Internal and external DOS commands. Creating a file in MS-DOS
There are two types of MS DOS commands:
Domestic commands, they are executed by the command processor COMMAND.COM(eg dir, copy).
External commands - programs supplied with the OS in the form separate files. They are located on the disk and perform maintenance actions (for example, formatting the disk, clearing the screen, checking the disk).
Commands consist of a command name and optionally parameters, separated by spaces. Optional command elements will be marked with parentheses.
WORKING WITH FILES
Creating text files
copy con file name
After entering this command, you will need to enter the lines of the file one by one. At the end of each line you need to click the key Enter. And after entering the last one, press simultaneously Ctrl And Z, and then Enter.
Deleting files
del ( path ) file name
The path is written only when the file to be deleted is in a different directory.
Renaming files
ren( path ) filename1 filename2
Filename1 is the name of the file you want to rename. File_name2 is the new file name that will be assigned to it after the command is executed. The path is written only when the file to be deleted is in a different directory.
Copying files
copyfile name( path ) filename1
The path is specified if the file is copied to another directory.
WORKING WITH CATALOGS
Command to change current disk
A:- go to drive A
C:- move to drive C
Browse the catalog
dir( path )(file name) (/p) (/w)
If the path and file name are not entered, information about the contents of the directory (file names, their size and the date of last modification) will be displayed on the screen.
Parameter /p sets the display of information in screen-by-screen mode, with a delay until the user clicks on a key. This is convenient for large directories.
Parameter /w sets the output of information only about the names of files in the directory, five names per line.
Changing the current directory
CD path
Creating a directory
md path
Removing a directory
rd path
COMMAND LINE
This is the line you will see on the screen after loading MS DOS. It is also called DOS suppression and looks like this:
Here C:- disk name; > - an invitation symbol, after which the cursor blinks, indicating the place where the command must be entered.
Internal and external commands DOS.
I. Basic internal DOS commands.
Internal DOS commands are executed by the command.com command processor.
The use of internal and external DOS commands belongs to the field of system programming.
1. Command to change the current drive:
a: - switch to drive a:
b: - switch to drive b:
c: - switch to drive c:
2. Command to display the directory table of contents: dir
Screen-by-page (page-by-page) output of the directory table of contents, if the table of contents is very large: dir/p
dir a:\ - command to display the table of contents root directory on drive a:.
3. Command to change the current directory: cd directory name
Go to the root directory of the current disk: cd\
Move from subdirectory to directory: cd..
4. Directory creation command: md directory name
5. Command to delete an empty directory: rd directory name
6. Content Output Command text file to screen:
type file name
7. Command to clear the monitor screen: cls
8. File copy command:
copy filename1 filename2 - copying one file to another
file;
copy file name directory name - copying a file to a directory;
copy file name prn - print the file on the printer.
9. Create a text file:
copy con: file name, press Enter, enter text line by line,
at the end of each line Enter, then at the end F6 or Ctrl+Z and Enter.
10. Merging the contents of two or more text files
(file concatenation): copy 1st file name + 2nd file name new file name
11. File deletion command: del filename or erase filename
12. Renaming a file: ren filename new filename
13. DOS version output: ver
14. Disc label output: vol
15. Input current date: date
16. Entering the current time: time
17. Exit - exit from the DOS command processor.
Note: After entering the specified commands from the keyboard into the command line
line, press the Enter key.
II. Basic external DOS commands (for MS-DOS version 6.22).
External DOS commands execute utility programs (utilities)
located in the DOS directory on the C: drive.
1. format disk name: - disk formatting (for floppy disks format a:
or format b:). Creation system disk: format disk name: /s
Be careful: when formatting a disk (floppy disk), all information on it is destroyed!
2. fdisk - splitting hard disk into partitions ( logical drives C, D, E and so on).
Attention: when splitting hard drive into sections, all information on it is destroyed!
3. sys disk name: - transferring DOS kernel files to disk (floppy disk), creating a system disk (floppy disk). It is also used to change (update the version) of DOS.
4. mem - output of the RAM card. The most commonly used command is mem/c/p or mem/d/p (key p - page output information).
