Compose in the information space. Personal information space


Definition 1

There is no exact definition of the information space. Most often under the term "information space" understand the logical opposition to the objective (objective, physical, material) world.

The main components of the information space are:

  • informational resources;
  • means of information interaction;
  • information infrastructure.

Informational resources

Definition 2

The totality of all information that has been accumulated by mankind in the course of the development of science, culture, education and practical activities is called information resources.

The user can not only use information resources created by other people, but also make the results of his work available to others. For example, you can create your own website or post your documents (photos, presentations, text files, audio and video recordings, etc.) on a blog.

When placing information for public access, one should pay attention to such property of information as reliability, take into account that information should not humiliate the honor and dignity of other people and should not be of a threatening nature. It is also strictly forbidden (and even prosecuted by law) to promote violence, terrorism, ethnic hatred, etc., as well as distribute materials that contain computer viruses.

Means of information interaction

Modern means of information interaction- means of telecommunications at the level of combining computer networks and means of various types of communication (telephone, television, satellite). The complexes that use these tools can be combined into transmission and reception systems to provide information to entire regions of the country. Communication through local or global computer networks can take place in real time (the so-called synchronous telecommunications) and with a time delay (the so-called asynchronous telecommunications).

Information infrastructure

Definition 3

Information infrastructure- a system of organizational structures, subsystems that ensure the functioning and development of the information space of the country and the means of information interaction.

Information infrastructure includes:

  • information centers, subsystems;
  • data and knowledge banks;
  • communication systems;
  • control centers;
  • hardware and software;
  • technologies for ensuring the collection, storage, processing and transmission of information and their combination.

The main purpose of the information infrastructure– providing consumers with access to information resources.

Examples of information infrastructure are such well-known areas as:

  • Internet;
  • Remote education;
  • online media;
  • advertising, PR.

The information space may also include:

  • banks and databases, as well as technologies for their maintenance and use;
  • information telecommunication systems that operate on the basis of general principles and provide information interaction between organizations and citizens, as well as satisfaction of their information needs.

Organization of an individual information space

The individual information space is formed by the user himself:

  • during the installation of the software he needs on a PC;
  • creating text, graphics and other documents;
  • when transferring (copying) to your PC information that is stored on various external memory devices or on the Internet (photos, texts, music files, videos, etc.);
  • saving on your PC links to the necessary network resources, etc.

If the computer is offline (not connected to a local or global network), then the user's information space is limited only to those programs and data that are located on this PC. If the computer has access to any network, then the user's information space becomes almost limitless.

Definition 4

Information resources that are available to the user when working on a PC are called individual information space of the user.

To organize his individual information space, the user can install software on a PC, create documents of various types (text, graphics, video, etc.) in the course of work, save (transfer, copy) necessary files with various data (texts, music, photos, movies, etc.), save links to network resources on your PC, customize programs for creating documents, web browsers, etc. to your requirements.

Picture 1.

Definition 5

In other words, user information space- these are information resources (files with programs, documents, websites, photos, video clips, etc.) that are available to the user when working on a PC.

The user also forms an individual information space by customizing the user interface of the operating system and programs.

Setting up the software product is a change in its properties, which is performed with the aim of:

  • adapt the software product to the technical means of the computer;
  • the most complete satisfaction of the needs of the user, and possibly the running programs;
  • improve the efficiency of the software product or its optimization in terms of selected quality indicators (for example, speed).

Each user has habits when working on a computer. For example, many users create a shortcut on the desktop for quick access to a program, drive, or folder. Program shortcuts are also often placed on the Quick Access Toolbar.

To the organization of an individual interface include such settings as: speed of access to data, the appearance of windows, the content of windows, the speed of the computer.

The user can find most of the settings in the specialized folder "Control Panel", with which you can manage system resources, change equipment settings (monitor, keyboard, mouse, sound, etc.).

The user can also customize the appearance of windows.

The idea of ​​each user about their own information space is as diverse as the users themselves. With the experience of working on a computer, each user will be able to determine for himself how to organize his data on a computer so that he is comfortable working with them.

