The service life of incandescent lamps is 60 W. Incandescent lamps: technical characteristics

There are several ways to extend the life of incandescent lamps, let's look at the simplest of them.

Let's start with buying a light bulb in a store, have you ever thought about what manufacturers write on light bulbs besides the power, and if you did pay attention, you didn’t predict the values, usually the lamp says power 40, 60, 75 W, etc. and voltage at which this light bulb is designed for. We don’t attach any importance to the last parameter, but in vain!

During the day and especially at night (when electricity consumption is not reduced), the voltage in the network sometimes exceeds 220 V and often reaches 230...240 V. Excessive voltage contributes to the rapid burnout of the filaments of electric lamps.

Calculations show that exceeding the voltage by only 4% compared to the nominal (that is, from 220 to 228 V) reduces the service life of electric lamps by 40%, and with an increased “power” of 6%, this life is reduced by more than half.

It follows from this that when buying lamps, check with the seller what voltage they are designed for (it is written on each lamp), it is either 220-230 V, or 230-240 V. The latter, accordingly, will last much longer.

Go ahead. Practice shows that if you reduce the filament voltage by only 8%, that is, power them from 200...202 V, you can extend the operating time of the lamp by almost 3.5 times, and at a voltage of 195 V, the operating time increases almost 5 times.

Operating electric lamps at reduced voltage is advisable where reducing the brightness of the filament is not particularly important, for example, in office premises and public areas.

Thus, the brightness of the lamps illuminating staircase landings usually does not play a big role: it is more important to ensure their long-term operation, since here the lamps very often burn out due to a significant surge of current when a group of lamps is turned on.

There are several ways to reduce the voltage of an electric lamp. Let us note the simplest methods that can be used at home.

To lower the voltage on the lamp, you can use a semiconductor diode if it is connected in series with the lamp.

With this option of reducing the supply voltage, a barely noticeable flickering of the lamps is observed. This occurs due to half-wave rectification of alternating current.

The diode can be installed directly in the switch body, between the terminal and one of the supply wires. The diode must have a certain reserve of permissible current and be designed for a voltage of at least 400 V.

Of the miniature diodes, the diodes of the KD105 and KD209 series meet this requirement. KD105 diodes should be used with lamps with a power of no more than 40 W, and KD209 diodes, with any letter index, can be used with 75-watt lamps. You can also use D226 diodes, which were used in power supplies of old equipment.

If installing a diode in a switch is difficult, then it can be installed in the base of a burnt-out electric lamp, which is fixed to the base of the lamp in use (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1 Attach an additional base with a diode to the main base of the lamp.

In this case, it is better to use diodes like D231, D232, D246. For such diodes, the threaded lead is cut off and soldered with this side to the central contact pad of the base of the main lamp. After this, a hole is drilled in the center of the additional base for the opposite terminal of the diode.

To prevent this terminal from touching the walls, a layer of paper or insulating tape should be placed inside the base.

You can also use more powerful diodes, which are installed outside the switch due to their large dimensions. It is especially convenient to use in a house where there is a common switch for one entrance. recommended types of diodes: KD202M, N, R or S, KD203, D232...D234, D246..D248 with any letter index.

And capacitors, which are connected in series with an incandescent lamp, can also be used as a quenching element of the circuit. Installing ballast capacitors is especially useful in entrances, where the small size of the capacitor is not particularly important.

For one lamp with a power of 40..60 W, a capacitor with a capacity of 5..10 µF for a voltage of 400 V is quite enough.

Experience shows that your “Ilyich light bulb” will shine almost forever!

Attention!!! All electrical work should be carried out with the mains voltage removed!!!

Today, four types of lighting are widely used: traditional incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, halogen lamps and LED lamps. The service life of light bulbs directly depends on the technology of the lighting device. But within the technology, the service life of light bulbs will directly depend on operating conditions.

The principle of operation of incandescent lamps under load.