5. chkdsk c: /f - check the file system and restore lost clusters.
6. scandisk - checks the file system and disk for logical failures. For floppy disks scandisk a: or scandisk b:
7. label disk name: - creating or updating a label on a disk or floppy disk.
8. undelete disk name: - recovery of accidentally erased files.
9. diskcopy disk name: disk name: - creating an exact copy of the floppy disk.
10. print file name prn - print the file on the printer in background. Cancel background printing: print /t
11. graphics - support for printing information from the screen (by pressing the Print Screen key).
12. defrag c: / fd - eliminates file fragmentation and optimizes the placement of information on the hard drive (this program is similar to the Speed Disk program from the Norton Utilities kit).
13. deltree directory name - deleting a directory tree (with files).
Attention: You can use this command only if you are sure that you need to delete this directory tree! Otherwise, important information will be lost!
14. msd - computer diagnostics.
15. edit - call the MS-DOS Editor text editor.
16. qbasic - calling the BASIC programming language.
17. doskey - call a program that makes it easier to edit the contents of the command line (entered DOS commands).
18. tree c:\directory name /f - output the contents of the specified directory.
19. msav - disk check antivirus program MS-Antivirus.
20. memmaker - distribution optimizer random access memory.
Command formats for the MS-DOS mem.exe utility:
mem - standard card RAM;
mem/c/p - displays a list of loaded programs;
mem/d/p - displays information about internal devices(For example:
con, prn, LPT1, etc.) with addressing;
mem/f/p - amount of free memory with addressing
mem/m program name - the size of memory occupied by the specified
loaded program (resident, with extension com and exe);
the /p switch gives page-by-page output of information.
Creating a file in MS-DOS
To create a file in MS-DOS you need to:
1. Enter the command into the command line: copy con: file name and press Enter.
Example: copy con: c:\mark\proba.txt
2. Enter text and press F6 or Ctrl-Z, which means the end of the line, and press Enter. A proba.txt file will be created in the MARK directory. The file name must be specified with the full path.
3. If the file is created in the current directory, then you don’t have to specify
full path (route).
Purpose function keys in MS-DOS
F1 - copies one character at a time from the buffer to the screen.
F2 - copies all characters from the buffer to the screen up to the specified character.
F3 - copies all characters from the buffer to the screen.
F4 - skips all characters in the buffer until a specific character.
F5 - transfers all characters from the screen to the buffer without attempting to execute them
as a team.
F6 - means end of line (or CTRL-Z).
The remaining keys are not used in MS-DOS, but are used in
most application programs.
Using the create command virtual disk SUBST
To create a virtual disk (for example, E) containing files from the ME directory, write in the command line: subst e: c:\me or subst e: c:\mark\refis for files from the REFIS directory. Switching to drive E: done by general rule for any disk. In some cases, this makes it easier to launch programs when it is no longer possible to insert a new directory into the Path command (the total length of directories in the Path command cannot exceed 128 bytes). This command can be inserted into the autoexec.bat file, then the virtual disk will be installed permanently. subst command Also called the directory name synonym command, it is used to avoid typing the name of a directory that is frequently used. When creating and deleting files and directories on the E: virtual drive, the same thing will happen synchronously in the ME directory on the C: drive.
It is no longer possible to create another 2nd virtual disk F: in this way. Any visible changes in operational or disk memory does not occur when creating a virtual disk. The command to delete a virtual disk is E: subst e: /d. The subst command is one of the external DOS commands.
About some internal teams DOS.
If you enter echo and verify commands into the command line, you can
find out their current state: echo is on or echo is off;
verify is onorverify is off.
If you enter the path command, the path command from the file will be issued
autoexec.bat, i.e. the current list of directories specified in the path command.
If you enter the set command, its current state will be indicated,
that is, the part of the autoexec.bat file that is relative to
refers to setting the environment variable: path, prompt, set, and also
сomspec=c:\command.com.
