Real automatic programs for making money on the Internet without investment. What kind of income does it provide for making money on the Internet for beginners without cheating?
theory
First, let's understand a little terminology.
The word sniffer (literally from English this can be translated as “sniffer” or “sniffer”) in the most general sense is a kind of listening device embedded in a network to intercept data transmitted over it. In a narrower sense, a sniffer is software that interacts with (they often say “sitting down” came from a registered trademark Network Associates company, referring to the product "Sniffer(r) Network Analyzer", but subsequently the word suffered the same fate as PC, Xerox, Kleenex - sniffer becomes a common noun, denoting the entire class of similar products.
In some literature and documentation, as well as in electronic dictionaries such as Lingvo, the term sniffer (network sniffer) is identified with such concepts as “network traffic analyzer”, “packet analyzer”, “protocol analyzer”, “network analyzer”. However, let me slightly disagree with this approach.
Still, it would be more logical to say that sniffing is a set of measures to intercept traffic. Within the framework of a specific product, the following things can be implemented: packet capturing. At this stage, we receive a kind of raw (machine readable) data dump, usually divided into pieces along frame (packet) boundaries. And what we are going to do with him is our problem. But usually, since we have started the sniffer to work for some reason, we are interested in getting some result in a human readable format, for which we use packet decoding or protocol analysis;
Actually, this is the process of “raking up” our dump. For example, we had such raw material.
As you may have noticed, this case consists of three columns: the offset of each line, the data in hexadecimal format and their ASCII equivalent. This packet contains a 14-byte Ethernet header, a 20-byte IP header, a 20-byte TCP header, an HTTP header ending with two consecutive CRLFs (0D 0A 0D 0A), and then the actual application layer data, in our case - web traffic.
Sometimes this representation is enough to obtain the necessary information, but it is still more convenient for the packet to be decoded and analyzed at all levels of the protocol stack. It’s really nice to get a picture like this, isn’t it?
ETHER: Destination address: 0000BA5EBA11 ETHER: Source address: 00A0C9B05EBD ETHER: Frame Length: 1514 (0x05EA) ETHER: Ethernet Type: 0x0800 (IP) IP: Version = 4 (0x4) IP: Header Length = 20 (0x14) IP: Service Type = 0 (0x0) IP: Precedence = Routine IP:...0.... = Normal Delay IP:....0... = Normal Throughput IP:.....0.. = Normal Reliability IP: Total Length = 1500 (0x5DC) IP: Identification = 7652 (0x1DE4) IP: Flags Summary = 2 (0x2) IP:.......0 = Last fragment in datagram IP:......1 . = Cannot fragment datagram IP: Fragment Offset = 0 (0x0) bytes IP: Time to Live = 127 (0x7F) IP: Protocol = TCP - Transmission Control IP: Checksum = 0xC26D IP: Source Address = 10.0.0.2 IP: Destination Address = 10.0.1.201 TCP: Source Port = Hypertext Transfer Protocol TCP: Destination Port = 0x0775 TCP: Sequence Number = 97517760 (0x5D000C0) TCP: Acknowledgment Number = 78544373 (0x4AE7DF5) TCP: Data Offset = 20 (0x14) TCP: Reserved = 0 ( 0x0000) TCP: Flags = 0x10:.A.... TCP:..0..... = No urgent data TCP:...1.... = Acknowledgment field significant TCP:....0. .. = No Push function TCP:.....0.. = No Reset TCP:......0. = No Synchronize TCP:.......0 = No Fin TCP: Window = 28793 (0x7079) TCP: Checksum = 0x8F27 TCP: Urgent Pointer = 0 (0x0) HTTP: Response (to client using port 1909) HTTP: Protocol Version = HTTP/1.1 HTTP: Status Code = OK HTTP: Reason = OK ....In addition to the above, other “features” can be implemented, such as viewing passing packets in real time, filtering according to a given scenario, various types of traffic statistics - the number of errors, intensity, etc.
Types of sniffers and sniffing
Everything that will be described in this paragraph, naturally, has some shade of convention, since no one has yet fully described the official “Sniffing Theory”. We'll have to come up with a classification on the fly;)
So, according to “location” (if this term is applicable here), the sniffer can work:
On the router (gateway)
In this situation, you can intercept traffic passing through the interfaces of this gateway. For example, from your local network to another network and in the opposite direction. Accordingly, if we install a sniffer on the router of an Internet provider, we can monitor the traffic of its users, and so on...
At the end node of the network
With regard to Ethernet, we will have two main possible options for wiretapping. Classic, non-switched Ethernet assumes that each network interface, in principle, “hears” the traffic of its segment. However, in normal operation of the network card, after reading the first 48 bits of the frame header, the station compares its MAC address with the recipient address specified in the frame. If the address is someone else’s, the station “shamefully closes its ears,” that is, stops reading someone else’s frame. Thus, in normal mode, you can only intercept and analyze your own traffic. To intercept packets from all stations on a segment, you need to switch your network card to a mode called promiscuous mode so that it “shamelessly” continues to read packets that are not intended for it. Almost all sniffer implementations allow the card to switch to promiscuous mode.
Note: using switched Ethernet creates a situation where even switching the card to promiscuous mode makes listening to traffic not intended for your station almost impossible. However, there is a technology for organizing such eavesdropping through so-called ARP spoofing. The bottom line is this: the switch creates a so-called “broadcast domain”, and a host with an installed sniffer can pretend to be, for example, a border router using ARP message forgery (by constantly sending out ARP messages, where the network address of the router corresponds to the MAC address of the listening station). Thus, the neighbors' traffic will be forcibly turned towards the "spien".
Otherwise, sniffers may differ from each other mainly in functionality, such as:
Supported physical interfaces and link layer protocols;
Decoding quality and number of “recognizable” protocols;
User interface and ease of display;
Additional features: statistics, real-time viewing, generating or modifying packets and more...