The filament of an incandescent lamp experiences the greatest load at the moment it is turned on. This is due to the fact that the light bulb coil in a cold state has a resistance tens of times less than when it is hot.

Experimental testing of the most common incandescent electric lamps with a power of 25, 40, 60, 75, 100 W shows that their cold resistance is 155.5; 103.5; 61.5; 51.5; 40 Ohm, and in the working one - 1936; 1210; 815; 650; 490 Ohm, respectively. Then the ratio of “hot” to “cold” resistance is 12.45; 11.7; 13.25; 12.62; 12.4, and on average it is 12.5. These indicators are taken from the reference book. But out of curiosity, our electricians in Korolev carried out such experimental measurements and came up with the same numbers.

As a result, the incandescent lamp, when turned on, operates under extreme conditions at currents that exceed the rated one. This leads to a reduction in the life of incandescent light bulbs, accelerated wear of the filament and premature failure, especially when the voltage in the supply network is exceeded. The latter circumstance, with prolonged excess voltage relative to the nominal one, leads to a sharp reduction in the service life of the lamp. As a result, the next time you press the switch, the light bulb will burn out, and the machine in the panel may even turn off. Are you wondering what to do if the lights go out and the apartment loses power?

The service life of an incandescent lamp is highly dependent on operating conditions.

The service life of a conventional incandescent light bulb depends on:

• on the quality of wire switching;
• on the quality of installation and connection of the chandelier;
• on the build quality of the lamp;
• on the stability of the rated voltage;
• from the presence or absence of mechanical impacts on the lamp, shocks, shocks, vibrations;
• on ambient temperature and humidity;
• on the type of switch used and the rate of increase in current when power is applied.

How to increase the life of an incandescent lamp.

In order to extend the resource and operational life, it is necessary to understand why incandescent electric lamps burn out. When a light bulb operates for a long time, its filament gradually evaporates under the influence of high heating temperatures, decreases in diameter and breaks (burns out).

The higher the heating temperature of the filament, the more light it emits. In this case, the filament evaporation process becomes more intense and the lamp service life is reduced. Therefore, for incandescent lamps, the filament temperature is set at a temperature that ensures the required light output of the lamp and a certain duration of its service.

You can increase the service life of incandescent lamps by including soft starters in the circuit, which will smooth out the load that occurs at the start of a cold lamp. To clarify possible ways to extend the operation of lamps, consult a specialist. For example, our electrician in Mytishchi, at the entrance of an apartment building, assembled a staircase lighting circuit, calculating the optimal operating life of the lamps. Our masters who provide electrician services in Pushkino have the same experience.

The average lifespan of an incandescent lamp is 1000 hours.

The average burning time of an incandescent lamp at the design voltage does not exceed 1000 hours. After 750 hours of burning, the luminous flux decreases by an average of 15%.

Incandescent lamps are very sensitive to even relatively small increases in voltage: with a voltage increase of just 6%, the service life is halved. For this reason, incandescent lamps that illuminate staircases burn out quite often, since at night the electrical network is lightly loaded and the voltage is increased.

Why do two 60 W lamps shine darker than one 100 W lamp? and got the best answer

Answer from Engineer[guru]
The efficiency of light bulbs of different wattages is different. 60 watt efficiency is 2.1%, 100 watt efficiency is 2.6%
The thicker filament of high-power bulbs can be heated hotter without loss of durability. More temperature - more efficiency).
Now we count:
A 60W incandescent bulb produces 14.5 lumens per watt. Total 870 lumens for one and 1740 for two bulbs.
A 100 W incandescent lamp produces 17.5 lumens/watt. Total 1750 lumens.
The difference is small, but it is there. One 100-watt lamp provides better illumination than two 60-watt lamps.
Engineer
Higher intelligence
(175912)
The Photometry section of this esteemed book Keefe, T.J. The Nature of Light
http://www.ccri.edu/physics/keefe/light.htm

Answer from Vera Molchanova[guru]
Why?
shine the same if they burn together at once

Answer from @Link[guru]
Well, why doesn’t one wheel at a speed of 60 km/h go faster than two wheels at 60 km/h each?

