The pace of this process has clearly slowed down.

In the 1990s. occurred recently, accelerated by an acute socio-economic crisis. The economy in the most developed and populated areas of the country suffered less than in areas of new development. Some service industries - trade, finance, etc. - increased the scale of production, and this also happened in the most populated parts of the country, i.e., a tendency to concentrate the economy in the most populated areas appeared.

The dynamics of the employment structure by industry are shown in the table. It is clearly seen that at the beginning of the 20th century. Russia was a typical country with an agricultural type of economy (and the predominance of the corresponding territorial organization of the population). By the middle of the century, the industrial type of economy became dominant. And in the 1990s. There has been a transition to a post-industrial type of economy. Moreover, in fact, the post-industrial type of economy (and the corresponding territorial organization of the population) is characteristic only of the two most developed regions of the country - Moscow and St. Petersburg. Whereas in many regions (the republics of Dagestan, Kalmykia, Ingushetia, Altai, Tyva, Chechen, the Evenki, Koryak, Aginsky and Ust-Ordynsky Buryat autonomous okrugs) the agrarian structure of the economy is still preserved with a predominance of rural settlement, formed under the influence of the former total natural conditions. Most regions of the country are characterized by a territorial organization of the population associated with the industrial type of economy (concentration in cities and urban agglomerations, the development of pendulum labor migration, etc.).

Changing employment structureby sectors of the Russian economy,%

The Middle Ages is a complex and contradictory period of human history, which left a huge legacy in the formation of the network, layout, and appearance of cities on all continents. It is almost incomprehensible that at this time, seemingly illuminated by the conflagrations of wars, the executions of dissidents, the mortal horror of mass epidemics, devastating entire provinces, the stone arrows of Gothic cathedrals, the gilded onions of ancient Russian churches and bell towers, the openwork lace of Buddhist pagodas, the blue sparkling in the sun, rose above the cities. the domes of Muslim mosques, the fabulous inflorescences of Indian temples, palaces and town halls were built - all those revelations of human genius were created that are admired today and which they try to preserve for posterity.

Prerequisites for the development of cities in the era of feudalism. The economic essence of the feudal system lies in the dominance of large landed property, which was in the hands of the feudal class. Unlike the ancient slave - a “talking instrument” and a hired worker under capitalism, the peasant was endowed with the main means of production - land, was the owner of tools and draft animals, and thanks to non-economic coercion, different countries and at different times, in various forms, more or less cruel and humiliating, the surplus product had to be given away in the form of feudal rent. Compared to the slave system, feudalism was a sign of progress. In the cities, which became the cradle of freedom and centers of culture, small-scale commodity production arose and developed, and then manufacturing was born and new classes of bourgeois society began to take shape.

Since it was possible to ensure non-economic coercion of the peasants only by subordinating their consciousness and accustoming them to the idea of the divine origin of the established order of things, religion assumes a huge role; In Europe, since the time of the last Roman emperors, the ruling class has been aware of the importance of the Christian religion for it, has contributed to the creation of its institutions and supports them.

The economic source of the growth of European cities was the social division of labor - the separation of crafts from agriculture. As long as the peasant could produce on his farm a limited number of handicrafts for himself and his feudal lord, and the latter's needs were relatively small, there was a sufficient economic basis for the growth of cities. But as increases in agricultural productivity allocated a number of laborers specifically to handicraft production, the latter became more specialized and required greater skill; the needs of the feudal lord, the church, and the emerging nobility at the courts of monarchs increase and become more refined, and finally, when the general need for better and more complex products increases, objective prerequisites are created for the separation and centralization of craft production. An artisan - a former peasant - settles near feudal castles and under the walls of monasteries, where he hopes to find protection and a market among the feudal lords, his vassals, their numerous servants, among the monastic brethren and pilgrims - pilgrims. Craft production gives impetus to the development of commodity-money relations and the formation of the merchant class. Now not only protection from attack, but also an advantageous geographical location (at the intersection of important trade routes, near a bridge, ford across a river, etc.) begins to play a decisive role in the development of the city.

Medieval cities of Europe in the XI-III centuries. The geography, structure and development of medieval cities was influenced by a number of factors. The network of fortifications inherited from the times of the Roman Empire had a significant influence on the development of medieval cities. Trade routes became of great importance, gradually connecting the main regions of Europe with each other and, what was especially important, with the East. Trade with the East played a primary role in the formation of the main trade routes and greatly influenced the development of the network of medieval cities. The main sea routes of eastern trade went through Constantinople and the Levant countries to Venice and Genoa. The most important factor influencing the formation, layout and appearance of medieval cities were wars that lasted almost continuously.

