The concept of scientific and technical information, its sources and types. Classification of world information resources Technical information includes
A characteristic feature of the development of modern science is the rapid flow of new scientific data obtained as a result of research. More than 500 thousand books on various issues are published around the world every year. Even more magazines are being published. But despite this, a huge amount of scientific and technical information remains unpublished.
Information has the property of "aging". This is due to the emergence of new printed and unpublished information or a decrease in the need for this information. According to foreign data, the rate of decline in the value of information (“aging”) is approximately 10% per day for newspapers, 10% per month for magazines and 10% per year for books.
Thus, finding a new, advanced, scientific solution to this topic is a difficult task not only for one scientist, but also for a large team.
Insufficient use of global information leads to duplication of research. The amount of re-obtained data reaches 60 and even 80% in various fields of scientific and technical creativity. And these are losses that in the United States, for example, are estimated at many billions of dollars annually.
Each step on the path of scientific progress is achieved with more and more difficulty, at an ever more expensive price. Over the past four decades, a two- to three-fold increase in the amount of new scientific data has been accompanied in the world by an eight- to ten-fold increase in the volume of printed and handwritten information, a fifteen- to twenty-fold increase in the number of people in science, and a more than hundred-fold increase in allocations for science and for the development of its results.
To speed up the selection of the necessary documentation from the total volume and increase the efficiency of workers, a national scientific and technical information service (NTI) has been created in Ukraine.
The national service includes industry information centers - the Republican Institute of NTI, information centers, NTI departments (ONTI) in research institutes, design bureaus, and enterprises.
Information carriers can be various documents:
· books (textbooks, teaching aids, monographs);
· periodicals (magazines, bulletins, works of institutes, scientific collections);
· regulatory documents (standards, SNIPs, technical specifications, instructions, temporary instructions, regulatory tables, etc.);
· catalogs and price lists;
· patent documentation (patents, inventions);
· reports on research and development work;
· information publications (NTI collections, analytical reviews, information leaflets, express information, exhibition brochures, etc.);
· translations of foreign scientific and technical literature;
· materials of scientific, technical and production meetings;
· production and technical documentation of organizations (reports, work acceptance certificates, etc.);
· secondary documents (abstract reviews, bibliographic catalogs, abstract journals, etc.).
These documents create huge information flows, the pace of which increases every year.
There are upward and downward flows of information.
Upward is the flow of information from users to registration authorities. All scientific and technical information is registered at the Republican Institute of Scientific and Technical Information.
The executor of scientific and technical work (research institutes, universities, etc.), after approval of the work plan, is obliged to submit an information card to the Republican Institute of Scientific and Technical Information within a month. Upstream also includes articles submitted to various journals.
Downward is the flow of information in the form of bibliographic reviews, abstracts and other data, which is sent to grassroots organizations upon their requests.
The collection, storage and issuance of information is carried out by reference and information funds (RIF). The country has sectoral, republican and local (in research institutes, universities, design bureaus, etc.) SIF.
The SIF establishes a certain procedure for storing information. There are main and reference funds.
The fixed assets (books, magazines, translations, reports, etc.) are placed on shelves in alphabetical order by type of information. Dissertations, reports, project materials and other bulky documents are microfiltered with a reduction of 200 times or more. A report or dissertation of up to 150 pages is placed in a container with a diameter of 35 mm. Micro cards (105x148 mm) are also convenient. One map contains more than 80 pages of text.
The reference fund is secondary information documents of the main fund. It is represented mainly by bibliographic and abstract cards (125x75 mm), stored in catalog drawers.
The reference fund consists of the main card index (containing all published and unpublished documents stored in this CIF), catalogs and cards.
Using the alphabetical catalogue, you can find any information in this CIF by the name of the author, editor or by the title of the original source.
Using a systematic catalog, you can select information for various fields of knowledge. To speed up the search for the necessary information, a key is attached to the catalog - an alphabetical index.
The registration card file of periodicals contains information about magazines, collections, bulletins stored in this CIF (by year and number).
The standards file contains various regulatory documents - standards, norms, specifications, temporary instructions, etc.
Finding the necessary information becomes more difficult every year. Therefore, all scientists should know the basic principles associated with information retrieval.
Information search is a set of operations aimed at finding documents that are necessary to develop a topic. The search can be manual (carried out using ordinary bibliographic cards, card indexes, printed indexes), mechanical (the information carrier is punched cards), mechanized (based on the use of counting and punching machines) and automated (using a computer).
Information retrieval is carried out using an information retrieval language (IRL) - a semantic (notional) system of symbols and rules for their combination. In the information retrieval system, various options for IPL are used. Currently, the most widespread is the universal decimal classification of information documents (UDC).
The UDC divides all areas of knowledge into ten departments, each of which is divided into ten subsections, and a subsection into ten parts. Each part is detailed to the required degree. The structure of the UDC consists of groups of main indices and determinants. Groups are divided into subgroups of general and special determinants.
UDC is easily understood by employees of publishing houses and libraries, is conveniently encrypted, and has a relatively fast search for information on highly specialized topics.
In recent years, mechanized and automated search systems have been increasingly used, which eliminate the cumbersome nature of the UDC system.