Answer from Yotalin[guru]
What does LIGHT DARKER mean...
Don't you think the phrase is a little idiotic?
The surface illumination from two 60 W lamps will be higher.
And a 60 W lamp itself, by definition, produces less light than a 100 W lamp.
Are you blonde?

Answer from Evgeniy Kulikov[guru]
Incandescent lamps are typical heat emitters. In their sealed flask filled with vacuum or inert gas, a tungsten spiral under the influence of electric current is heated to a high temperature (about 2600-3000C), as a result of which heat and light are emitted. Most of this radiation is in the infrared range.
As the temperature of the coil increases, the brightness increases, but at the same time the service life decreases. The reduction in service life is a consequence of the fact that the evaporation of the material from which the filament is made occurs faster at high temperatures, as a result of which the bulb darkens, and the filament becomes thinner and thinner and at a certain point melts, after which the lamp fails.
The darkening of the flask can be significantly reduced by increasing the pressure of filler gases, mainly heavy ones (argon, krypton, xenon), leading to a decrease in the rate of evaporation of tungsten atoms.
The main types of incandescent lamps are general purpose lamps, special purpose lamps, decorative lamps and reflector lamps. The luminous efficiency of incandescent lamps in the range from 25 to 1000 W is approximately 9 to 19 lm/W for lamps with an average service life of 1000 hours.
P.S.: As you can see from the above, the brightness of incandescent lamps depends on the applied voltage, the state of the filament, the amount and composition of the inert gas and can fluctuate within a very wide range... Therefore, no matter what they tell you above, you should not pay attention to people who are not able to understand the issue! !
If we assume that you have 2 lamps of 60 W (with a luminous efficiency of 9 lm/W) and one 100 W lamp (19 lm/W), we get 2*60*9=1080< 100*19=1900

Answer from Vladimir Avdonin[guru]
One hundred-watt lamp provides better illumination than two 60-watt lamps. Perhaps, perhaps not.
Subjective opinion is created by the “EYE”.
The eye marks a 100-watt lamp as very bright, and two 60-watt lamps as “so-so.”

Today, incandescent lamps have been practically driven out of the market by alternative sources. This happens not only because they are obsolete, but also because of their low efficiency and high energy consumption. Despite this, out of habit or due to lack of time, we choose incandescent lamps, basing our choice on low cost.

Should we stop for a moment and choose a more efficient lamp? Don't we lose more when we buy a cheap Ilyich light bulb? Many of us have heard about the benefits of using modern LED lamps. We decided to make a bold comparison, bypassing the intermediate stage - a fluorescent lamp (comparison with it in).

Main differences

Lamp energy consumption

The energy consumption of an LED lamp is about 10% of that of an incandescent lamp.

Light spectrum

Incandescent lamps emit a more yellow spectrum of light, unlike LED lamps, which have a flood light close to natural.

Heating of the lamp body

A 25 W incandescent lamp heats up to 100 degrees Celsius, you can easily get burned on it! In 30 minutes of operation the temperature can reach 250 degrees. An incandescent lamp is considered a fire hazard; when it comes into contact with textiles, its bulb heats up even more. For example, straw touching the surface of a 60 W lamp will ignite in about 60-70 minutes. Therefore, heating the lamp requires heat-resistant fittings for the lamps.

An LED lamp, on the contrary, is fireproof. The maximum heating of its body is 40-50 degrees Celsius and remains constant during operation. Therefore, the LED lamp can be used near flammable materials.

Environmental friendliness

An incandescent lamp produces infrared and ultraviolet radiation. Looking at the device for a long time and staying for a long time can have a negative effect on vision - dry out the mucous membrane of the eyes. Ultraviolet rays can cause premature skin aging and retinal burns. The LED lamp does not contain infrared and ultraviolet radiation, it does not contain a filament that irritates the organs of vision, and there are no toxic elements, so the LED lamp is considered environmentally friendly both during and after use.