Protect your back

Rule of thumb: Don't sit with your back to the door. This means you can always get stabbed in the back. You can be betrayed, and you will fail at any intrigues inside the office. In this case, no talismans will help. It is very good to hang an image of a non-pointed mountain on the wall behind you. It may be snowy, but it shouldn't look ominous. It is preferable to choose a mountain landscape without water spaces. Snow is not considered water in this case. An image of a large sea turtle or a photograph of a bank building will also strengthen your position. Try to sit facing your most favorable direction, or one of your best directions, and in such a way that no "poison arrows" are directed at you. Poisoned arrows can be the corners of cabinets and walls, the tables of other employees, holly plants, a ceiling beam.

What's on your table?

Make sure that your review is never disturbed by stacks of folders and piles of papers. The space in front of you must be free. Any heaps of folders and paper delay and accumulate stagnant energy. Tables are preferably wooden, light colors. The dimensions of the desktop that attracts good luck are as follows: length - 152 cm, width - 89 cm, height - 84 cm. Any wishes can be written or even engraved on the stones. Crystals choose to your taste. In order for a company to grow and prosper, its employees must be happy, energetic and cheerful. Get rid of sources of bad qi regularly. Seating employees according to their individual auspicious directions. Happy employees are the best asset of a company.

Your talismans

Even if you work in an office where there are a few other people besides you, and therefore you can’t really influence the choice of your place, you still have the opportunity to change the workspace a little. It is very good if there are cabinets to the left and right of the desktop as the personification of security. Windows on your left are preferable to those on your right. Remember, desktop north is where you sit. Accordingly, the south is opposite. There is a place for a crystal pyramid. To your left diagonally from yourself, put any symbol of abundance. The most common is Hotei with a bag of money, a dragon or a three-legged frog with a coin in his mouth. If the corporate routine does not imply the presence of Chinese symbols, put any item that symbolizes money for you. For example, an expensive writing set. Don't forget the amazing power of Chinese coins, especially those tied with red silk thread. Put them under your computer or phone. The statuette of Ganesha to your right will provide assistance and protection in business. A figurine of a rooster is an excellent means of protection from envy from colleagues. Put his image on your desktop and let him "peck" all your problems. This will be very effective if the office is cramped. It is believed that a golden-colored porcelain rooster figurine has more power than other colors. Sometimes people suffer because of the only person who spreads gossip and interferes with work. Place a happy Buddha figure on the table facing the person who is the source of your troubles.


The increase in the flow of information and the need to operate with an increasing amount of information forces us to reasonably approach the organization of our information space. Folders are the main tool for organizing personal information space in computer memory. They are also a means of organizing and presenting computer system resources (directories, files, programs, etc.).






All folders function the same regardless of their contents. By setting the appropriate options for your folders, you can complete your tasks faster. To set options for open folders, you need to execute the command Tools/Folder Options. In the window that appears, all the necessary folder parameters are set (see figure). Folder Options window


Copying and moving folders is the same as copying and moving files. To copy a folder, just drag it with the right button to the place where you want to copy it. When the context menu appears, you can select Copy to copy the folder, or Move to change the location of the folder. To rename a folder, the context menu is called and the Rename command is selected.


Having considered the technical aspect of working with folders, we will describe how to create your own information space. Documents generated by the user must be strictly structured, and in this case the folder is the means of structuring. If all documents are stored in one folder, then after reaching a certain critical mass, it will be difficult for the user to navigate in their own documents. And the actual work time will be spent on finding the right document.

Information space

Today, the Internet already has an information base available for experiments of such a volume that it was previously difficult to imagine. Moreover, the volume of this database exceeds by several orders of magnitude everything that was available a decade ago. In August 2005, Yahoo announced that it had indexed about 20 billion documents. Last year Google's achievement was less than 10 billion documents, i.е. in one year, the amount of open, accessible information from the Internet has doubled. According to the Web Server Survey in August 2005, the number of Web sites exceeded 72 million. Thus, the presented data confirm the exponential nature of information growth.

This growth is accompanied by a number of challenges, such as:

1) a disproportionate increase in the level of information noise;

3) weak structured information;

4) repeated duplication of information.

The traditional Web also has such disadvantages as an abundance of "information garbage", the impossibility of guaranteeing the integrity of documents, the practical absence of the possibility of semantic search, and limited access to the "hidden" Web.

