Latest declassified archives. Archival documents of the USSR, which are still classified


For the “secret” classification to actually appear, the state needs compelling reasons. Most of these cases are state secrets. But many personal archives of famous people become secret at the request of heirs who do not want their ancestors to appear in an unflattering light.

The most secret documents became in 1938

A radical change in the matter of classifying information occurred in 1918, when the Main Directorate of Archives was organized under the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR. The brochure “Save the Archives” published by Bonch-Bruevich was distributed through “ROSTA Windows” to all government institutions, where, in particular, there was a provision on the secrecy of certain information. And in 1938, management of all archival affairs passed to the NKVD of the USSR, which classified a huge amount of information, numbering tens of thousands of files, as secret. Since 1946, this department received the name of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, and since 1995 - the FSB. Since 2016, all archives have been reassigned directly to the President of Russia.

Questions for the royal family

The so-called famous Novoromanovsky archive of the royal family has not been fully declassified, most of which was initially classified by the Bolshevik leadership, and after the 90s, some of the archival documents were made widely public. It is noteworthy that the work of the archive itself was strictly confidential. And one could guess about its activities only from indirect documents of employees: certificates, passes, payroll records, personal files of employees - this is what remains of the work of the secret Soviet archive. But the correspondence between Nicholas II and his wife Alexandra Fedorovna has not been fully disclosed. Palace materials concerning the relationship between the court and ministries and departments during the First World War are also not available.

KGB Archives

Most KGB archives are classified on the grounds that the operational investigative activities of many agents can still cause damage to counterintelligence work and reveal the methodology of its work. Some successful cases in the field of terrorism, espionage, and smuggling have also been mothballed. This also applies to cases related to intelligence and operational work in the Gulag camps.

Stalin's affairs

1,700 files compiled in the 11th inventory of the Stalin Foundation were transferred from the archive of the President of the Russian Federation to the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, of which about 200 cases were classified as secret. The cases of Yezhov and Beria are of considerable interest, but they were published only in parts, and there is still no complete information on the cases of “executed enemies of the people.”

Confirmation that many more documents remain to be declassified is the fact that in 2015, at four meetings of the Interdepartmental Expert Commission on the Declassification of Documents under the Governor of St. Petersburg, 4,420 cases for the years 1919-1991 were completely declassified. Party archives are also “secret”. Of considerable interest to researchers are the resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars, the resolutions of the Council of Ministers, and the decisions of the Politburo. But most of the party archives are classified.

New archives and new secrets

The main task of the archive of the President of the Russian Federation, formed in 1991, was to combine documents from the former archive of the President of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev, and then the subsequent period during the reign of Boris Yeltsin. The Presidential Archives contains about 15 million different documents, but only a third of them, five million, are in the public domain today.

Secret personal archives of Vladi, Vysotsky, Solzhenitsyn

The personal funds of Soviet leader Nikolai Ryzhkov, Vladimir Vysotsky and Marina Vladi are closed to the general public. Do not think that documents are classified as “secret” only with the help of government officials. For example, the personal fund of Alexander Solzhenitsyn, stored in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, is in secret storage because the heir, the writer’s wife Natalya Dmitrievna, personally decides whether or not to make the documents public. She motivated her decision by the fact that documents often contain poems by Solzhenitsyn that are not particularly good, and she would not want others to know about this.

In order to make public the materials of the investigative case in which Solzhenitsyn ended up in the Gulag, it was necessary to obtain the consent of two archives - the Ministry of Defense and the Lubyanka.

Plan for "secrets"

The head of Rosarkhiv, Andrei Artizov, said in one of his interviews: “We declassify documents in accordance with our national interests. There is a declassification plan. To make a decision on declassification, we need three or four experts with knowledge of foreign languages, historical context, and legislation on state secrets.”