INDEX OF MS-DOS COMMANDS AND UTILITIES
(Internal (*) and external MS-DOS commands)
ANSY.SYS console driver installation
ASSIGN reassigning disk devices
ATTRIB setting file attribute
BATCH batch command files (*.bat) *
BACKUP creating backup copies for files
BREAK program interruption *
BUFFERS creating buffers in RAM *
CHDIR (CD) change to new directory *
CHKDSK disk check
CLS screen cleaning *
COMMAND: second command processor *
COMP comparison of disk files
COPY copy file *
COUNTRY setting date and time format
CTTY console remapping
DATE setting date *
DEBUG program debugger
DEVICE installation of new device drivers *
DIR directory browsing *
DISKCOMP disk comparison
DISKCOPY duplicating floppy disks
DRIVER.SYS installation of the block-oriented device driver
ERASE (DEL) deleting files *
FCBS file control blocks *
FDISK hard disk partitioning
FILES setting the number of simultaneously open files *
FIND data search
FORMAT disk formatting
GRAPHICS printing of graphic images
JOIN logical joining of a directory on one drive with another drive into one directory
LABEL creating and replacing a disk label
LASTDRIVE sets the maximum number of available drives *
LINK link loader (editor)
MKDIR (MD) directory creation *
MODE change operating modes of output devices
MORE page-by-page output of files to the screen
PATH indicating the search path *
PRINT printing data
PROMPT change DOS prompt format*
RENAME (REN) renaming files *
REPLACE selective replacement and copying of files
RESTORE restoring files backed up by the BACKUP command
RMDIR (RD) delete empty directory *
SELECT installation of MS-DOS on a new disk with a specified keyboard type, date and time format
SET setting environment variable *
SHELL use of additional command processor *
SORT sorting data
SUBST create virtual disks
SYS copy MS-DOS
TIME setting time *
TREE directory tree output
TYPE display of file contents *
VDISK.SYS virtual disk driver installation
VER output MS-DOS versions *
VERIFY checks writing to disk *
VOL disc label output *
XCOPY selective copying of groups of files and directories
Main types of random access memory (RAM)
Random access memory (RAM) is a device for temporary storage of information (only during computer operation), provides fast access processor to the program and processed data.
1. CMA - main RAM (Conventional Memory Area).
(area 0 - 640K).
2. UMA -uppermemory(Upper Memory Area).
(region640K - 1M).
3. UMB -blockstopmemory(Upper Memory Block).
4.HMA-highmemory(High Memory Area).
(1M + 64K area).
5. XMA - extended memory area.
(area above > 1M + 64K).
6. EMS - additional memory (Expanded Memory).
(located on a separate board).
I. Basic internal DOS commands.
Internal DOS commands are executed by the command.com command processor.
The use of internal and external DOS commands belongs to the field of system programming.
1. Command to change the current drive:
a: - switch to drive a:
b: - switch to drive b:
c: - switch to drive c:
2. Command to display the directory table of contents: dir
Screen-by-page (page-by-page) output of the directory table of contents, if the table of contents is very large: dir/p
dir a:\ - command to display the table of contents of the root directory on drive a:.
3. Command to change the current directory: cd directory name
Go to the root directory of the current disk: cd\
Move from subdirectory to directory: cd..
4. Directory creation command: md directory name
5. Command to delete an empty directory: rd directory name
6. Command to display the contents of a text file on the screen:
type file name
7. Command to clear the monitor screen: cls
8. File copy command:
copy filename1 filename2 - copying one file to another
copy file name directory name - copying a file to a directory;
copy file name prn - print the file on the printer.
9. Create a text file:
copy con: file name, press Enter, enter text line by line,
at the end of each line Enter, then at the end F6 or Ctrl+Z and Enter.
10. Merging the contents of two or more text files
(file concatenation): copy 1st file name + 2nd file name new file name
11. File deletion command: del filename or erase filename
12. Renaming a file: ren filename new filename
13. DOS version output: ver
14. Disc label output: vol
15. Entering the current date: date
16. Entering the current time: time
17. Exit - exit from the DOS command processor.
Note: After entering the specified commands from the keyboard into the command line
line, press the Enter key.