When choosing a sniffer (as, indeed, any other software), it makes sense to be guided by the following considerations: from what exists for your OS, choose either something that exactly matches your tasks (it makes sense if you are planning either a one-time event or either constantly performing the same operation) or the most sophisticated solution, in case you feel that the sniffer will be useful to you, but do not yet know in what situation :) And situations are different...
Why do we need a sniffer?
Traditionally, the idea of sniffing has lived in two forms: legal and illegal use. Typically, the word “sniffer” is more often used in the illegal sphere, and “network analyzer” - in the legal sphere. Let's start with legal use;)
Troubleshooting (detection of problems and network bottlenecks). In advanced mode, when the sniffer operates in a non-switched segment or on a gateway, we can get an almost complete picture of events occurring in our network: traffic intensity by time, by workstation, by protocol, the number of errors of different types. In addition, in both modes, we can “sort out” more specific problems when, say, a particular station is unable to organize some kind of interaction over the network, and this despite the fact that outwardly the network looks quite functional. A sniffer is especially useful in cases where network software is poorly documented or uses proprietary (undocumented), often suspicious technologies (protocols).
For example: ICQ, Europe Online. Suspicious technologies/software should be understood as situations when you suspect the presence of a bookmark or other undocumented functionality in a program. For example, there were rumors that the client part of the famous cDc Back Orifice is also a Trojan horse and sends certain information to the owners - the authors of the software. Setting BO Client to "listen" showed that the rumors were not true.
A sniffer is no less useful for debugging your own software. I will never forget the moment when the proxy server did not want to establish a connection if the GET request ended in \n\n instead of the required \r\n\r\n. Only researching the packets sent by the “legitimate” browser and comparing them with the packets sent by my “upstart” script pointed out to me the annoying error. Very, very often in everyday admin practice I have to deal with analysis at the TCP/UDP level.
Education. You can drive yourself into a semi-fainting state by memorizing packet header formats various protocols and interaction methods (say, 3-way TCP handshake, DNS, traceroute application methods), but this knowledge will be dead until you try to “touch it with your hands” - once writing a program or... looking into a sniffer! Try, after reading the documentation for an unknown or poorly understood protocol, to simulate interaction, intercept packets and analyze them - I assure you, everything will become extremely clear and, moreover, this knowledge will be more realistic and will stay in your head for a long time. In the case of closed technologies, a sniffer may be almost the only means for studying them.
Network traffic logging. There can be a lot of discussion about the legality and ethics of administrators logging user traffic for later viewing, but the fact remains that many organizations include this technology in their security policies. My personal opinion is that the owner is a gentleman, that is, if a company provides its employees with equipment and connections to local and global networks, it has the right to demand the proper use of these resources. The second important reason for logging traffic is to detect unauthorized access attempts and other malware - DoS attacks, for example. Having such logs, the administrator can know with 100% accuracy what is happening in his network properties.
Now let's talk about the illegal side of sniffing. Well, first of all, it's banal
Eavesdropping. By correctly installing a sniffer, you can spy on your close and distant ones - enemies, friends, spouses;) You may be interested in the following questions: why does a person use the network, what web resources does he visit, what data does he transmit, with whom and what does he communicate? May the state security authorities forgive me, but the notorious SORM, the legality of which in the form of total logging of traffic is a big question, I attribute it to this section for now, although it could also end up in last paragraph"legal sniffing";)
More mercantile eavesdropping. However, a significant part of the “hacker” community does not exchange their talents for spying on unfaithful spouses and other everyday matters. Most often, an attacker is interested in some material that can be used to advance the difficult task of breaking into other people's systems and networks. As you might have guessed, we're talking about, mainly about intercepting usernames and passwords passing through the network in unencrypted (plain text) form. In particular, this applies to passwords for telnet, POP, IMAP, NNTP, IRC, for web applications that do not use encryption, SNMP v1 community-strings, etc.
Implementations
Now, having more or less dealt with the theoretical part, let's return to the sinful earth - let's talk about specific implementations of sniffers under various platforms. In fact, there is a lot of such software, the range is functionality and the price tag (especially the latter) is colossal. The author of the "Sniffing (network wiretap, sniffer) FAQ" Robert Graham recommends trying the following products:
WinNT Server
Microsoft's WinNT Server comes with a built-in program called "Network Monitor". Go to the network control panel, select "Services", click "Add..." and select "Network Monitor Tools and Agent". Once installed, the program will be available in start menu in the "Administrative Tools" section.
In fact, BlackICE is an intrusion detection system (IDS, Intrusion Detection System), but one of its functions is to write raw packet dumps in a form acceptable for decryption by protocol analyzers. One thing: the program only views traffic passing through the local interfaces of the host on which it works, that is, it is non-promiscuous. You can download the program on the website
This program, on the contrary, can only analyze packets recorded by a sniffer like BlackICE Pro.
Free protocol analyzer.
Naturally, this list is far from complete; you can go to any search engine or download software collection and find something suitable on the left side menu. Moreover, the review does not mention what, in my opinion, is the most outstanding product of this kind for Win32 - NetXRay, now renamed Sniffer Basic. We'll talk about it a little later.
Snort
A libpcap-based sniffer with advanced filtering capabilities.
Again, the list is far from perfect, you can look elsewhere. Another thing is that in the *NIX community it is not particularly customary to “spray” - there are time-tested, constantly improving leading products, and the majority prefer them, without even trying to look for an alternative. The absolute leaders here are tcpdump and sniffit.
Tcpdump & WinDump
(by Ghost//Necrosoft)
As mentioned above, TcpDump is the most commonly used sniffer under * nix systems s. You can find it in any of the latest distributions of the operating system you use. The best way to describe tcpdump is to simply list all its command line options - this way you get a list of its capabilities and a direct guide to action - “in one bottle”.