Special Commission on Declassification

In order to declassify materials, a special commission was created in each archive. Usually - from three people who decided on what basis to give or not give wide publicity to this or that document. Secret materials are of unconditional interest to a wide range of people, but historians warn: working with archives is a delicate matter and requires certain knowledge. This is especially true for secret archival materials. Not many people have access to them - thousands of documents from the times of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union are classified for various reasons.

In the last 3-4 years, news with the headline: “The government wants to block Tor” regularly appears in the news feed. But this idea is somewhat utopian.

The darknet can be used all over the world except North Korea, where to access a computer with the Internet you need special permission from Kim Jong-un. Even China failed to ban it. Golden Shield automatically blocks all new Tor entry node addresses, but people who need to bypass this barrier using VPNs and proxy servers.

News about the “ban on the underground Internet” only fuels interest in it among the population. More and more Russians are joining the darknet, which is fraught with many dangers and temptations. You should be aware of the consequences of using Tor incorrectly.

This article will cover the main types of stores and forums on Tor that should be avoided and the possible liability for using/creating them.

Fragments of the article were removed at the request of Roskomnadzor. The material has been edited.

2. Sites with job advertisements

A huge number of advertisements for the sale of *** contain a note: “We are looking for ***. Activity, adequacy, and professionalism are required. The salary is high." For one ***, an employee receives on average 500-3000 rubles. They write on the forums that a smart worker can earn up to 80-120 thousand rubles a month with a free schedule. And this is in the provinces. In the capitals the ceiling is much higher.

But this work is far from being as simple as it seems at first glance. Making a good “***” and hiding it is a whole science and experienced people write entire textbooks. There are many non-obvious problems that are difficult for a beginner to guess about.

For example, how to protect yourself from “seagulls”? This is the name given to *** who search for and successfully find other people's *** in typical places (flower beds, holes in the asphalt, entrance canopies). Or how to disguise a Ziploc bag inside an acorn or nut so that rain and wind do not damage the product?

Criminals from Tor require not only ***, but also parcel acceptors, stencilers (making announcements on the asphalt), growers (growing plants at home), and people to withdraw illegally obtained money from bank cards. They rarely look for strong guys to intimidate enemies. And every profession has non-obvious subtleties that you need to learn in order to avoid getting into trouble with the law.

In the criminal sphere, there is a terrible turnover of personnel and new employees are constantly needed. A truly adequate and neat person can work for a couple of years, but a simple ***/carrier/dropper walks free for only a few months. Most people are caught by the police sooner or later. People rarely manage to raise money, stop and leave on time.

Possible problems: According to Article 228 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, if a person is involved in the distribution or production of ***, then he can be imprisoned for a period of 8 years. We’ll talk about penalties for parcel receivers and money cashers below.

3. Stores of goods for committing crimes

Tor is used to trade weapons, fake documents, fake SIM cards, phones, ATM skimmers and a bunch of other interesting items. As with ***, Bitcoin is used for anonymous payment. Surprisingly, there are no particular problems with the delivery of goods.

Sometimes it is done via regular mail. To receive and send parcels, they hire “droppers” who go to receive/send parcels and show off their faces and passport details. Also, goods are sent with the help of taxi drivers or private transport companies. Here is a quote from the RuOnion forum:

I once sent an optical sight through a transport company, naturally not a branded one. They asked what was inside, he answered - a sniper scope, They: let’s write it down - an optical device :-)))) They don’t really care what to carry...

But sellers still take many precautions: they disassemble weapons into parts, which they distribute into several boxes, disguise them as other items, make parcels with double bottoms, etc. They have no less tricks than ***.

Possible problems: According to Article 222 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, illegal acquisition or transfer of weapons may be punishable by a prison sentence of up to four years. About fake documents it is written in Article 327 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, it says about a period of up to two years.

4. Pedophile forums

There are also a lot of people on the Tor network who are sexually attracted to children. There is a lot of “interesting” for them here. Firstly, huge archives of porn videos featuring minors. Secondly, these are forums where people share their personal experiences of seducing children and hiding this process from others.