The information space is a set of results of the semantic activity of mankind. It can be understood both in a figurative sense and in an idealistic one, the latter approach is developed in philosophy, as well as in para- and pseudo-scientific studies, then the information space can be understood as “the world of names and titles associated with the ontological” (physical).

An information space can also be considered a set of banks and databases, technologies for their maintenance and use, information telecommunication systems operating on the basis of general principles and providing:

1) information interaction of organizations and citizens;

2) satisfaction of their information needs.

Strictly speaking, the information space, being one of the primary concepts, cannot be precisely defined. Most often, this term is understood as a logical opposition to the objective (objective, physical, material) world.

It is generally considered that the information space is the same as the semantic space. From a practical point of view, it is.

The main components of the information space are: information resources, means of information interaction and information infrastructure.

The problem of "knowledge", most likely, will never be reduced to any set of tasks that could be finally solved in a purely technological way. On the contrary, it will apparently require serious research in various directions, including at a sufficiently high theoretical level. One of the central issues in this regard, in our opinion, is the relationship between the information and semantic space, which, as a rule, is given unreasonably little attention. In the literature, they are often even identified, without any reason. The fact that these two categories are in no way identical, obviously follows from the difference in their nature: the information space is formed by data physically recorded on various media, while the semantic space is generated by complexes of abstract concepts associated with subjective assessments given by a person. It seems most natural to define the network semantic space as a set of units of meaning that are relevant in a given socio-cultural context and represented in the network. Under the unit of meaning, we, as usual, understand an elementary category that allows us to build subjective value judgments about things and processes related to the world around us. In real life, there is certainly a very definite connection between them, but finding this connection, apparently, is a very non-trivial task.

Fundamentals of searching for information on the Internet.

The search for information is a task that mankind has been solving for many centuries. As the volume of information resources potentially available to one person (for example, a library visitor) grew, more and more sophisticated and sophisticated search tools and techniques were developed to find the required document.

All the means and methods of information search found over many years are available and effective when searching for information on the Internet.

Consider the general scheme: the author creates a document. The user has an information need. This information need often (as a rule) cannot even be accurately expressed in words, and is expressed only in the assessment of viewed documents - suitable or not suitable. In the theory of information retrieval, instead of the word “suitable”, the term “pertinent document” is used, and instead of “not suitable”, “not pertinent”. The word "pertinent" comes from the English "pertinent", which means "relevant to the case, suitable in essence." The subjectively understood goal of information retrieval is to find all pertinent and only pertinent documents (we want to find "just what we want and nothing else").

This goal is ideal and yet unattainable. We are often only able to evaluate the pertinence of a document in comparison to other documents. In order to have something to compare with, a certain number of non-pertinent documents are needed. These documents are called - "noise". Too much noise makes it difficult to identify pertinent documents, too little noise does not give confidence that a sufficient number of pertinent documents have been found. Practice shows that when the number of non-pertinent documents lies in the range from 10% to 30%, the seeker feels comfortable not getting lost in a sea of ​​noise and considering that the number of documents found is satisfactory.

When there are many documents, an information retrieval system is used. In this case, the information need must be expressed by means that information retrieval systems "understand" - a Request must be formulated.

A query can rarely accurately express an information need. However, many information retrieval systems, for reasons described below, cannot determine whether a given document matches a query. To solve this problem, a synthetic criterion was introduced - the degree of compliance of the document with the request, which is called "relevance". A relevant document may not be pertinent and vice versa.

The structure of the information space.

Structure is a set of stable relationships and connections between the elements of the system. The structure includes the general organization of the system (object, process, phenomenon), the spatial and temporal arrangement of the components of the system, etc. The structure is formed not by any connections and relations, but, first of all, by natural, essential ones. The most important connections and relations (among the essential ones) are called integrating; they affect other regular connections, causing the general specificity of structures within the system.

The main structural components of the information space in its synergetic representation are information fields and information flows.

An information field is a set of all information concentrated in a given volume of space-time, regardless of its form and state, which is separate from both the object of reflection and the subject of perception. The information field is formed by objective, genetic and idealized information. The movement of information in the information field is carried out through a physical connection between the recipient and the source of information materialized in the information flow.