WinDump is a port of TcpDump from *nix systems, performs the same functions and has the same syntax as TcpDump, but has a couple of additional command line options, which will be discussed below.
A short note on using TcpDump under various systems. Under SunOS using nit or bpf devices: To run tcpdump you must have read access to /dev/nit or /dev/bpf*. Under Solaris with dlpi, you should be able to access pseudo-network adapters such as /dev/le. Under HP-UX with dlpi: you must be root or uid must be set to root on tcpdump. Under IRIX with snoop and Linux: requirements similar to HP-UX. Under Ultrix and Digital UNIX: only the superuser has access to promiscuous-mode operations , using pfconfig(8) you can get permission to run tcpdump Under BSD: you must have access to /dev/bpf* Under Win32: you must install the NDIS packet capture driver.
Now let's look at the command line options in detail.
TcpDump [ -adeflnNOpqStvx ] [ -c count ] [ -F file ] [ -i interface ] [ -r file ] [ -s snaplen ] [ -T type ] [ -w file ] [ expression ]. Windump specific options [-D] [-B size].
-a allows network and broadcast addresses to be converted to names.
-c exit after processing count packets.
-d prints the contents of the package in human-readable form.
-dd prints the contents of the package as a C program fragment.
-ddd prints the contents of the packet in decimal format.
-e Prints link-layer headers on each new line.
-f prints remote and local host addresses without converting to names.
-F use file with a description of the filtering parameters (additional expressions on the command line are ignored).
-i use interface for tracing. If not defined, tcpdump finds the lowest numbered active network interface (excluding loopback). In Windows interface - the name of the network adapter or its number (you can find out by running WinDump -D).
-l uses buffered output to stdout. A construct like "tcpdump -l | tee dat" or "tcpdump -l > dat & tail -f dat" may be useful.
-n do not convert addresses (i.e. host address, port number, etc.) into names.
-N Do not print the domain name in the hostname. Those. if this flag is used, tcpdump will print "nic" instead of "nic.ddn.mil".
-O do not run the package optimizer. This option is useful if you rake the packages yourself.
-p do not put the network interface into "promiscuous mode".
-q shortened output. Displays information in abbreviated form.
-r reads packages from file (those created with the -w option). If you want to use the console as input, then file is "-"".
-s prints snaplen bytes of each packet (on SunOS's NIT minimal amount 96). 68 bytes is enough for IP, ICMP, TCP and UDP protocols, but cuts off information from higher levels, say, DNS and NFS packets.
-T force interpretation of packets by type corresponding to the "expression" mask. On this moment The following types are known: rpc (Remote Procedure Call), rtp (Real-Time Applications protocol), rtcp (Real-Time Applications control protocol), vat (Visual Audio Tool), and wb (distributed White Board).
-S Prints the absolute number of the TCP packet.
-t does not print the time on each line.
-tt prints the unformatted time on each line.
-v verbose output. For example, packet lifetime and service type.
-vv more detailed output. For example, displaying additional fields of NFS reply packets.
-w writes raw packets to file, which you can later decrypt using the -r option. If you want to use the console as output, then file is "-"".
-x outputs each packet in hexadecimal (without header). Snaplen bytes will be sent to the output.
Additional WinDump options:
-B sets the driver buffer size to size in kilobytes. The default buffer size is 1 megabyte. If some packets are not displayed during operation, try increasing the buffer size. If you have a PPP connection or 10 Mbit Ethernet, then the buffer size can be halved or tripled.
-D lists the network devices that are present on your system. The list looks like: number - the number of the network device in the system, name - its name, followed by a description of the device. Subsequently, you will be able to use this data to work with all the existing network interfaces of your system that are currently available. And you can select the device using the -I option - "WinDump -i name" or "WinDump -i number".
expression - actually, an expression that specifies the packet filtering criterion. If the expression field is missing, then all packets are displayed. Otherwise, only those packets that match the expression mask are printed.
expression can consist of one or more primitives. Primitives often consist of an id (name or number) qualifier. There are three key types of qualifiers:
type is a qualifier that specifies the general policy. Possible types- host, net and port. Those. "host foo", "net 128.3", "port 20". If type is not specified, then host is used by default.
dir is a qualifier indicating the direction of packet transmission. Possible options src, dst, src or dst and src and dst. That is, "src foo", "dst net 128.3", "src or dst port ftp-data". If dir is not specified, then src or dst is used by default. For "null" connections (ppp or slip) the inbound and outbound qualifiers are used to indicate the desired direction.
proto - the qualifier allows you to filter packets by a specific protocol. Possible protocols: ether, fddi, ip, arp, rarp, decnet, lat, sca, moprc, mopdl, tcp and udp. Those. "ether src foo", "arp net 128.3", "tcp port 21". If there is no qualifier, then no packets are filtered. ("fddi" is actually an alias for "ether", since in most cases FDDI packets contain the Ethernet address of the source and destination and often contain Ethernet packet types. FDDI headers also contain other fields that are not in the filter list .)
In addition to the above, some special primitives do not have templates: gateway, broadcast, less, greater, and arithmetic expressions. More on this a little later.
Many compound filter expressions use the words and, or, and not to combine primitives. For example "host foo and not port ftp and not port ftp-data". To simplify entry, some qualifiers may be omitted. For example, "tcp dst port ftp or ftp-data or domain" is the same as "tcp dst port ftp or tcp dst port ftp-data or tcp dst port domain".