Rice. 7. Charles Bridge. Prague

Medieval cities were characterized by extremely poor amenities: there were no sewers, no running water, poor paving of the streets caused impassable dirt; the unsatisfactory sanitary condition of the city contributed to constant epidemics.

Renaissance cities in Italy in the XIII-XV centuries. On the eve of the great geographical discoveries, the largest cities in Europe were the cities of Italy, which developed on the main routes of eastern trade. Venice in the 15th century. had 200 thousand inhabitants, had the largest fleet, developed industry associated with extensive trade operations (shipbuilding, production of luxury goods, printing); its importance for Europe at that time was greater than for the whole of Germany.

Rice. 8. Venice.

Rice. 9. Venice.

Italian cities, which developed on transit trade, were not interested in political unity. As for the popes, they were too weak to unite Italy under their leadership, and too strong to allow someone else to do this.

In the XIII-XV centuries. In the cities of Italy, the first to take the path of capitalist development, the Renaissance begins - “the greatest progressive revolution of all that humanity had experienced up to that time.” The rising bourgeoisie put forward new, unusual for its time, progressive ideas and ideas. The economic development of Italian cities was accompanied by a fierce struggle between feudal lords and the bourgeoisie, between rich and poor, between supporters of emperors (Gibbelins) and popes (Guelphs), between cities and leagues of cities, between fragile coalitions of Italian cities and the constantly invading German, Austrian, French, Spanish conquerors. In the furnace of these fierce battles, new ideas were forged, characters were tempered, and a new idea of the value and limitless possibilities of the human personality was affirmed. Courage, courage, determination, intelligence, and resourcefulness were the key to success in political struggle, in military battles, in long-distance commercial trading enterprises, in voyages and travels. In addition, it was in Italy that the connection with antiquity and its impact were taken most acutely. “In the manuscripts saved during the fall of Byzantium,” wrote F. Engels, “in the ancient statues dug out of the ruins of Rome, he appeared before the astonished West new world– Greek antiquity; the ghosts of the Middle Ages disappeared before her bright images; in Italy there came an unprecedented flowering of the arts, which was, as it were, a reflection of classical antiquity and which could never be achieved again."

Medieval cities of the East. Let us first consider one of the phenomena of the Middle Ages - the development of Arab cities. The background to the emergence of these cities is as follows. In the VII-XIII centuries. Arab conquests covered a vast territory from Central Asia to Spain. Having crossed Gibraltar in 711, the Arabs conquered Spain and the south of France, and only the Battle of Poitiers, where they were defeated by Charles Martel in 732, put an end to their further advance in Europe. In the East, Central Asia offered fierce resistance to the Arabs. During its conquest in 705-715. the Arab commander Qutayba Muslim took 100 thousand captives into slavery. In 728-737 The uprising in Sogdiana was suppressed with incredible cruelty. The development of Arab culture and science was facilitated by the Arabs' acquaintance with the works of ancient authors; these works, discovered in the libraries of Alexandria and other conquered cities, were translated into Arabic and later came from the Arabs to Europe.

Rice. 10. Arab city

The urban planning activities of the Arabs were initially organic. They established military camps, most often near pre-existing cities, some of which were destroyed. Later, to control the conquered country, citadels (shakhristans) were built, in which the residences of the rulers were located and courtiers, servants, military squads and artisans settled. Trade and craft settlements began to grow next to Shakhristan, which in turn were surrounded by fortress walls. Mosques with high minarets became an indispensable property of shakhristans and slaves. Vast bazaars with covered passages, caravanserais, madrassas, baths, and residential areas were built in the work. Craftsmen settled on a professional basis in quarters also surrounded by walls. The largest centers of the Arab world in the Middle Ages were Cordoba and Granada in Spain, Damascus and Baghdad in Central Asia.

In the development of medieval cities in Central Asia, Arab influence was combined with rich urban planning traditions that had developed here since ancient times. By the time of the Arab invasion, the cities of Central Asia already had a long and colorful history. Thus, Samarkand has long played the role of a crossroads of connections connecting China, Western Asia and Europe. During the reign of Timur in Samarkand, the Shakhi-Zinda mausoleums, the Bibi-Khanym cathedral mosque, the Gur-Emir tomb (where Timur was buried) were built, and the construction of Registan Square began, the unique ensemble of which, consisting of three madrassas, was completed only in the 17th century.