The information flow is generally a set of information moving in the information space through a communication channel. Information flows can flow both within individual infospheres and between them, depending on the availability of communication channels. At the same time, the meaningful nature of the information flow depends on the characteristics of the communication channel, so to transfer the information flow about a graphic object, it is necessary to use a communication channel that ensures the transmission of visual images (images), otherwise inaccuracies and distortions of the content of the information transmitted in the information flow and its perception by the recipient.

In the organizational and technical aspect, the structure of the information space is made up of a set of databases and data banks, technologies for their use, information and telecommunication systems, networks, applications and organizational structures that operate on the basis of certain principles and according to established rules that ensure the information interaction of users, as well as satisfaction their information needs.

An information system is an organizationally ordered set of specialists, information resources (document arrays) and information technologies, including using computer technology and communication tools that implement information processes - obtaining input data. Processing this data and / or changing one's own internal state (internal connections / relations), issuing a result, or changing one's external state (external connections / relations).

Information systems are conventionally divided into simple and complex.

A simple information system is a system whose elements function in accordance with the rules generated by the same mutually consistent set of axioms.

A complex information system is a system that contains elements that function in accordance with the rules generated by different sets of axioms. At the same time, it is assumed that among the rules for the functioning of various elements there may be mutually contradictory rules and goals. Violation of protective barriers in the interaction of elements of a complex system with each other leads to the reprogramming of these elements and / or their destruction.

Means for providing automated information systems and their technologies include software, technical, linguistic, legal, organizational tools (programs for electronic computers; computer equipment and communications; dictionaries, thesauri and classifiers; instructions and methods; regulations, charters, job descriptions ; schemes and their descriptions, other operational and accompanying documentation), used or created in the design of information systems and ensuring their operation.

The composition of the technological and organizational components of the information space in a generalized version includes:

1) Information and telecommunications infrastructure - computers geographically distributed in the country (countries, world), interconnected in a network by means of communication and telecommunications.

Information infrastructure is an environment that provides the possibility of collecting, transmitting, storing, automated processing and dissemination of information in society. The information infrastructure of society is formed by a combination of:

a) information and telecommunication systems and communication networks, the industry of informatization, telecommunications and communications;

b) systems for the formation and preservation of information resources; systems for providing access to information and telecommunication systems, communication networks and information resources;

c) the information services industry and the information market;

d) systems of training and retraining of personnel, conducting scientific research.

2) Information resources on machine media, primarily specialized information arrays in the form of automated databases, as well as information resources distributed over WEB sites on the Internet. Information resources include individual documents and individual arrays of documents, documents and arrays of documents in information systems (libraries, archives, funds, data banks, knowledge bases, other information systems). Information resources are objects of relations between individuals, legal entities, and the state. Information resources can be state and non-state, and as an element of the composition of property be owned by citizens, state authorities, local governments, organizations and public associations.

There are a number of features that distinguish information resources from other types of resources:

a) they are not consumed and are subject not to physical, but to obsolescence;

b) they are inherently intangible and irreducible to the physical medium in which they are embodied;

c) their use allows to sharply reduce the consumption of other types of resources, which ultimately leads to enormous cost savings;

the process of their creation and use is carried out with the help of computer technology.

3) Methods and means of applied mathematics - algorithms and software tools (complexes) that ensure the functioning of hardware platforms (systems).

4) Organizational measures that ensure the functioning of the components of the information space (conferences, activities of working groups of specialists, etc.).

5) Legal measures (norms) - information legislation, international agreements and treaties, other national and international normative legal acts.

6) The market of information technologies, means of communication, informatization and telecommunications, information products and services.

The information space of social systems includes the following:

1) Information space units that generate information:

a) in the media - group communicators (editions of the media) and key communicators (communicators directly included in the editorial offices of the media, personifying the information of this media);

b) newsmakers (eng. Newsmaker - literally "creator of news") - leaders of public opinion (politicians, economic leaders, representatives of the cultural elite, etc.);

c) experts (interpreters) - specialists who actively and professionally work with information, the nature and form of information flows depend on their comments (interpretation) (political scientists, economists, sociologists, etc.);

d) opinion leaders - quite active people, unlike the above categories, not tied to certain channels of information dissemination, having a total need for information dissemination (in small and medium social groups);

e) producers of special information (theater, cinema, advertising in all its manifestations outside the media, fashion, goods, money (in mass communications), architecture, etc.).