The following expressions are allowed:
dst host host is true if the IP destination field of the packet is host, which can be an address or host name.
src host host is true if the IP source field of the packet is host.
host host is true if the source or destination of the packet is host. Prefixes can also be used: ip, arp, or rarp as: ip host host which is equivalent to ether proto \ip and hosthost. If host is a name with multiple IP addresses, each address is checked for a match.
ether dst ehost True if the destination Ethernet address is ehost. Ehost - any of the /etc/ethers names or numbers (see ethers(3N).
ether src ehost is true if the sender's Ethernet address is ehost.
ether host ehost is true if the recipient or sender Ethernet addresses are ehost.
gateway host is true if host is gateway. Those. The sender's or receiver's Ethernet address is host, but neither the sender's nor the recipient's IP is host. Host can be a name, and can also be located in /etc/hosts and /etc/ethers. (Which is equivalent to ether host ehost and not host host, which can be used with any name or number for host/ehost.)
dst net net is true if the recipient's IP address is net. Net - any entry from /etc/networks or network address.
src net net is true if the sender's IP address is net.
net net True if the recipient or sender IP has a network address - net.
net net mask mask True if the IP address matches net with the corresponding netmask. Can be specified in conjunction with src or dst.
net net/len is true if the IP is net and the subnet mask is len in bit form (CIDR format). Can be specified in conjunction with src or dst.
dst port port is true if the packet is ip/tcp or ip/udp and has a destination port of port. port can be a number or present in /etc/services (see tcp(4P) and udp(4P)). If a name is used for two or more ports, then both port numbers and protocols are checked. If an invalid port number or name is used, then only the port numbers are checked (ie, dst port 513 outputs tcp/login and udp/who traffic, and port domain outputs tcp/domain and udp/domain).
src port port is true if the source port is port.
port port is true if the source or destination port is port. Some expressions can be combined, for example: tcp src port port - only Tcp packets whose port is -port.
less length is true if the length of the packet is less than or equal to length, which is the same as len<= length.
greater length is true if the length of the packet is greater than or equal to length, which is equivalent to len >= length.
ip proto protocol is true if the packet is an IP packet with protocol. Protocol can be numbered or one of the names icmp, igrp, udp, nd, or tcp.
ether broadcast is true if the packet is an Ethernet broadcast packet. The ether expression is optional.
ip broadcast is true if the packet is an IP broadcast packet.
ether multicast is true if the packet is an Ethernet multicast packet. The ether expression is optional. This is shorthand for "ether & 1!= 0".
ip multicast is true if the packet is an IP multicast packet.
ether proto protocol is true if the packet is of Ethernet type. Protocol can be a number or a name: ip, arp, or rarp.
decnet src host is true if the destination DECNET address is host, which can be an address like "10.123" or a DECNET hostname (DECNET hostname is only supported on Ultrix systems).
decnet dst host True if the recipient's DECNET address is host.
decnet host host True if the DECNET address of the recipient or sender is host.
proto[expr:size]
Proto is one of the following protocols ether, fddi, ip, arp, rarp, tcp, udp, or icmp, and indicates the protocol level for this operation. The byte offset for a given protocol level is taken from expr. Size - optional, shows the number of bytes of interest at a given offset, can be 1,2 or 4, default is 1.
Examples of using tcpdump
Dumping all incoming and outgoing packets from sundown: tcpdump host sundown
Sending traffic between helios and one of two hot or ace: tcpdump host helios and \(hot or ace \)
Issuing all packets between ace and other hosts, excluding helios: tcpdump ip host ace and not helios
Sending traffic between the local machine and the machine located in Berkeley: tcpdump net ucb-ether
Issuing ftp traffic through the snup gateway: tcpdump "gateway snup and (port ftp or ftp-data)"
Issuing traffic that does not belong to machines on the local network (if your machine is a gateway to another network, tcpdump will not be able to output traffic from your local network). tcpdump ip and not net localnet
Issuing old and stop packets (SYN and FIN packets) that do not belong to the local network. tcpdump "tcp & 3!= 0 and not src and dst net localnet"
Issuing IP packets longer than 576 bytes transmitted through the snup gateway: tcpdump "gateway snup and ip > 576"
Issuing IP broadcast or multicast packets that are not sent via Ethernet broadcast or multicast: tcpdump "ether & 1 = 0 and ip >= 224"
Dumping all ICMP packets that are not echo requests/responses (i.e., not ping packets): tcpdump "icmp!= 8 and icmp!= 0"
NetXRay
By Alice D. Saemon
The one I love...
Long long time ago... NetXRay was the first sniffer that came to my attention. Then, in 1997, this English program made a splash in the circles of Windows-oriented networkers. Years have passed, but the old version of NetXRay (3.0.1) is still in service, in daily use on my workstation. Today, the product has been renamed Sniffer Basic, some new features have been added, but, moreover, the main functionality has remained unchanged since 3.0.1. This is the first reason why NetXRay 3.0.1 will be described in the newspaper. The second reason... (looking at the anti-piracy police) - the product is very expensive (1643 pounds sterling), and the trial restrictions are very serious. So, let's get started.
The package consists of a set of different functions and can really be called a network analyzer rather than a sniffer. All capabilities (modules) are grouped in the “Tools” menu, where various settings are also located. Let's start with them. You can select the adapter for which the current test is being carried out (probe). The adapter must support the NDIS 3.0/3.1 standard.
Attention, bug! If you "pit" NetXRay on the "wrong" adapter in its opinion or capture packets that it cannot decode on link-network layer(for example, exploit traffic that sends crookedly fragmented packets) - at the decoding stage (protocol analysis), the program freezes.
You can simultaneously test on several interfaces, for which multiple versions of the program (probes) are created. You can copy all the settings of any existing probe to a new probe.
In options you can configure the following things: appearance desktop, standard port numbers for various protocols (3 options - very useful in cases where network applications operate on non-standard ports), response to the occurrence of some event, threshold values for various types of statistics, etc.
Well, now let's move on to the functional modules of the package.
capture (packet capture)
The heart of NetXRay, in fact, is what in the popular understanding is a sniffer. Therefore, I will allow myself to describe it in as much detail as possible.