II. Basic external DOS commands (for MS-DOS version 6.22).
External DOS commands execute utility programs (utilities)
located in the DOS directory on the C: drive.
1. format disk name: - disk formatting (for floppy disks format a:
or format b:). Creating a system disk: format disk name: /s
Be careful: when formatting a disk (floppy disk), all information on it is destroyed!
2. fdisk - partitioning the hard drive into partitions (logical drives C, D, E, and so on).
Attention: when partitioning a hard drive, all information on it is destroyed!
3. sys disk name: - transferring DOS kernel files to disk (floppy disk), creating a system disk (floppy disk). It is also used to change (update the version) of DOS.
4. mem - output of the RAM card. The most commonly used command is mem/c/p or mem/d/p (key p - page-by-page display of information).
5. chkdsk c: /f - check file system and recovery of lost clusters.
6. scandisk - checks the file system and disk for logical failures. For floppy disks scandisk a: or scandisk b:
7. label disk name: - creating or updating a label on a disk or floppy disk.
8. undelete disk name: - recovery of accidentally erased files.
9. diskcopy disk name: disk name: - creating an exact copy of the floppy disk.
10. print file name prn - print the file on the printer in the background. Cancel background printing: print /t
11. graphics - support for printing information from the screen (by pressing Print keys Screen).
12. defrag c: / fd - eliminates file fragmentation and optimizes the placement of information on the hard drive (this program is similar to the Speed Disk program from the Norton Utilities kit).
13. deltree directory name - deleting a directory tree (with files).
Attention: You can use this command only if you are sure that you need to delete this directory tree! Otherwise, important information will be lost!
14. msd - computer diagnostics.
15. edit - challenge text editor MS-DOS Editor.
16. qbasic - calling the BASIC programming language.
17. doskey - call a program that makes it easier to edit the contents of the command line (entered DOS commands).
18. tree c:\directory name /f - output the contents of the specified directory.
19. msav - scan disks with the MS-Antivirus antivirus program.
20. memmaker - RAM allocation optimizer.
Command formats for the MS-DOS mem.exe utility:
mem - standard RAM card;
mem/c/p - displays a list of loaded programs;
mem/d/p - displays information about internal devices (for example:
con, prn, LPT1, etc.) with addressing;
mem/f/p - amount of free memory with addressing
mem/m program name - the size of memory occupied by the specified
loaded program (resident, with extension com and exe);
the /p switch gives page-by-page output of information.
Creating a file in MS-DOS
To create a file in MS-DOS you need to:
1. Enter the command into the command line: copy con: file name and press Enter.
Example: copy con: c:\mark\proba.txt
2. Enter text and press F6 or Ctrl-Z, which means the end of the line, and press Enter. A proba.txt file will be created in the MARK directory. The file name must be specified with the full path.
3. If the file is created in the current directory, then you don’t have to specify
full path (route).
Function key assignments in MS-DOS
F1 - copies one character at a time from the buffer to the screen.
F2 - copies all characters from the buffer to the screen up to the specified character.
F3 - copies all characters from the buffer to the screen.
F4 - skips all characters in the buffer until a specific character.
F5 - transfers all characters from the screen to the buffer without attempting to execute them
as a team.
F6 - means end of line (or CTRL-Z).
The remaining keys are not used in MS-DOS, but are used in
most application programs.
Using the SUBST virtual disk creation command
To create a virtual disk (for example, E) containing files from the ME directory, write in the command line: subst e: c:\me or subst e: c:\mark\refis for files from the REFIS directory. Switching to drive E: is done according to the general rule for any drive. In some cases, this makes it easier to launch programs when it is no longer possible to insert a new directory into the Path command (the total length of directories in the Path command cannot exceed 128 bytes). This command can be inserted into the autoexec.bat file, then the virtual disk will be installed permanently. The subst command is also called the directory synonym command and is used to avoid typing the name of a directory that is frequently used. When creating and deleting files and directories on the E: virtual drive, the same thing will happen synchronously in the ME directory on the C: drive.