Rice. 11. Tomb of Gur-Emir

In India and China in the Middle Ages, many cities were created, destroyed and rebuilt. Let us note Delhi and Agra - in Central India - the capitals of the Delhi Sultanate (XIII-XIV centuries) and the Mughal Empire (III-XVIII centuries). It was here, in the Jamna valley, that the largest centers were formed, controlling the Ganges valley and most of India after the destruction by the Huns in the 5th century. AD Potaliputra (Patna) is the capital of the Mauryan and Gunta states. Urban planning traditions and the high art of Indian architects and craftsmen are further developed. We will only mention such world-famous masterpieces as the white marble mausoleum of the Taj Mahal in Agra (1632-1654). In South India, many cities are decorated with outstanding structures, such as the temples in Madura. The traditions and art of Indian architects penetrate into the countries of Southeast Asia and are clearly visible in the magnificent buildings dedicated to the god Cherry in Angkor (Kampuchea), Buddha in Borobudur (Indonesia), and in the Buddhist stupa Shuedagoun in Rangoon (Burma).

Rice. 12. Taj Mahal

The size of Indian cities, like other medieval cities, can only be determined indirectly. It is assumed that the population of Ahmedabad in the 17th century. amounted to 600-900 thousand people. In Agra at the end of the 16th century. there were 600-700 thousand people. Periodically, many cities were destroyed. For example, Delhi during the reign of Mohamed bin Tughlaq. He decided to destroy his own capital because some of its residents dared to criticize his policies.

In China, cities are undergoing significant development. The capital cities were especially large: Chang'an, Banblian, Hangzhou. The city of Chang'an had about 2 million inhabitants and was one of the largest cities in the world.

Chinese cities, like ancient ones, were built on the basis of very strict regulations, prescribing a rectangular layout, a certain location and size of blocks, number of floors and sizes of residential buildings. The life of the population and even connections between neighborhoods were also regulated. The medieval cities of the East, with all their diversity, had a common feature that significantly distinguished them from European cities. The city existed as a center in the system of a despotic eastern state, ruling the territory under its jurisdiction, but had no self-government, no rights. The rule that “city air makes a person free,” characteristic of European cities, does not apply to the cities of the East. At the same time, the craft basis of the cities is the same. It was not wars and invasions that were the defining feature of their history: more important were the economic conditions that stimulated their growth or decline. These cities stubbornly revived after the most severe destruction, if their economic-geographical position contributed to this, or froze and disappeared when the economic development of the country no longer required their development. For example, the decline of the historical capitals of China in the Yellow River valley as trade links moved away from The Great Silk Road to the sea and the widespread development of coastal lowlands.

Question 1. Medieval cities of the East: Arab, Indian, Chinese.

Their differences from European cities 3

Question 2. Economic prerequisites for the territorial organization of the population. 6

Used literature 20

Abstract on the subject “Territorial organization of the population.”

1. Medieval cities of the east: Arab, Indian, Chinese.

Their difference from European cities.

Unlike most of Europe, the countries of the East in the Middle Ages experienced several invasions of nomadic peoples, who over time adopted urban culture, but this happened almost anew each time. Therefore, in the end, the development of urban settlement in the East is much slower, and the connection with ancient cities turns out to be closer. This is most evident in the formation of the network and principles of organization of Arab cities.

Arab conquests in the 7th-8th centuries. covered a vast territory from the Iberian Peninsula to the Indus Valley. At the same time, most of the ancient cities in this territory were destroyed, and in their place nomadic camps arose, which later became cities (Cairo in Egypt, Rabat in Morocco, etc.). The capital of the Arab state was originally Medina, a small city in the desert part of the Arabian Peninsula. Then the capital was moved closer to the main trade routes of the time - first to Damascus, and then to the city of Baghdad, specially built in 762 as the capital. Baghdad arose at the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, i.e. approximately in the same place where Babylon and other capitals of antiquity existed. Baghdad in its heyday had up to 2 million inhabitants and was the largest city in the world, but after the Mongol conquests of the 13th century. it has lost its meaning.

The principles of development in Baghdad were repeated in other Arab cities. The hill in the center of the city was occupied by a fortress (shahristan or kasbah), in which the ruler of the area (in Baghdad - the caliph) settled with his entourage, military squad and servants. The ruler's palace included a system of courtyards filled with gardens, pools and fountains. Around the fortress there was a trade and craft part of the city (rabad), surrounded by an external defensive wall. In its center there was a market square, and artisans lived in quarters based on their profession, each of which was surrounded by its own wall. In shakhristan and every quarter there was a mosque, which was larger and more richly decorated, the richer the given quarter was. The mosque, as a rule, ended with a dome, and next to it there was a tower - a minaret (or several minarets). The houses of ordinary residents were with flat roofs, one-story, built of clay, facing the streets with a blank wall, with a courtyard. The important public buildings of the city were caravanserais (hotels), madrasahs (schools), and baths located in the city center.