When this module is activated, a small window with a “dashboard” and a couple of buttons appears in front of us. All actions that we can perform in this window are duplicated in the Capture menu. And this is what we can do: start capturing packets, stop, stop+view the contents of the buffer and simply view the contents of the buffer, provided that the capture was stopped. There we can fine-tune the filters:
By addresses of the sender and recipient. To make this task easier, there is The address book and some set of preset addresses, for example "Any".
According to templates. If you need to catch packets containing some specific data anywhere in the packet, you can write a clever template. Moreover, what is especially nice is that you can construct templates in any representation convenient for you: binary, hexadecimal, ASCII and EBCDIC.
According to protocols known to the program. This:
Network: AppleTalk, AppleTalk ARP, APOLLO, DECNET, IP, IP ARP, IPX, LAT, NetBEUI, OSI, SNA, VINES, VINES Loopback, VINES Echo, XNS
Higher in the IP stack: transport, service and routing - ICMP, IGMP, GGP, EGP, IGP, ISO-TP4, HELLO, IP-VINES, IGRP, OSPF, TCP, UDP; application level - FTP, REXEC, RLOGIN, RSH, PRINTER, SMTP, TELNET, DNS(TCP), GOPHER, HTTP, POP, SUNRPC(TCP), NNTP, NETBIOS, X-WINDOW, DNS(UDP), BOOTP, TFTP, SUNRPC(UDP), SNMP, SNMPTRAP, BIFF, WHO, SYSLOG, RIP, GDP, NFS.
Higher in the IPX stack: NCP, SAP, NRIP, NBIOS, DIAGNOSTIC, SERIALIZATION, NMPI, NLSP, NSNMP, NSNMPTRAP, SPX.
As you can see, not so little, I would say - for real life even redundant.
Attention! The protocol filter has a slightly strange interface: it is assumed that if all checkboxes within the boundaries of one level are not marked, all protocol packets of this level and everything higher (lower, if you look at user interface;). Thus, if you haven’t placed a single “bird”, absolutely everything is caught. Naturally, unknown protocols of application levels in this case are also caught, but are not decoded into a readable form, which is natural, since they are unknown :))
In addition, you can adjust the buffer size or specify the file where to send the packet capture results.
Filter settings can be recorded in a so-called profile, assigned a name and subsequently selected from the list.
After capturing the required number of packets, when viewing is activated, we fall into the so-called “results window”, which by default has the names XRay1, XRay2 and so on according to the number of current buffers. You can see such a window in the screenshot: at the top is a list of packages with a brief “annotation”, in the middle is the decoded data (well, what could I decode;) and at the bottom is the raw package. It’s interesting that when you click on the field of interest in the decoded section, the corresponding place in the raw packet is highlighted - you can check the quality of the protocol analyzer;)
The user interface of the "result window" has, along with advantages (the ability to apply any of the filters discussed above to the displayed buffer, the ability to send any packet or buffer to the network with one mouse click or copy a number of packets to a separate buffer, a very beautiful display of decoded data, even with some nesting for fields of little interest to the average user) as well as obvious disadvantages (you cannot delete a couple of packets from the buffer, there is no clipboard operability, that is, the results cannot, for example, be copied and saved in text format).
In addition to storing packets in a buffer or file for later decoding, it is also possible to view traffic in real time.
True, a) visually it looks terrible b) this option is turned on in such an illogical place that even such an old NetXRay user like me forgets where this “bird” is. The bird is installed in the Tools | Options... General tab, Realtime Display checkbox, and not in the Capture settings, where it would be logical to look for it;-/
In addition, the “results window” contains bookmarks on statistical data on the captured session, but we will not dwell on them.
packet generator
This is a truly wonderful thing: you can “draft” absolutely any packet from scratch and send it to the network. The interface consists of the main window and the so-called package designer, divided into two sections - Configure and Decode.
In the first, we have a portrait of a standard dump (see the theoretical part of the article), filled with zeros. We begin to enter hexadecimal numbers there - in the decoding section, which looks exactly like the decrypted packet in the “results window” of Capture, an analysis of our packet appears.
But in in this case We can not only look at the decoded packet, but also make changes by clicking on the desired field. True, changing the values in any case is carried out only in hexadecimal form, and the input fields are striking in their inconvenience: (There are several options for generating and sending packets: send the current packet, send the current buffer, write a packet from scratch or send an edited packet from what you collected .
Interface note: if the “send current packet” option is called from the Capture “result window”, the packet is sent immediately without calling the packet constructor, although it remains in the current “send buffer”, and can be adjusted there later.
If "send current packet" is called from the Packet Generator window, the package designer is automatically called. Be careful!
In the package designer in the Decode section, the program will give you some hints, in particular, it will calculate a new checksum when modifying the package (it would also make the appropriate changes itself, lazy creation;). However, AI differs from the human mind in that it cannot think properly. So when, for example, you change the recipient's IP address, think about whether you should also change its MAC address? ;)
Packets can be sent to different modes: one click - one packet, a specified number of packets, or in a loop. This way you can generate traffic. In general, you can find a lot of options for using the package generator, it’s up to your imagination and ingenuity.
All sorts of things
In addition to the above, the program contains a lot of other useful and not so (depending on whom;) bells and whistles. Briefly about them:
Dashboard Network congestion statistics, or more precisely the part of it that is visible to you. Number of packets, bytes, errors of all types, utilization calculation. This feature has always confused me, because I have never seen error messages in my life - well, it can’t be that there aren’t any!;)
Host Table. Catches various information about hosts visible to the sniffer and their activities (without full packet capture and analysis)
Matrix. Almost the same as Host Table, but presented in a slightly different format.
History. Draws graphs and diagrams of network behavior over a certain period of time.
Protocol Distribution. As the name suggests, it keeps statistics on the use of various protocols.
Statistics. Statistics on utilization and frame sizes.
Alarm log. A log of events you define.