Page
3
Technological information- this is information about the processes that determine the quality of organization, enterprise management and implementation of production, commercial or other activities, about technological advances that provide certain advantages in competition. Quality criteria can include, in particular, the speed of concluding and implementing transactions, the controllability of the company’s personnel, and the consumer properties of products and services.
Technological information may relate to the areas of management, marketing, forms and methods of financial management, production, as well as processes that determine a given level of business security.
In the scientific, technical and industrial spheres, this should include a description of technological processes, methods, technological modes that determine the given level of quality of products produced by the enterprise, economical use of consumables, minimal energy consumption, increased speed of technological processes, as well as compliance with environmental safety requirements.
This refers to technological processes that play a decisive role in terms of quality at all stages of design, creation, production and disposal of a product, as well as waste disposal. Obtaining unauthorized access to technological information allows a competing enterprise to independently repeat these processes without the owner’s permission.
Promising technologies, technological processes, techniques, and equipment can also be considered here.
Parametric characteristic information- these are quantitative parameters of the organization, management and implementation of business activities, according to which the enterprise has an advantage over its competitors. This type of trade secret includes comparative calculations of the effectiveness of implementing various options for entrepreneurial projects. In the field of finance, this is the price structure for products, internal price lists and tariffs, data on product costs, calculation of production costs, information on discounts provided, etc.
This type of information, as it relates to scientific and technical products, includes weight and size characteristics of products, space-time and other indicators of technological processes, parameters for the manufacture and processing of workpieces (cutting, milling, etc.), the course of physical, chemical and other processes .
Rice. 2. Main objects of the business security information base
Operating Information is a description of preventive, repair and other procedures necessary for the most efficient operation of equipment, machinery and mechanisms or other products, as well as procedures for the liquidation and disposal of products, allowing them to be repeated with the same effect without the permission of the owner of the information. This also includes methodological issues of using and managing the security system.
For conceptual, organizational, technological, characteristic and operational types of trade secrets, the fundamental approach to ensuring its economic and information security from unauthorized access is different. Identification of these types of secrets facilitates its identification, development of effective protection measures, analysis of the causes and localization of the consequences of information leakage.
In a generalized form, the main objects of the business security information base are presented in Fig. 2.
The sources and carriers of information constituting a trade secret include: employees of the enterprise; official printed documents; technical storage media; computer, organizational and other equipment; samples of the company's products that are in the development or preparation stage for production; industrial waste; open publications.
The value of the information that an employee has, as a rule, is directly proportional to his official position. It is in the worker's brain that the know-how is contained. At the same time, an employee can also act as a subject who has unauthorized access to a trade secret, creating conditions for its leakage due to malicious intent or negligence.
Some types of information that usually constitute a trade secret (plans, statistics, contracts with partners), the main objects of analysis of corporate identity are: a program for creating a corporate identity; degree (level) of corporate identity development; the carrier material from which products representing the corporate identity are made; corporate expectations that must be taken into account in the process of partnership interaction: financing, diversification, structural restructuring, reducing the tax burden, solving functional problems, ensuring security, increasing profits.
Recently, industrial espionage has become increasingly global. In April 1993, a representative of the CIA headquarters, L. Christchen, in an interview with Fortune magazine, noted that American intelligence was shifting the main focus of its activities from the military-political sphere to the sphere of global business. At the same time, American intelligence services are charged with not only penetrating macroeconomic secrets (advanced technologies, the state of energy and raw materials resources of foreign countries), but also collecting information in the interests of American corporations, which provide them with advantages in the fight against foreign competitors.
The German manufacturer of wind power generators Enercon became a victim of the Echelon satellite information interception system. His research laboratories developed a new technology that made it possible to generate electricity using wind energy much cheaper than before. But when the company tried to market its products in the United States, it encountered American competitor Kenetech, which said it had patented an almost identical design. The case ended in a very significant way: Kenetek sued Enercon, obtaining a ban on the sale of its products in the United States.
The situation with the purity of Kenetek's "patents" became clearer when an unnamed US National Security Agency official admitted in an interview with German television that the line of communication between the Enercon research laboratory, located on the North Sea coast, and the company's production division, located about 25 kilometers, monitored using satellites. And then all the data received about these developments was transferred to the NSA Kenetek.
Technical information media include paper media (punched cards, punched tapes), film and photographic materials (microfilms, films, etc.), magnetic media (disks, tapes), video discs, video films, printouts of data and programs on printers, information on screens Computers, industrial television installations, display boards for individual and collective use and others. The danger of technical media is determined by the high growth rate of the fleet of technical equipment and personal computers in operation, their widespread use in a wide variety of areas of human activity, the high degree of concentration of information on technical media and the scale of people’s participation in the use of these media in practical activities. To work with external memory, you must have a drive (a device that provides recording and (or) reading of information) and a storage device - a carrier. Main types of storage devices: floppy magnetic disk drives (FMD); hard magnetic disk drives (HDD); magnetic tape drives (NML); CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD drives.