Muslim conquests reached India in the 13th century. In the 16th century A new wave of conquests took place, as a result of which the Mughal Empire was created, which included almost the entire Hindustan peninsula. At the same time, large capital cities, numbering hundreds of thousands of inhabitants, developed in the north of the country, from where the conquests came. At different periods they were the cities of Delhi and Agra. The urban planning principles of Indian cities of that time included both ancient Indian and Arab elements. Thus, the Red Fort (made of red sandstone) was built in Delhi, which was a fortress and palace of the emperors. Near Agra, the Taj Mahal mausoleum has been preserved - one of the most outstanding buildings of medieval India, built according to the classical mosque plan and surrounded by specially created reservoirs.

China was subjected first to the Mongol and then to the Manchu invasion. At the same time, the capital of the country was also moved to the north - to Beijing. The center of Beijing became a complex of imperial palaces surrounded by gardens - the Purple (Forbidden) City. Around it was the Imperial City, in which the emperor’s close associates, his guards and servants lived. The Imperial City was surrounded by the Outer Tatar (barbarian) city, in which the Mongols and then the Manchus lived. Adjacent to it was the Outer Chinese City, where the bulk of the population lived. Each part was surrounded by its own walls. Individual streets in the Outer City, lined with wooden houses forming regular square blocks, were also locked at night. Apparently, the authorities feared that the huge masses of people concentrated in the city might become disobedient. Beijing has been around since the 18th century. had more than 1 million inhabitants, being at that time the largest city in the world. The most outstanding buildings of Chinese cities were the palaces of rulers and temples (pagodas), which stood out sharply against the background of ordinary buildings with their size and design.

In general, we can say that in the cities of the East the main functions remained administrative and military in the Middle Ages, although the majority of the population in them, as in Europe, were artisans and traders. The eastern cities never received any autonomy, which hampered social progress and preserved remnants of feudal relations until the beginning of the 20th century. Constant external conquests by more backward peoples hampered cultural and technical progress. Externally, the eastern cities still looked like a combination of magnificent palaces and temples, on the one hand, and the squalid hovels of the majority of the inhabitants, on the other, which the cities of Europe began to move away from in the early Middle Ages. It is not surprising that in modern times the cities of the East began to develop under European influence and currently retain their originality only in the old parts.

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Question 1. Medieval cities of the East: Arab, Indian, Chinese.

Their differences from European cities 3

Question 2. Economic prerequisites for the territorial organization of the population. 6

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Abstract on the subject “Territorial organization of the population.”

1. Medieval cities of the east: Arab, Indian, Chinese.

Their difference from European cities.

Arab conquests in the 7th-8th centuries. covered a vast territory from the Iberian Peninsula to the Indus Valley. At the same time, most of the ancient cities in this territory were destroyed, and in their place nomadic camps arose, which later became cities (Cairo in Egypt, Rabat in Morocco, etc.). The capital of the Arab state was originally Medina, a small city in the desert part of the Arabian Peninsula. The capital was then moved closer to the main trade routes of the time - first to Damascus, and then to the city of Baghdad, specially built in 762 as the capital. Baghdad arose at the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, i.e. approximately in the same place where Babylon and other capitals of antiquity existed. Baghdad in its heyday had up to 2 million inhabitants and was the largest city in the world, but after the Mongol conquests of the 13th century. it has lost its meaning.

In general, we can say that in the cities of the East the main functions remained administrative and military in the Middle Ages, although the majority of the population in them, as in Europe, were artisans and traders. The eastern cities never received any autonomy, which hampered social progress and preserved remnants of feudal relations until the beginning of the 20th century. Constant external conquests by more backward peoples hampered cultural and technical progress. Externally, the eastern cities still looked like a combination of magnificent palaces and temples, on the one hand, and the squalid hovels of the majority of the inhabitants, on the other, which the cities of Europe began to move away from in the early Middle Ages. It is not surprising that in modern times the cities of the East began to develop under European influence and currently retain their originality only in the old parts.

2. Economic prerequisites for the territorial organization of the population.

The main task of the economy (economy) is to provide the material basis for the functioning of society. Economic relations and processes permeate all social life. Naturally, the economy influences almost all aspects of society, including the territorial organization of the population. The most common dependencies can be identified on the type of economy, determined by its economic structure. The main types distinguished in this case:

1) appropriating farm;

2) agricultural sector;

3) industrial economy;

4) post-industrial economy.