Efficiency is the efficiency of converting energy into light. For an LED lamp it reaches 90%.

Life time

The lifespan of an LED lamp is 50 times longer than the rated life of an incandescent lamp.

Other disadvantages of incandescent lamps

fragility, sensitivity to shock and vibration.

Cost of lamps

The incandescent lamp is the cheapest, and the LED is the most expensive, although the cost of the latter is becoming lower every year.

Cost of lamps for 30,000 hours of operation:

Based on the service life, the cost of an incandescent lamp will be 600 rubles. LED lamp - 325 rub. (at the rate of 20 and 540 rubles per piece, respectively). The advantage of an LED lamp is that you don’t have to think about it all this time, and change each incandescent lamp at least 30 times.

Electricity charges for 30,000 operating hours: based on 1 kW = 3.5 rubles.

The cost of operating incandescent lamps will be 7,875 rubles. The cost of an LED lamp will be 1,050 rubles.

Total total costs for 30,000 hours of work(electricity fee + cost of lamps for 30,000 hours):

Incandescent lamps: RUB 8,475. LED lamp: RUB 1,375.

An LED lamp is more than 6 times more economical than an incandescent lamp! WITHLEDlamps, the savings will be more than 83%.

Who can see the advantages of an LED lamp for each item under consideration, except for the initial cost of the LED lamp, which pays off fairly quickly when used.

Perhaps we really should reconsider some established behavior patterns, buy LED lamps and start saving money and health. We recommend that you pay attention to the New Light Technology company, which offers a large assortment of LED lamps and will also delight you with flexible terms of delivery and payment. You can view the range on their website

Incandescent lamp is an electric light source that emits light flow as a result of heating a conductor made of refractory metal (tungsten). Tungsten has the highest melting point of all pure metals (3693 K). The filament is located in a glass flask filled with an inert gas (argon, krypton, nitrogen). Inert gas protects filaments from oxidation. For low-power incandescent lamps (25 W), vacuum flasks are made that are not filled with inert gas. The glass bulb prevents the negative effects of atmospheric air on the tungsten filament.

To calculate the room illumination, you can use the room illumination calculator.

Types of incandescent lamps.

Incandescent lamps are divided into:

• Vacuum;
• Argon (nitrogen-argon);
• Krypton (+10% brightness from argon);
• Xenon (2 times brighter than argon);
• Halogen (composition I or Br, 2.5 times brighter than argon, long service life);
• Halogen with two flasks (improved halogen cycle due to better heating of the inner flask);
• Xenon-halogen (composition Xe + I or Br, up to 3 times brighter than argon);
• Xenon-halogen with IR reflector;
• Filament with a coating that converts infrared radiation into the visible range. (new)

Advantages and disadvantages of incandescent lamps.

Advantages:

• low cost;
• instant ignition when turned on;
• small overall dimensions;
• wide power range.

Flaws:

• high brightness (negatively affects vision);
• short service life - up to 1000 hours;
• low efficiency. (only a tenth of the electrical energy consumed by the lamp is converted into visible light flux) the rest of the energy is converted into heat.

Characteristics of incandescent lamps.

Light flow is a physical quantity that characterizes the amount of “light” power in the corresponding radiation flux.

Luminous output- this is the ratio of the luminous flux emitted by a source to the power it consumes, measured in lumens per watt (lm/W). It is an indicator of the efficiency and economy of light sources.

Lumen is a unit of measurement of luminous flux, luminous quantity.

Luminous flux and luminous efficiency of incandescent lamps.

Type, power, W	Light flow (lumen)	Luminous output (lm/watt)
Lamp incandescent 5 W
Lamp incandescent 10 W
Lamp incandescent 15 W
Lamp incandescent 25 W	220
Lamp incandescent 40 W	420
Lamp incandescent 60 W	710
Lamp incandescent 75 W	935
Lamp incandescent 100 W	1350
Lamp incandescent 150 W	1800
Lamp incandescent 200 W	2500
Sun	3,63.10 28
Ideal source Sveta		683,002

Comparative table of the ratio of luminous flux to power consumption of various types of lamps.