Well, that's all in a nutshell. (wow “it turned out in short %-()) Download and test for health - for your joy and to spite your enemies :)
Conclusion
Well, the tale of sniffers is over for today. Those who listened (read to the end) - well done, I hope you got answers to most of your questions. For the sake of fairness, I note: not ALL issues were considered within the framework of this article. Left overboard at least two big topics: the internal structure of sniffers, including methods and approaches to writing such software, as well as ways to counter sniffing.
As for the first, here’s what I think: the topic is interesting, requiring separate material, but it will be intended mainly for programmers. We'll figure something out about this. As for the second question, the answer to it is basically the same: encryption, encryption and encryption again, which is obvious. There are, of course, methods for recognizing the presence of a sniffer on a network and even countering it, but they are quite private and not very effective.
A lunch break at the office or just an hour or two of free time... A quick business lunch in a cafe is commonplace for a business person, as are hours-long gatherings of students (after classes) over tea or beer. However, the main attribute of a modern catering establishment is not well-trained staff or gourmet cuisine, but the presence of a wireless network with free access in Internet. You can view notifications on social networks, send mail, make a purchase in an online store or make an urgent payment using mobile device(smartphone or laptop) directly in the cafe... Isn’t it convenient? But it's hardly safe!
Sniffing – what is it?
An analyzer of passing network traffic, or “sniffer” (from the English word to sniff - “sniff”) is a computer program for redirecting (intercepting) packet data with the ability to decode and analyze it. Sniffing (data interception) is especially popular in crowded places (restaurants, train stations, shopping centers and just on the street). Wherever there is a public Wi-Fi network, an unsuspecting Internet user can become a victim of an attacker. In appearance, the scammer can be the same carefree cafe visitor whose attention is riveted to the screen of his personal laptop.
At the same time, a sniffer application is activated on the criminal’s device, and a wifi access point with a name similar to the name of the establishment or public place (for example, MacDonalds) is turned on. When an unsuspecting user connects to one of the available public networks, he can easily become a potential victim of an attacker. All passing traffic is intercepted by a sniffer and analyzed for usernames and passwords payment systems, credit card numbers, payment confirmation passwords, and so on. In fact, all your traffic is intercepted, but only on the condition that you are connected to the scammer’s pseudo-network.
Traffic interception can be carried out not only via wifi, the following methods are known:
- Listen to the network by connecting to network interface(free port of a hub or switch). This method will be effective only if regular hubs (concentrators) are used in the network segment instead of switches (switches). The fact is that a hub is a regular splitter, through each port of which all packets pass, and switches are intelligent devices where the data flow can be divided into different channels, so the overall picture of the data transmitted to them, when connected to one port, is not get;
- Connecting a sniffer to a network channel gap;
- Branch (software or hardware) of network traffic with the direction of its copy to the sniffer (Network tap);
- Analysis of spurious electromagnetic radiation and restoration of eavesdropped traffic;
- An attack at the link (MAC-spoofing) or network level (IP-spoofing), leading to the invisible redirection of the victim’s traffic or all traffic of a segment to the sniffer with the subsequent return of the traffic to the proper address.
Data interception via Wi-Fi. How to protect yourself?
There is practically no absolute recipe for protection against sniffing, and basically the recommendations of information security specialists come down to the simplest: under no circumstances allow financial transactions to be carried out on public networks. Ideally, you should use your own to access the Internet. mobile phone or a laptop with a 3G modem, which will certainly allow you to avoid traffic interception by attackers in public places.
And through public high-speed wifi Internet connections, you can only watch YouTube videos, play online games, download music and movies...
In any case, give preference to Wi-Fi networks with encryption and, if possible, use VPN connection with encryption. For reference. VPN (from the English Virtual Private Network - virtual private network) is a set of technologies that allows you to create separate secure networks on top of (or inside) existing ones.
Also pay attention to the type of connection when logging into your mail, online banking or social network account. The connection must be encrypted using the SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) protocol! When you connect it, the web address prefix changes from http to https, and you can see a green padlock in the right corner of the browser address bar. This protocol is not considered completely reliable, but in the vast majority of cases it will protect you from hackers.
As a result, returning once again to the above in the text, we can draw the only conclusion: financial transactions on the Internet should be avoided if the data transfer is carried out in a public network. The security and integrity of data is primarily the concern of the user himself. Only in this case, sniffing (data interception) is absolutely not a threat to you!
Hello, regular and new readers of my blog!
Today I want to devote an article to one of the easiest ways to make money online. All you need to do is find, download and install certain programs for making money on the Internet.
Anyone who has read my blog for the first time knows that there are a lot of ways to make real money on the Internet. However, for many beginners, all these methods are not very easy. In this case, automatic earnings using special software will be suitable.
I suggest you familiarize yourself with the most common and reliable programs for making money on the Internet.
AppTools
This program is developed for the Android platform. You need to go to the official website of the developer (apptools.ru), register there, download the AppTools program (with the .apk extension) and install it on your device.
The essence of earning money is that you get paid for completing certain tasks, for example, installing an application, a game, writing a positive comment on Google Play, giving a rating, etc. You can earn up to 100 rubles per day. All funds can be easily withdrawn to or to your mobile account.
Whaff Rewards
This program for earning money without investment, it has many fans. This software, like its predecessor, was developed for the Android OS. View advertising apps and earn money.
To download Whaff Rewards, you do not need to register on any third-party resources. Just find it on the Play Market and install it on your device (tablet or smartphone). What’s especially nice is that the funds earned are credited in dollars, which is very profitable in this day and age.
After installing the app, you will be prompted to enter an invitation code. Enter EX21092 and get 0.2 $ into your account
VipIP.ru
The main activity in VipIP.ru is autosurfing and reading paid emails.
The website VipIP.ru also allows you to receive money by installing special free programs on your computer:
- Software for making money in manual mode still requires simple tasks to be performed.
- The program for automatic earnings functions “automatically”.