At the earliest stages of human development, there was no economy as such. The so-called appropriating economy dominated - people lived off what nature gave them. At the same time, they were engaged in hunting, fishing, and gathering, not standing out economically from many species of animals (but already standing out socially). Tribes of people slowly moved along the shores of seas and rivers, following herds of large game animals, gradually populating almost the entire surface of the land, except for the most naturally harsh areas in the regions of the poles and high mountains. There were no permanent settlements, and the population density was extremely low - even in the most densely populated areas there was no more than 1 person. per 1 km 2. At present, there are no large territories on Earth with a predominant economy of appropriation.

In the VIII-X millennium BC. uh, at about the same time, an agrarian (Neolithic) revolution began in several regions of the earth - the transition from an appropriating economy to a producing (rural) one. The resulting type of economy was agricultural (pre-industrial), which by the 2nd millennium AD. e. spread to almost all human-inhabited territories (except Australia and large parts of America). The main sign of the dominance of the agricultural type of economy is the predominance of agriculture (the primary sector of the economy) in the structure of employment and/or the structure of production (GDP). Currently, the agricultural type of economy still prevails in the least developed countries of the Earth (Burundi and others in Africa, Bhutan and others in Asia).

The main branches of agriculture are crop production and livestock farming. Accordingly, already at the beginning of the agrarian revolution, two different types of territorial organization of the population were formed - permanent agricultural and nomadic livestock. Their common features are a dispersed population, a strong dependence of density and settlement on natural conditions, extremely rare (usually one in several generations) permanent migrations for the agricultural development of new territories.

Under the influence of nomadic livestock farming, a network of permanent settlements did not develop. People constantly move through certain territories following herds of animals that need food and water. Population density remains low, rarely exceeding 1 person. per 1 km 2. Initially, the areas of distribution of nomadism significantly exceeded the areas of agricultural settlement, but at present nomadic settlement has survived only in certain areas of Northern and Eastern Africa, South-West and Central Asia. In some cases, permanent migrations were transformed into seasonal ones (between high-mountain and low-mountain areas, between tundra and forest-tundra, etc.), which led to the emergence of temporarily inhabited settlements and a slight increase in population density, but not more than 10 people. per 1 km 2.

Under the influence of plant growing, a network of permanent settlements has developed, the size and density of which strongly depend on the favorable natural conditions for plant growing. As a result, population density can vary widely, but, as a rule, it ranges from 10 to 100 people. per 1 km 2. At the same time, residents are distinguished by a strong attachment to the land and extremely low migration mobility. Most of them never leave their settlement in their lives. The most common trips are to the nearest market several times a year. Initially, permanent agricultural settlement occupied relatively small areas, but today it predominates in the rural areas of the vast majority of states on Earth.

The Industrial Revolution began in the 17th-18th centuries. in foreign Europe, and has now spread to the vast majority of human-inhabited areas of the Earth. As a result, an industrial type of economy was formed - the predominance of industry and construction or the secondary sector in the structure of employment and production. The industrial type of economy predominates in most modern states.

The development of industry causes a rapid concentration of population in cities and their agglomerations. As a result, massive flows of permanent migrants are formed - mainly from rural areas to cities, and then to suburban areas. Massive labor commuting migrations are appearing - mainly within urban agglomerations, which gradually in their scale (number of people involved) begin to exceed permanent relocations. The importance of natural conditions for population concentration is noticeably decreasing. Socio-economic conditions, especially the convenience of transport links, become the main ones. The population density increases sharply - up to 1000 people. per 1 km 2 in the most urbanized areas. At the same time, population density in non-urbanized rural areas begins to decline.

The transition to a post-industrial type of economy (the predominance of the service sector or tertiary sector in the structure of employment and GDP) began in the most developed countries of the Earth (USA, Japan, Western Europe) in the second half of the 20th century. Intensive development of the service sector is possible only with a sufficiently high concentration of population - as a rule, at least 50 people. per 1 km 2. But then the multiplier effect begins to take effect. The greater the concentration of the population, the more people are needed to work in its service sector, so the concentration of the population increases even more, i.e. the population itself becomes the main resource for economic development. As a result, the population density in areas with a developed service sector can reach several thousand people per 1 km 2. But at the same time, not only the shares of people employed in the secondary and primary sectors of the economy are reduced, but also the absolute scale of production in these sectors - industrial enterprises are closed, and the area of agricultural land is reduced. Thus, the scale of human impact on the natural environment, including the area of intensively used territories, is reduced. In the future, with this trend, there may even be a reduction in populated areas.

people of the Earth's territories.

Return migrations ultimately exceed permanent migrations in scale and significance. At the same time, commuting for services and irregular recreational trips are becoming especially large-scale. Although the importance of labor migrations (commuting and longer irregular) remains. Specific migration flows turn out to be strongly related to the level of development of the service sector and the characteristics of its organization.