2) Communication channels:

a) formed by the media and MC (printed, electronic and other media);

b) channels of interpersonal communication (interpersonal communication);

c) specialized - aimed at narrow groups - professional, elite, etc. (specialized professional publications, partly - Internet);

d) the rest (commodity-money channels).

3) Areas - in social systems are formed according to certain socio-psychological principles, are included in a certain network (information channels). Areas included in certain channels at a given time may overlap; There are also areas that are not included in the channel(s), but are influenced by the context, the general rhythm of information processes and are synchronized through secondary influences.

In relation to information, areas (in social systems) are divided into:

a) information generators (superinnovators) ~ 3%;

b) innovators (quickly accept new things from generators) ~ 15%;

c) center (moderate innovators / moderate conservatives) ~ 30%;

d) superconservatives (practically do not perceive changes due to rigid internal barriers to everything new) ~ 15%.

One of these components, in particular, is virtual reality, formed in the form of virtual analogues of real objects and processes (for example, chats and forums, electronic banking, e-commerce system, geographic information systems, electronic document management systems, computer-aided design and simulation of physical processes etc.), which are based on the corresponding software and hardware platforms and information and telecommunication networks and communication systems. Which is perceived by a person (user) as a model-substitute for the actual reality or as a kind of reality that is primary in relation to objective reality.

The mass creation of information resources integrated into the global information space, such as WEB sites and the publication of materials in the "online" mode (from the English on-line - "on the line"), creates a situation where users cannot benefit from this, because as the amount of information resources they need to control becomes too large. Thus, information that is important for users (in principle, available in the information space) is not technically available, since it requires too much time and / or money to “bypass” the necessary resources. As a result, there are qualitatively new changes in the structuring of the information space. These changes are in the "professional segmentation" of the information space of global information networks, primarily the Internet. Members of a particular professional community use a common standard for presenting their resources online. This allows them to launch a network service that, with a given regularity, collects additions / updates from private information resources (WEB sites) into a single database. If this system of resources includes all the information resources of the professional community, then control over receipts in this integral database replaces control over the content of the original set of resources.

Mass "professional segmentation" of information resources in global networks, in principle, gives significant advantages. It is possible, first of all, where there are sufficiently large professional communities (or interest groups), whose members conduct their information activity online.

Thus, the information space is a rather broad concept that different researchers interpret in different ways, but most scientists agree that the information space is a virtual opportunity to receive and use information, part of what we touch and see.

One of the promising areas is the creation and development of the information space of scientific communications, designed to provide info-communication support for the process of scientific research. Next, we will consider in more detail the structure and functions of the information space of scientific research.

Information space

Information space- a set of results of the semantic activity of mankind. The information space is the "world of names and titles" associated with the physical.

An information space can also be considered a set of (1) banks and databases, (2) technologies for their maintenance and use, (3) information telecommunication systems operating on the basis of general principles and providing:

  1. information interaction of organizations and citizens;
  2. meeting their information needs.

Strictly speaking, the information space, being one of the primary concepts, cannot be precisely defined. Most often, this term is understood as a logical opposition to the objective (objective, physical, material) world.

It is generally considered that the information space is the same as the semantic space. From a practical point of view, it is.

The main components of the information space are: (1) information resources, (2) means of information interaction and (3) information infrastructure.

Information space of the Internet

By the nature of information resources, various subspaces can be distinguished, for example, the Google Maps Fund, the Encyclopedic Funds of Wikipedia, the Wikiknowledge Foundation, etc. By analogy with the physical space, the ability to consciously move from resource to resource is invested in the information space. This means the need to specify the type of semantic relations for hyperlinks and the availability of appropriate navigation systems. For example, on Google maps, you can move in different directions, change the scale of the map view, and moreover, go to other spaces (Wikipedia, etc.). Wikipedia also has the ability to move in the information space using the Category Tree, however, when building the Tree, different semantic relationships are used, which leads to a loss of hierarchy and confuses users.

Links


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

  • Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties
  • News agencies

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