The main types of media correspond to them:
flexible magnetic disks (Floppy Disk) (diameter 3.5'' and capacity 1.44 MB; diameter 5.25'' and capacity 1.2 MB (currently obsolete and practically not used, production of drives designed for disks with a diameter 5.25'', also discontinued)), disks for removable media;
hard magnetic disks (Hard Disk);
cassettes for streamers and other NML;
CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD discs.
Storage devices are usually divided into types and categories in connection with their operating principles, operational, technical, physical, software and other characteristics. For example, according to the operating principles, the following types of devices are distinguished: electronic, magnetic, optical and mixed - magneto-optical. Each type of device is organized on the basis of the corresponding technology for storing/reproducing/recording digital information. Therefore, in connection with the type and technical design of the information carrier, they distinguish: electronic, disk and tape devices.
Main characteristics of drives and media:
information capacity; speed of information exchange; reliability of information storage; cost.
Disk devices are divided into flexible (Floppy Disk) and hard (Hard Disk) drives and media. The main property of disk magnetic devices is the recording of information onto the media on concentric closed tracks using physical and logical digital encoding of information. The flat disk media rotates during the reading/writing process, which ensures servicing of the entire concentric track; reading and writing is carried out using magnetic read/write heads, which are positioned along the radius of the media from one track to another.
For the operating system, data on disks is organized into tracks and sectors. The tracks (40 or 80) are narrow concentric rings on the disk. Each track is divided into parts called sectors. When reading or writing, the device always reads or writes an integer number of sectors, regardless of the amount of information requested. The sector size on a floppy disk is 512 bytes. A cluster (or data cell) is the smallest disk area that the operating system uses when writing a file. Typically a cluster is one or more sectors. Removable media is used quite often. A fairly popular storage device is Zip. It is available as integrated or stand-alone units connected to a parallel port. These drives can store 100 and 250 MB of data on cartridges resembling a 3.5” floppy disk, provide an access time of 29 ms and data transfer speeds of up to 1 MB/s. If a device is connected to the system via a parallel port, then the data transfer rate is limited by the speed of the parallel port.
The Jaz drive is a type of removable hard disk drive. The capacity of the cartridge used is 1 or 2 GB. The disadvantage is the high cost of the cartridge. The main application is data backup.
In magnetic tape drives (most often such devices are streamers), recording is done on mini-cassettes. The capacity of such cassettes is from 40 MB to 13 GB, the data transfer speed is from 2 to 9 MB per minute, the tape length is from 63.5 to 230 m, the number of tracks is from 20 to 144.
CD-ROM is a read-only optical storage medium that can store up to 650 MB of data. Accessing data on a CD-ROM is faster than data on floppy disks, but slower than on hard drives. CD-ROM is a one-way storage medium. More popular are CD-RW drives, which allow you to write and rewrite CD-RW discs, write CD-R discs, read CD-ROM discs, i.e. are in a certain sense universal.
The abbreviation DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disk, i.e. universal digital disk. Having the same dimensions as a regular CD and a very similar operating principle, it holds an extremely large amount of information - from 4.7 to 17 GB. Perhaps it is precisely because of its large capacity that it is called universal. True, today the DVD disc is actually used in only two areas: for storing video films (DVD-Video or simply DVD) and ultra-large databases (DVD-ROM, DVD-R).
26-27.input/output device- a component of a standard computer architecture that provides the computer with the ability to interact with the outside world and, in particular, with users and other computers.
Divided into:
---Input device:-Graphic input devices Scanner, Video and Web camera, Digital camera, Video capture card, Microphone, Digital voice recorder
Text input devices: Keyboard
Pointing devices: Mouse, Trackball, Trackpoint, Touchpad, Joystick, Roller Mouse, Graphics tablet, Light pen, Analog joystick, Touchscreen
Gaming input devices: Joystick, Pedal, Gamepad, Steering wheel, Flight simulator lever (wheel, Airplane control stick), Dance platform
---Output device-Devices for displaying visual information: Monitor (display), Projector, Printer, Plotter, Optical drive with disc marking function, LEDs (on a system unit or laptop, for example, informing about disc reading/writing)
Audio output devices: Built-in speaker, Speakers, Headphones
---I/O devices: Magnetic drum , Streamer , Drive , HDD , Various ports , Various network interfaces.
Channels input-output channel (English IOC - input-output channel), hereinafter referred to as IOC, and interfaces provide interaction between the central devices of the machine and peripheral devices.
KVVs are logically independent devices that operate under the control of their own programs located in memory.
KVV and interfaces perform the following functions
Allows you to have machines with a variable composition of peripheral devices.
Ensure parallel operation of peripheral devices both among themselves and in relation to the processor.
Provide automatic recognition and response of the processor to various situations arising in peripheral devices.
Multiplex channel
The channel itself is fast, but serves a slow peripheral device. At the same time, having connected to one device, it sends one machine word, and after that connects to another.
Selector channel
The channel is fast and serves fast devices. At the same time, having connected to one device, it transmits all the information, and after that it connects to another device.
28. Keyboard, key assignments- a computer device that is located in front of the display screen and is used for typing text and controlling the computer using the keys on the keyboard.