The retrospective analysis of the relationship between economic development and the territorial organization of the population allows us to identify a general pattern determined by the degree of development of the territory. In the early stages of territory development (and the initial stages of economic development), the population “follows” the economy. Thus, people gradually populated almost the entire surface of the earth’s land, following biological natural resources, and then developed almost all suitable territories for agriculture. The latest manifestation of this trend is modern "redevelopment areas" where people emerged to extract industrial natural resources. But as the territory is developed and the economy develops, the economy begins to “follow” the population. A turning point occurs with the industrial type of economy, when for many industries the main factor in the location of enterprises becomes labor (the availability of labor resources, especially qualified ones). With the post-industrial type of economy, even the reduction of territories already developed by man begins - the economy “contracts” to the most populated and developed areas. Thus, at all stages there is a natural relationship between economy and settlement. But at first the leading link in this connection is the economy, and subsequently settlement.

In a market economy, interaction between the economy and the population is carried out through labor market mechanisms. Offer on this market - quantity people wanting to work, and demand is the number of jobs provided by employers. The relationship between supply and demand is regulated by the price of labor - the level of wages. At the same time, at any given moment in time, supply and demand, as a rule, do not coincide, as a result of which either unemployment is formed - an excess of supply over demand, or a shortage of personnel - an excess of demand over supply.

In general, unemployment in a limited territory (local, regional or national labor market) contributes to the outflow of population to other territories, and the shortage of personnel contributes to the influx of people from other territories. But in certain situations this may not be the case.

Firstly, it is important unemployment rate- the share of unemployed people from the economically active population. An unemployment rate of over 10% is considered high - only then can we talk about the outflow of population caused by it, and the impact of unemployment will be relatively noticeable at a level of at least 5%.

Secondly, it is necessary to take into account types of unemployment. She may be:

1) dynamic (frictional) - when an unemployed person already knows where he will work, but has not yet started work for various reasons, for example, a job has not yet been created, although it should appear in the near future;

2) structural - when the unemployed and the available vacancies do not correspond to each other according to any characteristics (profession, age, etc.), although there may be more vacancies than the unemployed;

3) cyclical - when, in conditions of an economic crisis (reduction in employment), the number of unemployed is, in principle, greater than the number of available free jobs, and it is impossible to provide all unemployed with work;

4) associated with agrarian overpopulation - when in areas dominated by the agricultural type of economy, in conditions of constant natural growth and limited resources (land and water), a “surplus” population is constantly formed, unable to find jobs.

At dynamic unemployment, which can reach significant levels in areas with large seasonal unevenness of labor (agricultural, resort, etc.), no large population movements occur. The unemployed are waiting for work to appear (the onset of the season), living on benefits or savings accumulated over the past season. But seasonal labor migration to other areas is also possible.

At structural unemployment, the outflow of the population will occur if there are vacant jobs in other areas in the same specialty that the unemployed have, and if relocation will have less significant costs than retraining for those specialties that are required locally. Naturally, the level of salary after relocation or retraining will also matter.

At cyclical unemployment there will be a massive outflow of the unemployed. However, most of them will initially resettle for a limited period, hoping to return once the situation improves. And only in the case of a successful settlement in a new place, while the difficult economic situation in the old one continues, can a final resettlement with the relocation of the family occur. In addition, the cyclical unemployed will massively participate in migration to areas with seasonal increases in employment.

At agricultural overpopulation there will be a constant outflow of the “surplus” population - either to areas of new agricultural development (if there are any), or to the cities of their country and other states where there is a possibility of finding work. In this case, resettlement for permanent residence will prevail, but many of them, as in the previous case, will have a stepwise nature: first for a certain period (from several months to several years), then for permanent residence. Another significant difference is that with agricultural overpopulation, the share of young people in migration is highest, since it is they who constantly find themselves “superfluous” in agricultural areas where all jobs are already occupied.

In addition to the relationship between supply and demand in the labor market (the presence of unemployment or personnel shortages), the level of wages is also important, or more precisely, its relationship with the cost of living. Thus, there will be no influx of unemployed people into areas with a shortage of personnel (or even an outflow of the local population) if the ratio of wages to cost of living in these areas is worse than in others.

The influence of the labor market on population migration can be clearly seen in the example of modern migrations between developing and developed countries. These migrations are predominantly labor. At the same time, in accordance with the general patterns of economic development and settlement, the importance of permanent resettlement is gradually decreasing, and temporary relocations are increasing (seasonal, for several years, etc.).