Some pedophiles consider sex with children absolutely unacceptable and sit on “conservative” sections of forums, where they simply post slightly erotic photos of little girls and boys with their genitals covered.

But there are people for whom just watching videos is not enough and they strive to make their fantasies come true. The main shock for me when preparing this article was familiarization with a book for pedophiles in Russian.

200 pages about where to find a potentially available child and how to recognize him, how to gain his trust, how not to leave traces and how to make sure that the child never tells anyone about what the pervert or pervert did to him.

And judging by the forums, many pedophiles actually manage to turn things around so that parents never find out what happened to their child. After all, most often children are seduced not by maniacs on the streets, but by neighbors, relatives or family friends who have been in the house for many years.

Never leave your child alone with anyone and never without video surveillance. There are many more pedophiles among us than one might think.

Possible punishment: It is prohibited to store porn videos involving minors on your computer. You can read more about this in the article:

5. Websites of extremist organizations

Terrorists, skinheads and radical oppositionists also create websites on the onion network, publish articles there and discuss plans for pogroms or the seizure of power on forums. Also, sect sites are gradually moving to Tor.

Since 2002, Russian authorities have maintained a list Federal extremist materials. It includes almost 4,000 books, articles, paintings and music. Rospotrebnadzor forces such materials to be removed from sites on the clearnet, but they are distributed freely in Tor libraries.

Possible punishment: According to Article 282.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, participation in an extremist organization can lead to imprisonment for up to six years. Also, you cannot copy materials from such sites to Tor and post them on social networks and blogs. There is also a separate article on this topic:

6. “Hacker” trading platforms and forums

In international dark markets, next to *** and weapons, there is often a Digital Goods section. You can buy Trojans, Wi-Fi hacking tools, software cracking tools, DDOS attack tools, and many other types of “tools for illegal access to digital information.”

Along with the programs, you can also buy instructions for their use and educational books. They also sell digital goods that were stolen using the tools described above: upgraded characters in games, paid accounts for various services, hacked programs, access to infected computers.

There are also many hacker forums on the darknet. There people share their experiences with each other, look for perpetrators and accomplices for various cyber crimes.

Possible punishment: If it is proven that a person used any of the programs described above, then, according to Article 272 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, he can be imprisoned for up to two years.

7. “Black” cryptocurrency exchanges

The sites and organizations described above make financial payments in bitcoins (less often in other cryptocurrencies). And of course, they don’t pay any taxes on it. Cryptocurrencies are used to cash out money obtained illegally.

Tor has exchanges for withdrawing bitcoins to regular electronic wallets or bank cards. It is also full of advertisements of people who withdraw money from cryptocurrency wallets to offshore accounts or transfer money to the account of a “shell company.” From the latter, money can be withdrawn using ordinary “cashers”.

There you can also order bank cards issued to dummies or “virtuals”. And hire drops who will go to the ATM, show their face in front of the cameras, withdraw cash from the cards and deliver it to you.

Possible punishment: According to Article 159 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, participation in group fraudulent schemes can entail up to 10 years in prison.

The State Duma is also talking about adopting a bill that would provide for punishment of up to four years in prison simply for using bitcoins or other cryptocurrency.

conclusions

The above does not describe all types of content that can be found on the Tor network. Not mentioned are sites with erotica for animal lovers, stores of stolen goods, sites for ordering killers and much more.

But what has been described is quite enough to understand why governments around the world are trying to control the Internet. Personal freedom and privacy are good. But how to fight criminals on the Internet without blocking sites and controlling traffic?

P.S. Is Tor anonymous?

There are a lot of tutorials on how to ensure online anonymity on the darknet. Some authors consider a virtual machine with Tails -> vpn -> vpn -> Tor to be a sufficient scheme. And someone recommends buying a computer from a flea market in a neighboring area and using a modem through the “left” SIM card. But one thing is for sure - if you just launch the Tor browser, then your level of anonymity is quite low.