Lamp incandescent, power, W	L.L lamp, power, W	Light-emitting diode. lamp, power W	Light flow, Lm
20 W	5-7 W	2-3 W	About 250 lm
40 W	10-13 W	4-5 W	About 400 lm
60 W	15-16 W	8-10 W	About 700 lm
75 W	18-20 W	10-12 W	About 900 lm
100 W	25-30 W	12-15 W	About 1200 lm
150 W	40-50 W	18-20 W	About 1800 lm
200 W	60-80 W	25-30 W	About 2500 lm

Characteristics of different types of lamps in terms of light transmission.

• LN- incandescent lamps;
• GLN- halogen lamps;
• CFL- compact fluorescent lamps;
• MGL- metal halide lamps;
• LL- fluorescent lamps;
• LEDs- LED bulbs.

Characteristics of various types of incandescent lamps.

Lamp voltage - U, Volt;

Lamp power - W, W;

Luminous flux - Lm, Lumen.

General purpose incandescent lamps (standard).

Lamp type	U, V	W, W	Lm	Term services Ch.	Length mm	Diam. Mm	Type plinth
B 220-230-25-1	225		200	1000	105		E27
B 220-230-40-1	225		430	1000	105		E27
B 220-230-60-1	225		730	1000	105		E27
B 220-230-75-1	225		960	1000	105		E27
B 220-230-100	225	100	1380	1000	105		E27
B 220-235-40-2	230		335	1000			E27
B 225-235-60-2	230		655	1000			E27
B 225-235-100-2	230	100	1203	1000			E27
B 235-245-150-1	240	150	2180	1000	130		E27
RN 220-230-15-4	225			600			E14
RN 220-230-200-1	225	200	2950	1000	145		E27
RN 220-230-300	225	300	3350	1000	140		E27
RN 230-240-300	235	300	4800	1000	200	200	E40
RN 215-225-500	220	500	8400	1000	240	132	E40

General purpose incandescent lamps (minions).

Lamp type	U,V	W,W	Lm	Term Services Ch.	Length mm	Diam. mm	Type plinth
DS 220-230-40	225		400	1000	103		E14
DS 220-230-60	225		680	1000	103		E14
DSO 235-245-40	240		395	1000	103		E14
DSO 235-245-60	240		670	1000	103		E14

General purpose incandescent lamps (mirror).

Lamp type	U,V	W,W	Lm	Term services Ch.	Length mm	Diam. mm	Type plinth
3K 220-230-40(R63)	225		450	1000	102,5	63,5	E27
3D 220-230-60(R80)	225		200	1000	116		E27
3D 220-230-75(R80)	225		280	1000	116		E27
3D 220-230-100(R80)	225	100	410	1000	116		E27

General purpose incandescent lamps (matte).

Lamp type	U,V	W,W	Lm	Term Services Ch.	Length mm	Diam. mm	Type Base
BO 230-240-40	235		420	1000	105		E27
BO 230-240-60	235		710	1000	105		E27	U,V	W,W	Lm	Term Services	Length Mm	Diam. mm	Type plinth
MO 36-25			300	1000	108		E27
MO 12-40			620	1000	108		E27
MO 36-40			580	1000	108		E27
MO 36-60			950	1000	108		E27
MO 36-100		100	1590	1000	108	Term services Ch.	Length mm	Diam. mm	Type plinth
KG 220-500-1	220	500	14000	3200	2000	132		R7s
KG 220-1000-5	220	1000	22000	3200	2000	189		R7s
KG 220-1500	220	1500	33000	3200	2000	254		R7s
KG 220-2000-4	220	2000	44000	3200	2000	335		R7s

Schemes for switching on incandescent lamps.

Wiring diagram for switching on a single-lamp lamp with a socket.

Schematic diagram of switching on one lamp with a switch and a plug socket.