It is no longer possible to create another 2nd virtual disk F: in this way. There are no visible changes to RAM or disk memory when creating a virtual disk. The command to delete a virtual disk is E: subst e: /d. The subst command is one of the external DOS commands.
About some internal DOS commands.
If you enter echo and verify commands into the command line, you can
find out their current state: echo is on or echo is off;
verify is on or verify is off.
If you enter the path command, the path command from the file will be issued
autoexec.bat, i.e. the current list of directories specified in the path command.
If you enter the set command, its current state will be indicated,
that is, the part of the autoexec.bat file that is relative to
gets to the task environment variable: path, prompt, set, and also
сomspec=c:\command.com.
INDEX OF MS-DOS COMMANDS AND UTILITIES
(Internal (*) and external MS-DOS commands)
ANSY.SYS console driver installation
ASSIGN reassigning disk devices
ATTRIB setting file attribute
BATCH batch batch files(*.bat) *
BACKUP creation backup copies for files
BREAK program interruption *
BUFFERS creating buffers in RAM *
CHDIR (CD) change to new directory *
CHKDSK disk check
CLS screen cleaning *
COMMAND: second command processor *
COMP comparison of disk files
COPY copy file *
COUNTRY setting date and time format
CTTY console remapping
DATE setting date *
DEBUG program debugger
DEVICE installation of new device drivers *
DIR directory browsing *
DISKCOMP disk comparison
DISKCOPY duplicating floppy disks
DRIVER.SYS installation of the block-oriented device driver
ERASE (DEL) deleting files *
FCBS file control blocks *
FDISK hard disk partitioning
FILES setting the number of simultaneously open files *
FIND data search
FORMAT disk formatting
GRAPHICS printing of graphic images
JOIN logical joining of a directory on one drive with another drive into one directory
LABEL creating and replacing a disk label
LASTDRIVE sets the maximum number of available drives *
LINK link loader (editor)
MKDIR (MD) directory creation *
MODE change operating modes of output devices
MORE page-by-page output of files to the screen
PATH indicating the search path *
PRINT printing data
PROMPT change DOS prompt format*
RENAME (REN) renaming files *
REPLACE selective replacement and copying of files
RESTORE restoring files backed up by the BACKUP command
RMDIR (RD) delete empty directory *
SELECT installation of MS-DOS on new disk with a specified keyboard type, date and time format
SET setting environment variable *
SHELL use of additional command processor *
SORT sorting data
SUBST create virtual disks
SYS copy MS-DOS
TIME setting time *
TREE directory tree output
TYPE display of file contents *
VDISK.SYS virtual disk driver installation
VER output of MS-DOS version *
VERIFY checks writing to disk *
VOL disc label output *
XCOPY selective copying of groups of files and directories
Main types of random access memory (RAM)
Random access memory (RAM) is a device for temporary storage of information (only during computer operation) that provides the processor with quick access to the program and processed data.
1. CMA - main RAM (Conventional Memory Area).
(area 0 - 640K).
2. UMA - Upper Memory Area.
(area 640K - 1M).
3. UMB - Upper Memory Blocks.
4.HMA- high memory(High Memory Area).
(1M + 64K area).
5. XMA - extended memory area.
(area above > 1M + 64K).
6. EMS - additional memory (Expanded Memory).
(located on a separate board).
Problem 640 KB
The IBM PC with the 8088 and 8086 processor has no more than 640 KB of RAM available for DOS and application programs. This was a step forward for the early 80s, compared to 64 KB for other computers. However, with the advent of 80286, 80386 and older processors, as well as modern programs such as Windows, the 640 KB limit became a problem that was successfully solved with the advent of additional memory and especially extended memory. Extended Memory is memory higher than 1M + 64K. With the introduction of extended memory, the 80286, 80386SX, and 80486SX processors can directly access 16 MB of memory, and the 80386DX, 80486DX and older processors can directly access 4 GB.
Expanded Memory is not currently used.