In developing countries there is a constant agricultural overpopulation, which provides a significant amount of unskilled labor. Economic crises with cyclical unemployment are also common. In developed countries, on the contrary, there is an almost constant shortage of unskilled labor (except during periods of the most acute economic crises). As a result, flows of unskilled migrants (“muscle drain”) are formed from developing countries to developed ones, in which all parties involved are interested:

Countries of emigration (exit of migrants), since this weakens demographic pressure in them, making it possible to ease the problem of unemployment and lack of various resources for a growing population;

countries of immigration (influx of migrants), since without their labor the functioning of many sectors of the economy would be impossible. The labor of immigrants is especially important in the sparsely populated oil-exporting states of the Persian Gulf (Kuwait, etc.) - up to 90% of all employees. But in many European countries immigrants make up up to 30% of all employed people;

But due to a more favorable ratio of wages and cost of living from developing countries to developed countries, there is an outflow of highly qualified personnel (“brain drain”), despite their shortage in the developing countries themselves. The scale of such migrations is hundreds of times smaller than the flows of unskilled workers. But there is a clear problem because in this case there is an “injured” party. These are developing states that have spent significant amounts of money on training the necessary specialists, and are losing them without any compensation.

The indicated general patterns of relationship between the economy and the territorial organization of the population also apply in modern Russia. Thus, for centuries, Russia has pursued a policy of developing the outskirts of the state, primarily the sparsely populated northern and eastern regions. This policy was especially pronounced in 1930-1970, when, under the conditions of a planned economy, large-scale projects were created for the development of natural resources in the northern and eastern regions of Russia - the hydropower cascade on the Angara, the Baikal-Amur Railway, the Norilsk Metallurgical Complex, etc. and to implement these projects, the population was involved, as a result of which settlement systems for many previously practically uninhabited territories were practically re-created. Population of some regions (Murmansk region, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Kamchatka region, etc.) for the period 1930-1980s. increased by 20-40 times, and the share of the population living in the old-developed parts of the country (Central and North-Western Russia) was constantly declining.

Unfortunately, in many cases, relocations were not voluntary (for high salaries, various benefits and other similar reasons), but forced (widespread use of the labor of repressed and prisoners, mass deportations, including of entire peoples). Nevertheless, the main trend was very clear: population followed production, although by the 1980s. The pace of this process has clearly slowed down.

In the 1990s. a turning point occurred, accelerated by an acute socio-economic crisis. The economy in the most developed and populated areas of the country suffered less than in areas of new development. Some service sectors - trade, finance, etc. - increased the scale of production, and this also happened in the most populated parts of the country, i.e., there was a tendency to concentrate the economy in the most populated areas.

The dynamics of the employment structure by industry are shown in the table. It is clearly seen that at the beginning of the 20th century. Russia was a typical country with an agricultural type of economy (and the predominance of the corresponding territorial organization of the population). By the middle of the century, the industrial type of economy became dominant. And in the 1990s. There has been a transition to a post-industrial type of economy. Moreover, in fact, the post-industrial type of economy (and the corresponding territorial organization of the population) is characteristic only of the two most developed regions of the country - Moscow and St. Petersburg. While in many regions (the republics of Dagestan, Kalmykia, Ingushetia, Altai, Tyva, Chechen, the Evenki, Koryak, Aginsky and Ust-Ordynsky Buryat autonomous okrugs) the agrarian structure of the economy is still preserved with a predominance of rural settlement, formed primarily under the influence of natural conditions. Most regions of the country are characterized by a territorial organization of the population associated with the industrial type of economy (concentration in cities and urban agglomerations, the development of pendulum labor migration, etc.).

Changing employment structureby sectors of the Russian economy,%

Industry	Employment share
	1913	1940	1960	1990	2000
Agriculture Industry and construction Transport and communications Trade and catering Non-production sphere
Total	100	100	100	100	100

We can also identify several special local cases of territorial organization of the population associated with the development of the mining industry and transport in the absence (or insignificant influence) of other industries. When settling in areas of non-labor-intensive extractive industry (oil, gas), areas that are most favorable in natural terms are selected for the resettlement of workers and their families, and fairly large cities are built (examples - Novy Urengoy, Nefteyugansk). At the same time, the distance to places of work (fields) can reach tens or even hundreds of kilometers, and a relatively small number of workers make rotational trips different types transport, including aviation.

When settling in areas of labor-intensive mining industry (mining coal, underground ores), in order to avoid long-term mass transportation of workers, settlements as close as possible to places of work. But at the same time, the size of the point directly depends on the thickness of the deposit. Therefore, these are mainly small villages, the existence of which after the depletion of the deposit is problematic, gravitating towards a larger point in which the organizing enterprises are located - a processing plant, construction department, etc. And the planning structure of the villages turns out to be dependent on the occurrence of the layers of the mined mineral - buildings are not must be located above underground mine workings.