All keys can be divided into several groups:
alphanumeric keys; function keys; control keys; cursor keys;
number keys. In the center are alphanumeric keys, very similar to the keys of a regular typewriter. They contain numbers, special characters (“!”, “:”, “*”, etc.), letters of the Russian alphabet, Latin letters. Using these keys you will type all kinds of texts, arithmetic expressions, and write down your programs. At the bottom of the keyboard there is a large key without symbols on it - “Space”. "Space" is used to separate words and expressions from each other. Russian keyboards are bilingual, so their keys have characters from both the Russian and English alphabets. In the Russian language mode, texts are typed in Russian, English - in English. The alphanumeric keyboard is the main part of the keyboard with the alphanumeric keys on which the characters are drawn, along with all the closely adjacent control keys. The function keys F1 – F12, located at the top of the keyboard, are programmed to perform certain actions (functions). So, very often the F1 key is used to call up help.
To move the cursor, use the cursor keys; they have arrows pointing up, down, left, and right. These keys move the cursor one position in the corresponding direction. The PageUp and PageDown keys allow you to “scroll” the document up and down, and the Home and End keys move the cursor to the beginning and end of the line.
The Esc key is located in the upper corner of the keyboard. Usually serves to abandon an action just performed.
The Shift, Ctrl, alt keys correct the actions of other keys.
Numeric keys – when the Num Lock indicator is on, a convenient keypad with numbers and arithmetic symbols is available. Arranged like a calculator. If the Num Lock indicator is off, then cursor control mode works
29, Memory devices, computer classification, principle of operation, basic characteristics. storage device - a storage medium intended for recording and storing data. The operation of a storage device can be based on any physical effect that brings the system to two or more stable states.
Classification storage devices
Based on the stability of recording and the possibility of rewriting, memories are divided into: - Permanent storage (ROM), the contents of which cannot be changed by the end user (for example, BIOS). ROM in operating mode allows only reading information. ---Writable memory (PROM), in which the end user can write information only once (for example, CD-R).---Multiple-rewritable memory (PROM) (for example, CD-RW).--Run-access memory (RAM) ) provide a mode for recording, storing and reading information during its processing. Fast but expensive RAM (SRAM) is built on flip-flops, while slower but cheaper types of RAM - dynamic memory (DRAM) are built on capacitors. In both types of memory, information disappears after disconnection from the power source (for example, current).
By type of access, storage devices are divided into: - Sequential access devices (for example, magnetic tapes). - Random access (RAM) devices (for example, random access memory). - Direct access devices (for example, hard magnetic disks). .---Devices with associative access (special devices to increase database performance) By geometric design:--disk (magnetic disks, optical, magneto-optical);---tape (magnetic tapes, punched paper tape);--drum (magnetic drums );--card (magnetic cards, punched cards, flash cards, etc.)---printed circuit boards (DRAM cards, cartridges).
According to the physical principle: - perforated (with holes or cutouts) – punched card ===punched tape==with magnetic recording ==ferrite cores==magnetic disks ==Hard magnetic disk==Floppy magnetic disk==magnetic tapes==magnetic cards =optical ==CD==DVD==HD-DVD==Blu-ray Disc
Main characteristics of the memory
The most important characteristics of a memory are information capacity and speed.
The information capacity of a memory is determined by the number of units of information that can be stored in it. As a rule, information capacity refers only to the useful volume of stored information; it does not include the size of memory occupied by service information, for example, reserve areas, sync tracks, engineering cylinders, etc. The performance of the memory is characterized by its timing characteristics, which include:
The access time (cycle time) characterizes the maximum frequency of access to a given memory when reading or writing information. The time for reading (sampling) information is the time interval for accessing the memory from the submission of the read signal to the receipt of the output signal. Information recording time is the time interval from the moment the signal is sent to access the memory until the moment the memory is ready to receive the next piece of information. Important characteristics of the charger are also reliability, device weight, dimensions, power consumption and cost.
30, Microprocessors,their characteristics, controllers. Microprocessor - a processor (a device responsible for performing arithmetic, logical and control operations written in machine code), implemented in the form of a single chip or a set of several specialized chips (as opposed to the implementation of a processor in the form of an electrical circuit on a general-purpose element base or in the form of a program model). The first microprocessors appeared in the 1970s and were used in electronic calculators. Soon they began to be built into other devices, such as terminals, printers and various automation systems. Affordable 8-bit microprocessors with 16-bit addressing enabled the creation of the first consumer microcomputers in the mid-1970s. Microprocessors are characterized by: 1) clock frequency, which determines the maximum execution time for switching elements in a computer;
2) bit depth, i.e. the maximum number of simultaneously processed binary bits. 3) architecture. The concept of microprocessor architecture includes a system of commands and addressing methods, the ability to combine the execution of commands in time, the presence of additional devices in the microprocessor, principles and modes of its operation .Microcontroller(eng. Micro Controller Unit, MCU) - a microcircuit designed to control electronic devices. A typical microcontroller combines the functions of a processor and peripheral devices and contains RAM or ROM. Essentially, it is a single-chip computer capable of performing simple tasks. The most important characteristics of a microprocessor are:
31. Microcomputers and their classes. Computers of this class are available to many enterprises. Organizations using microcomputers usually do not create computer centers. To maintain such a computer, they only need a small computing laboratory consisting of several people. The staff of a computing laboratory necessarily includes programmers, although they are not directly involved in program development. The necessary system programs are usually purchased together with the microcomputer, and the development of the necessary application programs is ordered to larger computer centers or specialized organizations. The following classification of microcomputers can be given: -- Universal -- Multi-user microcomputers are powerful microcomputers equipped with several video terminals and operating in time-sharing mode, which allows several users to work effectively on them at once. -- Personal computers (PCs) are single-user microcomputers that meet the requirements of general accessibility and versatility of use, designed for one user and controlled by one person - Laptop computers are usually needed by business leaders, managers, scientists, journalists who have to work outside the office - at home, at presentations or in business trip time.