Intelligence agencies around the world are actively working to identify criminals who use the “underground Internet.” For example, in the fall of 2016, as part of the international Operation Titan, Swedish police identified 3,000 buyers of *** on Tor. And there are more and more reports of such investigations every year.

For the “secret” classification to actually appear, the state needs compelling reasons. Most of these cases are state secrets.
But many personal archives of famous people become secret at the request of their heirs, who do not regret making their ancestors appear in an unflattering light.

The most secret documents became in 1938

A radical change in the matter of classifying information occurred in 1918, when the Main Directorate of Archives was organized under the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR. The brochure “Save the Archives” published by Bonch-Bruevich was distributed through “ROSTA Windows” to all government institutions, where, in particular, there was a provision on the secrecy of certain information.

And in 1938, management of all archival affairs passed to the NKVD of the USSR, which classified a huge amount of information, numbering tens of thousands of files, as secret. Since 1946, this department received the name of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, and since 1995 - the FSB.
Since 2016, all archives have been reassigned directly to the President of Russia.

Questions for the royal family

The so-called famous Novoromanovsky archive of the royal family has not been fully declassified, most of which was initially classified by the Bolshevik leadership, and after the 90s, some of the archival documents were made widely public. It is noteworthy that the work of the archive itself was strictly confidential. And one could guess about its activities only from indirect documents of employees: certificates, passes, payroll records, personal files of employees - this is what remains of the work of the secret Soviet archive.

But the correspondence between Nicholas II and his wife Alexandra Fedorovna has not been fully disclosed. Palace materials concerning the relationship between the court and ministries and departments during the First World War are also not available.

KGB Archives

Most KGB archives are classified on the grounds that the operational investigative activities of many agents can still cause damage to counterintelligence work and reveal the methodology of its work. Some successful cases in the field of terrorism, espionage, and smuggling have also been mothballed.
This also applies to cases related to intelligence and operational work in the Gulag camps.

Stalin's affairs

1,700 files compiled in the 11th inventory of the Stalin Foundation were transferred from the archive of the President of the Russian Federation to the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, of which about 200 cases were classified as secret.

The cases of Yezhov and Beria are of considerable interest, but they were published only in parts, and there is still no complete information on the cases of “executed enemies of the people.”
Confirmation that many more documents remain to be declassified is the fact that in 2015, at four meetings of the Interdepartmental Expert Commission on the Declassification of Documents under the Governor of St. Petersburg, 4,420 cases for the years 1919-1991 were completely declassified.

Party archives are also “secret”

Of considerable interest to researchers are the resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars, the resolutions of the Council of Ministers, and the decisions of the Politburo.
But most of the party archives are classified.

New archives and new secrets

The main task of the archive of the President of the Russian Federation, formed in 1991, was to combine documents from the former archive of the President of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev, and then the subsequent period during the reign of Boris Yeltsin.
The Presidential Archives contains about 15 million different documents, but only a third of them, five million, are in the public domain today.

Secret personal archives of Vladi, Vysotsky, Solzhenitsyn

The personal funds of Soviet leader Nikolai Ryzhkov, Vladimir Vysotsky and Marina Vladi are closed to the general public.
Do not think that documents are classified as “secret” only with the help of government officials. For example, the personal fund of Alexander Solzhenitsyn, stored in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, is in secret storage because the heir, the writer’s wife Natalya Dmitrievna, personally decides whether or not to make the documents public. She motivated her decision by the fact that documents often contain poems by Solzhenitsyn that are not particularly good, and she would not want others to know about this.
In order to make public the materials of the investigative case in which Solzhenitsyn ended up in the Gulag, it was necessary to obtain the consent of two archives - the Ministry of Defense and the Lubyanka.

Plan for "secrets"

The head of Rosarkhiv, Andrei Artizov, said in one of his interviews: “We declassify documents in accordance with our national interests. There is a declassification plan. To make a decision on declassification, we need three or four experts with knowledge of foreign languages, historical context, and legislation on state secrets.”