Regardless of which earning method you prefer, you can earn up to several dollars a day. Cash easily displayed on any .
Watch video instructions:
VKserfing Bot
VKserfing Bot also allows you to have passive income. However, to download it, you will not only have to register on the official website VKserfing.ru, but also link this account to your VKontakte account.
You don't need to perform any actions to receive money. The program will automatically leave likes on the pages of other VK users and reposts on your page. You can save money here quite quickly (about 300 rubles per day) and withdraw it to your WebMoney wallet at any convenient time.
RubSerf
This program can help you earn extra money without making any effort. Earnings are made thanks to automatic viewing sites. Saving money with RubSerf will be absolutely easy and fast (from 100 rubles per day).
To start working, you need to register on the RubSerf.ru website and install the program for making money on your computer or smartphone.
In addition to installing this autosurfing program, you can perform various tasks yourself.
Why is the download and installation of earning programs interrupted?
At the beginning of your work, you may encounter such a problem. The thing is that your antivirus can recognize installation files as hacker ones and automatically stop downloading them.
No need to worry! None of the above apps simply can harm your device or sensitive data. Applications are blocked by antiviruses only for the reason that they automatically work for you and me on the Internet.
I can suggest the only way out: remove (or disable) your antivirus and download the selected files again.
Now there should be no errors! Successful and easy work to you, dear friends! Share the information received on social media. networks and subscribe to blog updates. See you soon!
Sincerely! Abdullin Ruslan
Programs for making money on the Internet. There are special programs that provide the opportunity to earn money in an easy way. \
Hello, dear readers of the blog site. Continuing the topic of the most popular methods, I would like to tell you about the easiest and highest paying method - programs for making money on the Internet. There are special programs that provide the opportunity to earn money in an easy way. All you need is: download the program, install it and start earning money.
Let me dispel the myth right away - the programs will not affect your computer in any way. There are many programs for making money on the Internet, but not all are reliable. Each individual program has its own earning algorithm. There are programs that automatic mode they click, earn money using the processor, and there are also programs that view surfing and autosurfing. In short, there is a lot of things, and that’s why we decided to compile for you our small list of programs for making money on the Internet that we have personally tested.
1. Socpublic Agent.
Socpublic Agent is a service program that makes it easier for users to earn money by browsing sites (surfing) on the World Wide Web. This utility has received a separate article in which we tell you where to download the program, how to install it and how to start making money with it. If you are interested, you can check it out.
2. Vipip program.
Vipip- a cool website promotion service. Making money using the program is as easy as shelling pears here. Register=> download => log in - make a profit. You can earn from $1 per day. More information .
The project pays:
4. Sendsey program.
To earn money you will have to get another program - Skype, if you don’t have it, which I doubt, then the download link here.
Programs for mailers (boxes).
Before moving on to the list of programs, you need to learn more about email clients (if you are not already aware of the matter). Therefore, I advise you to first read the article - “”.
Now let's move on directly to the programs.
- Program
A program with which you can earn money by reading letters, watching surfing and autosurfing. To use the program, you need to be registered on the official Wmmail website. After registration, download the program. Making money with Wmmail Agent is quite simple. The functionality of the program is very convenient. In addition to the fact that the program gives you the opportunity to earn money, it also allows you to monitor your accounts, referrals, and loans.
2. Program Wmmail AutoTask.
Wmmail AutoTask is a program that was created by a user of the Wmmail box. With Wmmail AutoTask, completing tasks is much easier. More precisely, the program will perform tasks automatically. In order to start making money, you will need to: download the program => install it => run it => go through authorization (enter your username and password) => minimize it to tray, and go about your business. Moreover, the program can perform tasks even when the computer is idle, which is very convenient. Therefore, install the program, and your earnings will increase significantly.
That's all, dear friends. Our small list contains the most basic programs for making money on the Internet. Of course similar program there are many more and you can search for them by typing the appropriate query into a search engine. Only now, the programs on our list are tested and work, so use several programs at the same time to increase your income.
Advice: There are many programs on the Internet, so-called bots. They cannot be used to make money! Administrators block all members who use them.
Thank you all for your attention! See you soon on the pages of the blog site
Best regards, Mogish Ivan
Hello, dear readers of my blog. Today I decided to review various programs that can be used for your own purposes and to replenish your budget as a secondary income. It’s possible on the Internet, you just need to figure out how and work a little. This is convenient, because to work you need a computer, access to the World Wide Web and free time. Networking can be combined with your main activity work on the Internet at home. To cash out funds, register in the Yandex.Money system or WebMoney.
For beginners who are just trying themselves in this field, we recommend mastering automatic programs for making money on the Internet without investment. Their main advantage is that the user does not need to waste time and effort - the installed plugin will do everything itself, you are required not to turn off the computer and wait for the profit. Interesting? And most importantly, it’s real!
Popular automatic programs for making money on the Internet without investment
Services for receiving money from mailers:
- Autoclicker DonkeyMails.com looks like a browser, does not request personal data (logins/passwords) from your accounts, which eliminates the possibility of automatic software detection.
- DonkeyClicker 3.0 works with Western email clients and contains 9 well-paying projects.
What does this look like in practice: in order to promote their site, owners advertise goods and services, but to do this they increase traffic - than more people sees their product, the better. The responsibilities of a person who decides to earn income from mailing lists include viewing/processing letters. By choosing this type of income, you will receive a small but guaranteed profit, because the customer pays both the postmen and you. Every click is rewarded, but doing it all manually takes a lot of time.
Services come to the rescue that automatically process information on mailboxes, thereby saving the user from manually performing the most menial work on axleboxes. Wmmall- good service, offering to make money on mailers. About 30,000 active users work here every day.
Auto posters
- Cyberboard - works with almost all message boards.
- XRumer is a powerful service for sending out blogs, social networks. networks and forums.