Main types of laptop computers:
Laptop. It is close in size to a regular briefcase. In terms of basic characteristics (speed, memory) it is approximately the same as a desktop PC. Now computers of this type are giving way to even smaller ones.
Notebook. It is closer in size to a large format book. It weighs about 3 kg. Fits in a briefcase. To communicate with the office, it is usually equipped with a modem. Laptops often come with CD-ROM drives. Many modern laptops include interchangeable units with standard connectors. You can insert a CD drive, a magnetic disk drive, a spare battery, or a removable hard drive into the same slot as needed. The laptop is resistant to power failures. Even if it receives energy from a regular power supply, in case of any failure it instantly switches to battery power.
Palmtop (handheld) is the smallest modern personal computer. Fits in the palm of your hand. Magnetic disks are replaced by non-volatile electronic memory. There are no disk drives either - the exchange of information with ordinary computers goes through communication lines.
Despite the relatively low performance compared to large computers, microcomputers are also used in large computer centers. There they are entrusted with auxiliary operations for which there is no point in using expensive supercomputers. Such tasks, for example, include preliminary data preparation.
Servers are multi-user powerful microcomputers in computer networks, dedicated to processing requests from all network stations. Servers are usually classified as microcomputers. Server is a computer dedicated to processing requests from all stations of a computer network, providing these stations with access to shared system resources (computing power, databases, program libraries, printers, faxes, etc.) and distributing these resources.
P The primary source for creating information publications is scientific, industrial and technical literature. By recording the immediate results of scientific research and technical developments, it forms the primary flow of scientific and technical information. Its main element is the primary scientific document, which is a scientific work presented in writing, i.e. fixed on a tangible medium. A scientific document is called a primary document because it records the direct results of scientific research and technical developments and production activities.
The primary flow of scientific and technical information includes a variety of published and unpublished primary documents. Published articles include scientific and engineering monographs, articles in scientific, scientific-technical, industrial journals and collections, descriptions of inventions, etc. The basis of the flow of published scientific documents is made up of periodicals (magazines and collections), which account for up to 70% of all published scientific documents. technical information. Unpublished (unpublished) include reports on research and development work, dissertations, abstracts of dissertations, deposited manuscripts, scientific translations from foreign journals, design documentation for non-standard equipment.
Growing rapidly, the flow of primary documents literally overwhelms scientists and specialists interested in the rapid use of information on areas of science and technology that interest them. Serious obstacles to the assimilation of new information are their scattering across various documents (in particular, due to the differentiation of science), lack of awareness of information consumers, interlingual and other barriers. Thus, the reader (consumer of information) is unable to independently monitor the entire flow of primary documents on his profile.
Scientific information activities, which arose from the need to provide scientists, engineers and other workers in the national economy with the scientific and technical information they need, are aimed at eliminating interference. The increasing pace of scientific and technological progress led to the creation in our country of a state system of scientific and technical information (GSNTI). It includes NTI bodies of four levels: 1) all-Union; 2) central industry ones; 3) territorial (republican institutes, intersectoral centers and sectoral republican NTI services); 4) information departments (bureaus) in research institutes, design, engineering and other organizations.
Scientific and information activities at GSNTI include collection, analytical and synthetic processing, storage, search and dissemination of scientific and technical information. A special role among these procedures is given to analytical and synthetic processing of information. It refers to creative processes that include comprehension, analysis and evaluation of the content of documents in order to extract the necessary information. The processes of analytical and synthetic processing include: bibliography, annotation, abstracting and preparation of reviews. As a result of these processes, a bibliographic description, annotation, abstract, and review are obtained. ASPI is also associated with indexing documents, extracting facts from their content and, to some extent, translating from foreign languages.
A bibliographic description is a set of information about a document (its part or group of documents) necessary and sufficient for its general characteristics and identification.
An annotation is a brief description of a document (a set or part of documents) in terms of content, purpose and form. Typically, an annotation is used to supplement the bibliographic description and thereby characterize the source document in more detail.
The abstract, unlike the annotation, sets out the content of the primary document. Moreover, GOST 7.9-77 requires that it include “as much information as possible contained in the primary document.” However, it must be taken into account that the volume of the abstract is usually regulated. Therefore, it can be given the following definition. An abstract is a semantically adequate, limited in volume and at the same time possible complete presentation of the main content of the primary document, characterized by a consistent structure and intended to perform a variety of information functions when used by readers of various categories.