Special Commission on Declassification

In order to declassify materials in each archive, a special commission was created. Usually - from three people who decided on what basis to give or not give wide publicity to this or that document.
Secret materials are of unconditional interest to a wide range of people, but historians warn that working with archives is a delicate matter and requires certain knowledge. This is especially true for secret archival materials. Not many people have access to them - thousands of documents from the times of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union are classified for various compelling reasons.

The database of declassified cases and documents from federal state archives was prepared on the initiative of the Federal Archives Agency (Rosarkhiv) with the aim of coordinating the work on declassifying archival documents, accumulating an information array, statistical recording, and informing users about the results of the work of federal archives in declassifying archival documents.

Based on the results of declassification in 1998-2010. Rosarkhiv prepared and published Bulletins of declassified documents of federal state archives (12 issues, M., 1998–2000, 2002–2011), which were printed in a limited edition. The bulletins contained reviews of declassified cases or lists of cases from federal archives, the Archive of the Government of the Russian Federation, and the Archive of the President of the Russian Federation. Due to the interest of archives and the public, all issues of bulletins were posted on the “Archives of Russia” portal “Declassification”.

Unfortunately, the information posted in the bulletins did not allow us to fully coordinate the work on declassifying archival files and documents stored in the federal state archives, state and municipal archives of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Considering this circumstance, in 2012 it was decided to create a database and post it on the Internet.

The database of declassified cases and documents from federal archives was posted on the industry portal “Archives of Russia” in December 2013 and is available to a wide range of users.

The database includes titles of declassified cases and documents with search data from the funds of 8 federal archives and one branch where there are cases and documents in secret storage:

  • State Archives of the Russian Federation (GA RF)
  • Russian State Archive of Economics (RGEA)
  • Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI)
  • Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (RGANI)
  • Russian State Military Archive (RGVA)
  • Russian State Archive of the Navy (RGAVMF)
  • Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (RGALI)
  • Russian State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation (RGANTD)
  • branch of the Russian State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation in Samara (branch of RGANTD)

The cases and documents were declassified by the Interdepartmental Commission for the Protection of State Secrets for the declassification of documents of the CPSU and the Government of the USSR, which, in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 2, 2001 No. 627, was entrusted with the function of declassifying documents of the highest bodies of the RCP (b) - the All-Union Communist Party ( b) – CPSU, expert commissions of fund founders (ministries, departments, institutions and organizations).

On the opening day, the titles of those transferred to open storage in 2010-2012 were entered into the database. cases and documents, declassified incl. for previous years. Please note: the process of declassifying cases and documents is considered completed after changes are made to the archive's records, appropriate registration of declassified cases and documents and their transfer to open storage.

In the future, it is planned to promptly replenish the database with lists of declassified cases and documents, as well as install information from bulletins of declassified documents in federal state archives.

Project prepared:

    project management: A.V. Yurasov(Rosarchiv);

    project coordination: O.A. Antipova(Rosarchiv);

    creating a local database: P.G. Lubin;

    creation of a multi-user information system, data import: N.V. Glishchinskaya, I.V. Karavaev(RGANTD), BEFORE. Oleinik;

    preparation of lists of cases and documents and testing of the database:

    L.A. Rogovaya, N.I. Vladimirtsev, S.A. Panarina, S.V. Somonova(GA RF);

    I.V. Sazonkina, O.S. Litsareva, Yu.A. Glazova(RGAE);

    L.N. Sakharova, E.K. Smirnova, E.E. Klimova, Yu.V. Yushina, O.O. Filatova(RGVA);

    E.G. Azarova, O.A. Liseenko, N.N. Pyatkina(RGAVMF);

    A.O. Voitov(RGALI);

    HER. Kirillova, I.N. Kiselev, A.V. Lukashin, N.V. Muravyova(RGASPI);

    R.G. Utkina, M.N. Kondratyeva, L.S. Karpunina, S.N. Sitkova, N.Kh. Abdullina, O.V. Ermakova, V.S. Ipatov, T.A. Mikhailova, S.N. Rodionova, A.V. Dmitrienko, I.A. Lapkina(RGANI);

    L.V. Uspenskaya, A.V. Kurakin, I.L. Makarevich(RGANTD);

    N.I. Telegina, A.I. Nasyrova, S.V. Dorokhova, E.V. Zykova, O.I. Stryapkina, O.Yu. Salgova, L.Yu. Pokrovskaya, M.Yu. Churkina, L.E. Velmina(branch of RGANTD).