Access to extended memory in MS-DOS and Windows is provided by the himem.sys driver and the emm386.exe extended memory manager, which are loaded using the config.sys file. The main memory remains 640 KB as before, but they try to free it up as much as possible for application programs by loading keyboard, mouse, etc. drivers. to the upper memory (UMA and UMB) using the autoexec.bat file. Standard size of IBM PC RAM: 1 MB; 2 MB; 4 MB; 8 MB; 16 MB; 32 MB; 64 MB, etc.
TEAM INDICATORS /MEM /GC /LAG
If the Essentials plugin is installed on the server, then after entering the /mem /gc or /lag commands we will see the readings in the chat:
1.
Uptime is the time the server has been running since it was turned on.
2.
TPS - Tick Per Second (qty. per second on the server).
3.
Maximum memory - the amount of memory allocated to the server. Specified in the server startup parameter -Xmx.
4.
Memory allocated - the amount of used memory that the server currently requires.
5.
Free memory- the amount of memory freed by the garbage collector (java).
Let's take a closer look at the fourth point: “Memory allocated.”
Many people do not understand and think that they have been tricked with their memory. It is considered that the "memory allocated" value should be equal to the "Maximum memory" value. This is an extremely incorrect opinion and it is formed by many inexperienced users and administrators of Minecraft servers, due to incorrect translation of the plugin.
So! For server maximum memory 10,000 megabytes (you can allocate more memory for the server), but this does not mean that the server will immediately use all of it. The server does not use more memory than it needs, so out of 10,000 megabytes it will take as much as it needs to work to begin with.
For example, when starting the server, 484 megabytes were required (as in the picture), but as the number of players on the server increases, the map for each player will be loaded, for this the server will require more memory, this is where the server will automatically begin to allocate more memory for its work from the maximum available to him, which is indicated in the first paragraph.
Other factors may also influence the increase in this indicator: a large number of plugins, plugins not working properly, incorrect configuration plugins, reckless gameplay, constant huge sets (//set), flying with high speed/speed 5 - 10 and much more.
It can be explained more simply by comparing it with a bucket, water, the boy Vasya and his guests.
Let's imagine:
You have an empty bucket with a volume of 10 liters.
You have 1 liter of water.
The boy "Vasya" asked to bring him 1 liter of water.
You need to carry 1 liter of water in this bucket for the boy “Vasya”.
But suddenly “Vasya” reports that guests have come to him, 3 more boys, and he needs even more water, not 1 liter, but 4.
You successfully put all of this water into a 4 liter bucket.
After some time, Vasily reports that there are many more guests, there are no longer three, but seven of them, and 10 liters of water are already required + 1 liter for the boy Vasya, this is already 11 liters, and you only have a bucket for 10 liters of water, you are trying fit the eleventh liter into a 10 liter bucket, but water flows over the edge. As a result, you bring only 10 liters for 11 people, and each boy gets less than 1 liter.
The same thing happens with the server.
Minecraft developers recommend allocating 100 megabytes of RAM for each player, taking into account that the server will not be overloaded with plugins.
If the memory of your server is 10,000 megabytes, and the memory required for one player is 100 megabytes, then divide 10000:100=100 and we get one hundred, which means that with this amount of RAM, 100 people will comfortably play on the server, if the RAM is not consumed by your plugins and gameplay .
The bucket in this case will be the server itself, the capacity of which is the available memory of 10,000 allocated for it (as in the picture, this is an example), the water will be the memory spent for the operation of the server map and plugins, and the guests will be the players entering the server for which it will be required memory at least 100 megabytes.
The bottom line is that the “Memory allocated” indicator displays the amount of memory that is used by the server in this moment and is required for it to work. The amount of memory that plugins, map and players are currently consuming.
Of course, you can make the launch parameters such that the card will immediately be loaded to the limit of the memory allocated for the server, the indicators: “Maximum memory” and “Memory allocated” will be equal. This will bring sad results and constant crashes, since all the memory will be senselessly spent on a card that is not used by anyone.
The Minecraft server is designed in such a way that regions and chunks begin to load only when the player lands on them. For example, a player entered the server, teleported to a certain place on the server, and everything around this player in this place was loaded. Mobs began to run around, mechanisms began to work, the weather in this place began to change for the player, that is, everything came to life. All this requires about 100 megabytes of memory. The remaining areas of the map in those places where there are no players are disabled and RAM is not wasted on them.