How to make money from this: after you have set up an auto-poster, it will send your message to hundreds of resources in a few seconds. XRumer is simply necessary for users who want to download multiple files from a file hosting service. With it, you can invite referrals to the project, promote your own project, in other words, do everything related to the mailing list.
It will take a lot of time to go to sites and manually post information each time, but this process goes unnoticed by you. In addition, the service will make life much easier for those who need to constantly write back to customers, submit applications, and send out examples of work. XRumer is unlikely to be useful to beginners, but will be useful for those who actively work in the open spaces worldwide network copywriters, webmasters, advertisers.
Mining plugins
- Wmzona.com. - payments in dollars to the WMZ wallet.
The essence of the method: today many have learned to make money by mining or crunching. Speaking in simple words- This is renting out the power of your own computer and making a profit from it. PC power is used for complex calculations. For this, you “mine” rewards in cryptocurrency and exchange them for dollars in special exchangers. The most popular cryptocurrency unit is , equal to 245 y. e., (there are more than 90 of them in total). The cost is good, but the chance of getting coins is “one in a million,” so those who want to make money from this have united in groups called “mining pools.” When one of the group wins his coin, the profit is divided among all participants in proportion to the size of the contribution.
Computers with high performance are suitable for mining, otherwise the cost of electricity risks not being recouped. Many viruses have been developed for such services, although just a few years ago it was possible to get hundreds of “green” ones every month.
Bonuses of a few cents
- The SuperBonus app has clear interface and a large database of projects that provide bonuses. Supports the ability to collect different currencies from YaD and WebMoney.
- QuickWM - collects all kinds of bonuses from domestic and foreign resources. There is no charge for database updates.
- Webbonus 2.0 - collects bonuses only from foreign sites, offers a profitable referral program, under the terms of which you can receive a percentage from participants attracted to the system.
How it works: Having stumbled upon a site offering everyone to receive a few cents to their e-wallet, a person is overcome by doubts. But the sites will actually transfer a few cents to your wallet, you just need to enter the requested data. Thus, they increase traffic to earn a lot as a result. Collecting bonuses without automated services is difficult - time is spent filling out fields and entering captcha. Another thing is to download one of the plugins described above and update it from time to time. The bonus from one project is a penny, but after visiting thousands of resources a day, there is a profit and this is pleasing.
Auto-surfing
- Popular service teaser.bz. Provides mandatory registration, after which you will be prompted to install a special plugin, in the lower corner of which advertisements will appear - the more you view them, the more they appear.
The bottom line: Advertisers pay a small amount of money for ad views. There are many platforms that bring together advertisers and users. In theory, the user must manually view ads, but some automatic programs for making money online without investment they simplify this process. True, the profit is really low - in the first month it is one hundred rubles.
Automatic execution of tasks
- Mini browser AltMix- allows you to perform paid tasks from advertisers in a semi-automatic mode.
- Userator service - install the program on your computer and complete tasks that the system records and receive substantial money;
- Liked.ru is also a good service where you can do work in a couple of seconds and get money.
Who needs it: with this program you help the site owner promote and attract users. Earned funds are withdrawn to WebMoney electronic wallet, the minimum withdrawal amount is 1 ruble, you can withdraw funds once a day. You receive 30 percent of the income of each attracted client. Different systems have their own rates and profits. This method is very popular and is in demand due to the importance behavioral factors on sites that take into account search engines and their algorithms.
Make money on Skype
Earning money on the Internet for beginners without cheating is possible with the Skype program, which has become the main means of communication for many.
- Skinver - if you run your Skype through this plugin, your contacts will see advertisement from friend. The more contacts who are interested in your advertising, the more significant your income. The money is credited to your Skinver account, then withdrawn to your WMZ wallet or Payeer.
Advantages: affiliate program, the opportunity to advertise your website or any other project.
Creating a populated website
This method is not suitable for beginners, but users who are at least a little familiar with automatic services can make good money with it. This is just a godsend for people who want to create a website, but have no desire to fill it. The resources fill themselves; to earn money you just need to install advertising on them. Such a project could be your first experience in making a profit from websites.
What kind of income does it provide for making money on the Internet for beginners without cheating?
When working on the Internet, you must learn a rule that applies in all directions: the fewer people who can do this or that type of work, the more you get. In the first month, almost no one manages to get a lot of money, but perseverance and mastering new knowledge lead to results. Some types of activities, for example, making money on the Internet for beginners without cheating on clicks, bring a small income, but this is where today’s Internet gurus started. If you have also decided to make money on clicks, pay attention to the Wmmail service. Income in dollars, in order to earn them, the site helps in every possible way - it provides reading of letters, solving some of the problems of the advertiser. Income - from 1 cent to 10 USD in a day.
To make money on views, you need to visit resource pages, then respond to Control questions. For 1000 such actions you will be paid 2.5 USD. That is, and only after they are sure that you were on the site. For 1000 videos watched - 5.5 USD. e. It’s easy to do this in an automatic service - it loads a new page itself and controls your actions. No one except you will know that the sites are visited by a special service.
Earnings on tasks are approximately the same as - 5.5 USD. e. for 1000 pieces. An advertiser can set different tasks for you: take part in a vote, do a survey, etc. Over time, you can complete more complex tasks and earn about a thousand dollars per month. But first you need to master the work in the above-described applications.
Profit from reading letters ranges from 2.8 USD. i.e. for 1000 actions, in a more complex version - 4.4 cu. e. “Salary” on social networks - from 12 USD. That is, you can work manually, but it is more convenient in a specialized service. Your responsibilities include: posting advertisements for services and products in groups and on your page. This way people learn about the company you are promoting and order services.
We looked at several common methods using automatic programs. You can choose one of them or combine them, the main thing is that your income from this only increases.
Subscribe to the news and look forward to seeing you in new articles. Good luck to everyone and see you soon. Write in what ways you make money on the Internet and what programs you use. Everyone will be interested.