The Federal Archival Agency expresses gratitude to the organizers and participants of the project.

Users can send their comments, suggestions and comments on the database to the technical support of the Archives of Russia portal at:

Search secrets. How to find the required document.

Hello everyone, this is the next lesson on how to properly search for information on the web using Google. There is one trick, which, however, as always, is no secret. Few of us think about it, but everyone understands this logically - the Internet is far from just web pages of resources. These are video, photo and audio files, these are documents of various formats and much more. Due to some circumstances (including due to an oversight of the file owner), we do not always have access to it via a direct download link on a particular resource. But they exist on the Internet and Google sees them perfectly. The files are indexed by the search engine, which means they are available to us. So finding the right document can be easier than each of us thinks. Let's find them!

Before moving on specifically to the search, it is worth mentioning a special Google service, which, it turns out, few people know about. This is the advanced search page:

https://www.google.com/advanced_search?hl=en

I will deliberately leave this without comment, everything is in Russian. Learn and use. This is, say, an advanced search page without knowledge.

Each file has its own extension, which determines the type of program with which it is supposed to open. By default, the type is hidden from the user's view. But not for Google. Even without knowing the full name of the document, you can (theoretically) try to find the document you need, knowing that it looks like, for example, a Word document from the Microsoft Office suite. In general, Google understands these extensions:

Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) Adobe PostScript (PS) MacWrite (MW) Microsoft Excel (XLS) Microsoft PowerPoint (PPT) Microsoft Word (DOC) Microsoft Works (WDB, WKS, WPS) Microsoft Write (WRI) Rich Text Format (RTF ) Text (ANS, TXT)

And some others, more specific. If you are going to find the desired document, for example, it must be in Word format with the .docx extension, then you can try setting this parameter (without a dot before the extension) in the search line. It should look like this:

Document_name\file\movie\song filetype:file_type

For example:

Cactus purchase and sale agreement filetype:docx

By analogy with the exclusion of unnecessary information from search results that you know, you can, on the contrary, exclude unnecessary extensions from it and work only with certain types of them. We thus use the exclusion operator “-”. For example:

Cactus purchase and sale agreement -filetype:docx

All. There will be no pages with the agreement in Word format in the search results. There will be PDF, TXT, but not Word.

How to find the desired document on a specific website or domain.

Often, some users are faced with the task of finding the right document or simply looking at some information only on resources that have a higher degree of trust compared to others. For example, the domains .com, .edu, .org belong to government or educational institutions, which have greater information weight. Or we need to find out information or news from the original source. And it’s better to learn about the collapse of quotes on the English stock exchange not from the Israeli website, isn’t it? Therefore, it was better to probe English sources of information - this is the domain zone british.uk. Or Canadians – .ca. Or the French - fr. And so on.

So, to search only for a specific domain zone, specify the domain type in the search query using the “site:” operator. For example:

Site:.edu (don't forget the dot before the domain name)

And when typing information in a certain zone:

Do it yourself.:ru

Google will search results only on the Russian-language Internet (Runet).

By analogy with a domain zone, you can reduce the search location to a specific website. For example, if you need to read help about a particular event in the Windows operating system, it makes sense to turn to the original source. Search within the limits of only the official help from Microsoft on the official website. To do this, use the same operator in this form:

Error 000240767 site:www.microsoft.com (you cannot put a period before the address!)

All results found will only apply to this site.


2024 gtavrl.ru.