Settlement along transport routes (railroads) turns out to be linear and strictly hierarchical. The most numerous (every 1-3 km) are the smallest settlements, often consisting of only one house (houses of trackmen, crossings). The next level is sidings and small stations where only 2-3 families live, located 5-10 km apart. Then there are large stations where cargo is already processed - usually these are quite large rural settlements or small towns and cities. Even larger settlements (large urban settlements or small towns) are formed near junction stations, where trains are formed, repair work is carried out, and depots are located. Finally, the largest settlements (big cities) develop at the intersection points of main routes of different types of transport.

When analyzing the structure of employment in Russia, it should also be noted that during the crisis of the 1990s. the total number of people employed in the country's economy decreased by more than 10 million people. - from 75.5 million at the end of the 1980s. up to 65 million at the beginning of the 21st century. For the first time after a long break (since the 1930s), the existence of the unemployed was again recognized. The maximum unemployment rate (almost 14%) was observed in early 1999, and by 2003 it had dropped to 8.5% of the country's economically active population.

In Russia we can distinguish two types of regions with increased unemployment rate:

1. Regions with high natural population growth, where more young people are constantly entering the labor market, and a corresponding number of new jobs are not created. These are the republics of Dagestan, Chechen, Ingush, Kalmykia, Tyva, Altai and some other regions. In some years, the unemployment rate reached 50%. In fact, here we are dealing with typical agrarian overpopulation. The way to solve the problem in the long term is the development of labor-intensive sectors of the economy, and in the near future - population migration to other regions of the country.

2. Regions with the maximum reduction in production during the crisis of the 1990s. These are regions with a predominance of light, military, and woodworking industries (Ivanovo, Pskov, Vladimir, etc. regions), where the unemployment rate reached 25%. The unemployed in this case are mainly of pre-retirement age. And in the future, the problem here will be solved without special measures - the majority of the unemployed will become pensioners, and the revival of production has already begun.

There are also two type of regions with reduced levels unemployment:

1. Regions with high speed creating new jobs. First of all, these are the Moscow and St. Petersburg regions, where new sectors of the economy were actively developing in the 1990s, as a result of which there are more available jobs than unemployed people. The way to solve the problem of personnel shortage is population migration from other regions of the country (including from regions with agricultural overpopulation) and from abroad (primarily from the CIS countries). At the same time, the majority of visitors, most likely, will come temporarily and not for permanent residence.

2. Regions with export-oriented economies (production of oil, natural gas, metals), where production in the 1990s. decreased slightly - Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), etc. In these predominantly sparsely populated northern and eastern regions of the country, there was a shortage of personnel in the past, which in many cases intensified in the 1990s. The fact is that in market conditions, after the abolition of state subsidies for food production, housing construction and many others, it turned out that the ratio of wages and cost of living in regions with harsh natural conditions is worse than in many other regions of the country. Therefore, an outflow of residents from the northern and eastern regions of Russia began, not only to labor-scarce capitals and “average” regions of the country in terms of unemployment, but even to regions of Central Russia with a high level of unemployment (Ivanovo region, etc.). The effect of the wage level factor in this case turned out to be stronger than the effect of unemployment. In the near future, the outflow of population from the northern and eastern regions of Russia will continue, since attracting workers here in most cases is cost-effective only on a temporary basis (on a rotation basis), and not for permanent residence.

Russia as a whole, subject to economic growth in the coming decades, will be a country of immigration, since its own natural increase will not be able to provide the economy with personnel. At the same time, first of all, it is necessary to attract to the country the residents of the former Soviet republics- Ukraine, Moldova, Kazakhstan, etc. In the longer term, it is possible to attract residents of non-CIS countries to Russia. Apparently, migration should be encouraged, both temporary - for the development of natural resources in the northern and eastern regions of the country, and permanent - to increase the concentration of the population in areas of the European part of Russia, where in many regions the population density is too low for the intensive development of the modern service sector.

References:

1. Russia in numbers. - M.: Goskomstat of Russia, 2002.

2. Simagin Yu. A. Territorial organization of the population: Textbook for universities. - 2nd ed., rev. and additional / Under general ed. V. G. Glushkova. - M.: Publishing and trading corporation "Dashkov and Co", 2005, - 244 p.

3. Territorial organization of the population: Proc. allowance / Ed. prof. E.G. Chistyakova. - M.: University textbook., 2005.- 188 p.

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