A review is a systematic presentation of information on a specific topic based on an analysis of the content of a certain set of documents in order to assess the state, trends and prospects for the development of the subject of review.
Thus, through analytical and synthetic processing of primary documents, it is possible to carry out a high-quality selection of information and present it in a condensed, condensed form that provides information about the primary source (bibliographic description, abstract), about its main content (abstract) or about any subject ( review). New documents obtained as a result of analytical and synthetic processing are called secondary.
All the main results of the activities of NTI bodies are implemented in the editorial and publishing process. Thematic divisions specializing in the relevant fields of science, technology, economics, and editorial and publishing departments or departments (RIO) in institutions, enterprises, etc. participate in the preparation and publication of information publications in NTI bodies.
NTI bodies create and form two information flows: downward and upward. The first of them includes the results of a centralized analytical and synthetic processing of all published world and unpublished domestic literature on science and technology. The second stream is formed from unpublished documents that directly reflect the results of research and development work, best production practices, etc. This flow goes from the fourth level NTI bodies to the higher NTI bodies (central, sectoral, republican, all-union), where it is processed and included, as already mentioned, in the downward flow, which consists of secondary documents formed into information publications.
Secondary documents differ both in the nature of the information and in their intended purpose. These differences serve as the basis for identifying types of information publications. In general, an information publication is understood as a publication that contains systematized information about published and unpublished works in a form convenient for quick reference, published by scientific and technical information bodies, as well as other organizations engaged in information activities. Depending on the nature of the information included and the intended purpose, information publications are divided into bibliographic, abstract and review.
Bibliographic publications include current, recommendatory retrospective bibliographic indexes. Abstract publications include abstract journals, abstract collections, express information and fact sheets. For review publications - a review on one issue, direction (mono-edition) and a collection of reviews.
The nature of information, the functional specificity of information publications and their consumer purpose must be taken into account, starting from the stage of planning the publishing activities of NTI bodies. In order to ensure the targeted release of information publications, their completeness and simultaneous differentiation in relevant scientific and technical areas, taking into account information needs, planning and coordination of publishing activities in the NTI system is carried out centrally by the State Committee on Science and Technology.
The plans of the all-Union NTI bodies provide for the release of current bibliographic indexes on published sources of wide circulation (books, journals, patents, standards, etc.), indexes of deposited works, abstract journals and collections, express information, as well as review publications.
UNTICs provide for the publication of current bibliographic indexes on unpublished and departmental materials, retrospective and recommendatory indexes, scientific and technical abstract collections, express information and analytical reviews.
Republican information institutes include in the draft plan current bibliographic indexes reflecting the republican fund of documents; indexes of introduced and recommended inventions; retrospective bibliographic indexes; abstract collections in the national language based on upstream materials; review publications.
When considering plans, attention is paid to ensuring that there is no parallelism or duplication of materials in publications of various bodies, so that scientifically and practically valuable sources and information are reflected; An important requirement is the economical use of paper and the reduction of publication costs.
The organization and forms of editorial and publishing work in SSNTI do not have a common basis and are diverse. Many factors influence the solution to this issue: the type of information publication; the place and role in the NTI system of the information body that prepares and publishes publications (all-Union, central, industry, republican); who performs the functions of the editor (for example, the role of a scientific editor in the NTI system is often performed by an employee of a specialized unit); where the original information publication is prepared (directly in the NTI body or at any enterprise in the serviced industry); is the production (printing) division included in RIO, etc. There is no uniform procedure for evaluating handwritten material. Typically, NTI bodies limit themselves to an internal working assessment of materials being prepared for publication. Such an assessment may include preliminary and final decisions. The preliminary decision, as a rule, prepared by the editor, boils down to the following: recognize the original (manuscript) as suitable for publication, return it for revision (to the compiler, referee), send it for review to a specialized unit, submit it for discussion by management or the editorial board. The final decision on the release of an information publication should be made on the basis of official collective discussion among specialists (on the editorial board, editorial board, etc.).
External assessment in the form of reviewing is usually applied to review publications. However, this is done in cases where it is not possible to limit ourselves to the assessment of specialists within the information body.
When working on an information publication, the editor follows the general principles of the theory and practice of editing, achieving its ideological, scientific, informational and literary unity.
Scientific and technical information, as a social phenomenon, inevitably bears the imprint of the politics and ideology of the ruling classes. Therefore, the editor needs to rely on critical analysis, assessing the information provided from the standpoint of public information needs determined by the tasks of communist construction. The critical approach is based on party integrity, deep ideological conviction, and the ability to apply the provisions of Marxist-Leninist teaching to analyze the content of an information document.
Accepted
at the fifteenth plenary
meeting of the Interparliamentary Assembly
CIS member states
(resolution No. 15-10
dated June 13, 2000)
MODEL LAW
About scientific and technical information
This Law establishes the legal framework for regulating legal relations related to the creation, accumulation, search, receipt, storage, processing, distribution and use of scientific and technical information.