Now let’s imagine that we have configured the server launch parameters so that our server loads the entire 10,000 megabyte map. The result will be the following - the territory of the map, which is not used by players, will consume all the RAM, and if the player falls outside the coordinates of the loaded map, then for this player there will be no more RAM for further loading of the map for them, lags will begin, or the server will crashes with the error " Out of Memory "The bucket is already full.)))
Serves to display information about free and occupied memory areas and programs located in the memory of the MS-DOS subsystem. When running the command mem without parameters, information about free and used memory of the MS-DOS subsystem is displayed on the screen.
Syntax
mem [{/program | /debug | /classify}]
Options
/program Displays information about programs loaded into memory. /debug Display information about downloaded programs and internal drivers, as well as other information. /classify Displays information about programs loaded into regular memory and into the upper memory area. /? Show help in command line.Notes
- Using the parameter /program
Parameter /program /debug or /classify /p instead of /program.
- Using the parameter /debug
Parameter /debug cannot be used in conjunction with the parameter /program or /classify. Abbreviation allowed /d instead of /debug.
- Using the parameter /classify
Parameter /classify Provides decimal and hexadecimal size information for each program, memory usage totals, and a list of the largest memory blocks available. Parameter /classify cannot be used in conjunction with the parameter /program or /debug. Abbreviation allowed /c instead of /classify.
- Displaying memory status information
The MS-DOS subsystem displays information about the status of extended memory only if anything is loaded into memory at addresses greater than 1 MB.
Examples
Let's assume the MS-DOS subsystem is configured to use extended memory. To display information about the usage of all memory areas - normal, extended and displayed, as well as to display information about loaded programs, use the following command:
mem/program
The result will look something like this:
Address Name Size Type 000000 000400 Interrupt vector 000400 000100 ROM exchange area 000500 000200 DOS exchange area 000700 IO 000310 System data 000A10 MSDOS 0014D0 System data 001EE0 IO 0018D 0 System data KBD 000800 System program HIMEM 000420 DEVICE= 000340 FILES= 000090 FCBS= 000170 LASTDRIVE= 000710 STACKS= 0037C0 COMMAND 000A40 Program 004210 MSDOS 000070 - Free - 004290 COMMAND 0001F0 Environment 0044 90 MEM 0001D0 Environment 004670 MEM 017550 Program 01BBD0 MSDOS 084410 - Free - 09FFF0 SYSTEM 028000 System program 0C8000 IO 0083D0 System data MOUSE 0083C0 System program 0D03E0 MSDOS 000050 - Free - 0D0440 REDIR 0009F0 Program 0D0E40 DOSX 007CA0 Program 0D8AF0 DOSX 001030 Data 0D9B30 MSDOS 0164C0 - Free - 655 360 bytes - total regular memory 655360 bytes - available for MS-DOS 637296 maximum size executable program 1048576 bytes - total contiguous additional memory 0 bytes - 405504 bytes contiguous additional memory available - available memory XMS resident part of MS-DOS loaded into HMA segment
- "Total Regular Memory" represents the amount virtual memory, allocated to the MS-DOS subsystem up to the first 640 KB.
- "Available for MS-DOS" represents the amount of regular memory allocated, including the memory required by Cmd.exe.
- The "maximum executable program size" is equal to the size of the largest contiguous block of ordinary memory available to programs.
- "Total EMS Memory" (not shown in the previous example) is the amount of mapped memory that can be used by the MS-DOS subsystem.
- "EMS Memory Free" (not shown in the previous example) is equal to the amount of displayed memory available to programs.
- "Total contiguous additional memory" equals the amount of memory above 1 MB.
- "Continuous additional memory available" is the amount of memory available through the 15h interrupt interface. This memory is not used by extended memory managers such as Himem.sys. Some older programs use this scheme for organizing additional memory.
- "XMS Available Memory" is the amount of memory that is used by extended memory managers such as Himem.sys and is available for use by programs.