Chapter 1. General provisions
Article 1. Basic terms,
used in this Law
For the purposes of this Law, the terms below have the following meanings:
scientific and technical information- information about documents and facts obtained in the course of scientific, scientific-technical, innovative and social activities;
documented scientific and technical information- scientific and technical information recorded on a tangible medium with details that allow its identification;
scientific and technical information resources- documented scientific and technical information, organized into reference and information funds and scientific and technical data bases;
reference and information funds- a set of ordered primary documents (books, brochures, periodicals, patent documentation, regulatory and technical documentation, industrial catalogs, design documentation, reporting scientific and technical documentation on research, development and experimental technological work, deposited manuscripts, translations scientific and technical literature and documentation, other published and unpublished scientific and technical documents) recorded on paper, audiovisual, computer and other tangible media, and a reference and retrieval device designed to meet the information needs of users (consumers) of scientific and technical information;
scientific and technical database- a set of data that is sufficient for the stated purpose and is presented on computer media in a form that allows automated processing of the information contained in it;
bank of scientific and technical data- an automated information retrieval system, consisting of one or more scientific and technical data bases and a system for storing, processing and retrieving information in them;
scientific and technical information products- materialized result of information scientific and technical activity, intended to meet the information needs of users (consumers) of scientific and technical information;
scientific and technical information system- an ordered set of scientific and technical information resources and organizational and technological means that implement the processes of creation, collection, processing, systematization, search and provision of scientific and technical information to meet the needs of the state, legal entities and individuals;
body of scientific and technical information- specialized organization or structural unit of an enterprise or organization carrying out scientific and information activities and scientific research in this area;
information Center- a specialized organization carrying out scientific and information activities in an industry or region;
author (co-authors) of scientific and technical information- person(s) whose creative work(s) created scientific and technical information as a result of intellectual activity;
holder of exclusive rights to objects of scientific and technical information (hereinafter referred to as the copyright holder)- the state as the subject of legal relations in the field of scientific and technical information, legal entities and individuals who manage and use documented scientific and technical information, its resources and systems in accordance with state legislation;
user (consumer) of scientific and technical information- a subject of legal relations in the field of scientific and technical information, accessing reference and information funds, scientific and technical information systems or intermediaries to obtain the necessary documented scientific and technical information;
developer of scientific and technical information- a subject of legal relations in the field of scientific and technical information, authorized by the author (co-authors) or copyright holder to provide a set of actions related to the creation, collection, systematization, storage, distribution and provision of scientific and technical information to the user (consumer), to act as an intermediary between the author (co-authors) ), copyright holder, user (consumer) in the field of scientific and information activities;
intermediary in the field of scientific and technical information- subject of legal relations in the field of scientific and technical information, selling scientific and technical information products on behalf of the author (co-author) or copyright holder;
scientific and information activities- a set of actions related to the creation, collection, systematization, analytical and synthetic processing, recording, storage, distribution and provision of scientific and technical information to the user (consumer).
Article 2. Subjects of legal relations in the field of scientific and technical information
The subjects of legal relations in the field of scientific and technical information can be the state represented by government bodies, legal entities and individuals.
Subjects of legal relations in the field of scientific and technical information can act as:
- author (co-authors) of scientific and technical information;
- copyright holder;
- users (consumers) of scientific and technical information;
- developers of scientific and technical information;
- intermediaries in the field of scientific and technical information.
Article 3. Objects of scientific and technical information
The objects of scientific and technical information are:
- documented scientific and technical information;
- resources of scientific and technical information;
- scientific and technical information systems.
Chapter 2. State policy in the field of scientific and technical information
Citizens of the state, in accordance with the constitution and other legislative acts, are guaranteed the right to receive, store and disseminate complete, reliable and timely scientific and technical information, except for cases provided for by law.
In order to implement the state scientific and technical policy in the field of scientific and technical information and the formation of national resources of scientific and technical information, the state provides:
- the right of individuals and legal entities, regardless of form of ownership, to receive, store, process, distribute and use scientific and technical information, as well as protect the rights and interests of the author (co-authors), copyright holders and take measures to protect against unauthorized access to it;
- creation of infrastructure for scientific and information activities of republican, industry, regional bodies for the collection and processing of all types of scientific and technical data;
- introduction of new information technologies and technical means;
- development of analytical information intended for decision-making;
- support for the processes of creation, dissemination and organization of the use of scientific and technical information in the fields of science, engineering, technology, education, production and management;
- conditions for expanding contacts between scientists and specialists through their participation in conferences, symposiums, seminars, exhibitions at the state and international levels;
- formation of scientific and technical information resources;
- creation of a registration and accounting mechanism that ensures the collection, processing and dissemination of information about completed research, developments, dissertations, deposited manuscripts, new and high technologies, databases and banks of scientific and technical data and other types of scientific and technical work;
- training and retraining of personnel in the field of scientific and information activities through the system of higher and secondary specialized educational institutions, training of users (consumers) of scientific and technical information through special course training;
- development of international cooperation and interstate exchange of scientific and technical information;
- financial support for the creation and development of scientific and technical information bodies, state and non-state information centers.
Article 5. State management of activities in the field of scientific and technical information
State management of activities in the field of scientific and technical information is carried out by the national body of state management of scientific and information activities. It organizes the functioning of subordinate bodies of scientific and technical information and implements a unified state policy in the field of scientific and technical information.
Article 6. Resources of scientific and technical information
Scientific and technical information resources created on the basis of state and private forms of ownership are the basis for the creation of a unified information space and the implementation of state policy in the field of scientific and technical information.
The sources for the formation of scientific and technical information resources are reference and information funds and scientific and technical data bases. The composition of scientific and technical information resources may also include resources formed on the basis of international treaties.
The procedure for registration and accounting of scientific and technical information is determined by the state government.
Article 7. National Fund of Scientific and Technical Information Resources
The National Fund of Scientific and Technical Information Resources is a collection of central, sectoral and regional reference and information funds.
The sources and procedure for financing the national fund of scientific and technical information resources are determined by state legislation.
Chapter 3. Legal regime of scientific and technical information
The legal regime of scientific and technical information is regulated by the current legislation of the state. Scientific and technical information created as a result of intellectual activity is intellectual property.
The author (co-authors) of scientific and technical information owns personal non-property and property rights to the results of their activities.
The state is the copyright holder in relation to scientific and technical information created or acquired at the expense of budgetary funds.
The copyright holder in relation to scientific and technical information created or acquired at the expense of non-state funds is a legal entity or individual to whom these rights are transferred under an agreement.
The copyright holder has the right to use objects of scientific and technical information at his own discretion in any form and in any way, if this does not contradict the legislation of the state.
Article 9. Legal relations between subjects in the field of scientific and technical information
The procedure for obtaining scientific and technical information by the user (consumer) is determined by the author (co-authors), copyright holder in accordance with state legislation.
The user (consumer) of scientific and technical information objects, in accordance with state legislation, is responsible for violating the rights of the author (co-authors) or copyright holder. The user (consumer) has the right to transfer the received scientific and technical information to a third party, unless otherwise established by state legislation or an agreement between the user (consumer) and its author (co-authors), copyright holder.
An intermediary may, with the permission of the author (co-authors), copyright holder, acquire the right to provide scientific and technical information to the user (consumer).
Relations between the author (co-authors), copyright holder, developer, intermediary are regulated by an agreement between them in accordance with state legislation.
Article 10. Responsibility for violation of state legislation in the field of scientific and technical information
Legal entities and individuals who have violated state legislation in the field of scientific and technical information are liable in accordance with the law.
Chapter 4. Bodies of scientific and technical information
Bodies of scientific and technical information include national, sectoral and regional centers of scientific and technical information, structural divisions of enterprises, institutions, organizations, scientific, scientific and technical, special libraries and funds, as well as bodies of scientific and technical information of private ownership, the subject of their activities is information support for users (consumers) of scientific and technical information.
The structure and functions of state bodies of scientific and technical information are determined by the national body of state management of scientific and information activities.
The structure and functions of scientific and technical information bodies of private ownership are determined by the copyright holder in accordance with state legislation.
The interaction of state bodies of scientific and technical information and bodies of scientific and technical information of private ownership is ensured by the national body of state management of scientific and information activities.
Article 12. Main tasks of scientific and technical information bodies
The main tasks of scientific and technical information bodies are:
- collection, processing, storage and dissemination of scientific and technical information;
- formation on the basis of domestic and foreign sources of resources and systems of scientific and technical information;
- analytical and synthetic processing of primary sources, creation on this basis and dissemination of documented scientific and technical information to provide it to government agencies, legal entities and individuals;
- organization of international exchange of scientific and technical information.
Article 13. Activities of scientific and technical information bodies of private ownership
Bodies of scientific and technical information of private ownership have the right to participate in scientific and information activities on an equal basis with state bodies of scientific and technical information in accordance with state legislation.
Chapter 5. Market for objects of scientific and technical information
Objects of scientific and technical information are objects of civil rights and appear on the market as a product in the form of scientific and technical information products.
The market for scientific and technical information products is formed taking into account the restrictions established by state legislation.
Legal entities and individuals act on the market of scientific and technical information products as equal partners.
Article 15. Price policy in the field of scientific and technical information
The pricing policy in the field of scientific and technical information should help ensure equal opportunities for individuals and legal entities to access scientific and technical information.
The price policy in the field of scientific and technical information is determined by the state government.
Chapter 6. International relations in the field of scientific and technical information
Subjects of legal relations in the field of scientific and technical information can carry out international cooperation in accordance with the legislation and international treaties of the state.
Coordination of the international exchange of scientific and technical information and international cooperation in this area is carried out by the state management body for activities in the field of scientific and technical information in accordance with international treaties of the state.
Article 17. Export and import of scientific and technical information
Subjects of legal relations in the field of scientific and technical information can export and import scientific and technical information in accordance with the legislation and international treaties of the state.
Article 18. Rights of foreign citizens, stateless persons and foreign legal entities
Foreign citizens, stateless persons and foreign legal entities enjoy the rights provided for by this Law, other acts of state legislation in the field of scientific and technical information, and bear responsibility on an equal basis with citizens and legal entities of the state, unless otherwise determined by the constitution, laws and international treaties of the state .
The text of the document is verified according to:
"News bulletin
Interparliamentary Assembly
states - participants of the CIS",
N 25, 2000