Connecting an asus router. Setting up an Asus router: nuances and tricks available to professionals


How to connect an Asus WiFi router?






Nowadays, many people install a router with wireless Internet at home. Usually a technician comes for installation and does all the work of drawing the necessary wires, connecting the router and configuring it. However, it happens that installing and configuring a router is a paid service and the apartment owner is not ready to pay extra money for it. In this case, he wants to connect the Wi-Fi router himself, but often does not know how.

Let's look together at how to connect and configure an Asus Wi-Fi router yourself.

How to connect an Asus router

All routers today are made basically according to the same standard. Therefore, connecting the router will not be difficult. To do this you need:

  1. Connect the wire from the provider to the WAN port to the router. You just need to run a wire from the front door to the router.
  2. Then we connect the wire from the LAN port of the router to the computer, so that later you can configure the router.
  3. We connect the router to the power supply.

The remaining LAN ports can be used to connect other computers, laptops, printers and any equipment that can work with the router. After turning on the router, a wireless network will appear, but you still need to configure the router.

How to configure an Asus router correctly

Having connected the router to the computer via a wire, we begin setting up the router. However, if the computer does not see the connected router, then you must first install the necessary drivers, which can be found on the disk for the router or download drivers for the network card from the Internet.

After this, we begin the setup:

  1. Open any browser and enter “192.168.1.1” in the address bar. The router setup menu will open.
  2. In the window, enter your username and password to get to the router menu. You can view your login and password in the documentation for the router or on the back cover of the router itself. Typically, the username and password are the word “admin”. If, after entering the correct username and password, nothing happens, then you can reset all the router settings to factory settings. To do this, press the “reset” button on the router for ten seconds.
  3. The router menu will have several sections. In the provider data section, you must enter all the data that the provider provided for connection. You can find them in the documentation, on the provider’s website, or find out more by calling the provider. However, usually the settings are determined automatically by the router and there is no such need.
  4. In the Wi-Fi wireless network settings section, you need to set a new network name and a new password that only you will know. This is done to prevent neighbors from using your Internet.
  5. You can also change the login and password for accessing the settings of the router in the router settings.
  6. Save the new values ​​and reboot the router.

Now you can use the Asus router.

Good day, dear readers. Today we will figure out how to set up the Asus RT G32 router literally on your knees, as experienced men and women like to say. So let's get started.

As I understand it, you and I have already purchased this router and connected to the Internet from your favorite provider. First of all, we need a patch cord (most companies, including Asus, put it in the box with the new router).

General setup of the Asus router

We take our router in our hands and start setting it up. First, we take out the provider cable from the network card of your computer and connect it to the WAN port on the router, and the new cable to the first LAN port. We plug the second plug into the computer’s network card. This method is used with the Asus RT G32 model, and with any other router or router:

Wiring diagram

Next, you need to configure obtaining an IP address on the network card. The Asus device will generate the address automatically. Therefore, in Windows XP, right-click on the tray icon, select “Status”, click “Properties” and click “Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)” - then you need the “Properties” button:

Setting up a network card

In the address bar of the Browser we type the IP address, which is usually indicated on the back side of the router box - 192.168.1.1, as well as the login (admin) and password (admin), which are suitable for any Asus devices. Your RT G32 WiFi router should display the page:

When you turn it on for the first time, Asus suggests not setting anything up:

Automatic setup

We don’t agree with Asus’s proposal and go to “Home Page”:

Main settings page

We assign the desired interface language (further, the router settings will be given on the basis that the interface language is “Russian”). The Asus RT G32 router is mostly configured on the “General” tab. Different providers use different protocols: PPTP (Rostelecom), L2TP (Beeline). Before the Asus RT G32 router is configured, Rostelecom must issue seven parameters:

  1. On the “WAN” tab, in the “WAN connection type” field, select “PPTP” - there are no parameters here;
  2. In the fields “Setting up the WAN IP address” and “Setting up the DNS WAN”, check the “No” box and fill in the fields of the above sections with the data that your provider gave you (IP address, DNS address, subnet mask, gateway);
  3. Also provide your username and password as specified in the agreement.
  4. Pay attention to the section “Special requirements of your Internet service provider”: in the “HeaRT-Beat or PPTP/L2TP Server” field, indicate the parameters that you need to clarify with your provider by calling support. Otherwise, the router will not be able to create a VPN connection in principle. The support service of Asus, that is, the manufacturer of the router, has nothing to do with it. By the way, you can also assign a computer’s MAC address to the router, but not everyone needs this.

configure WAN port

If we talk about L2TP, there will be fewer letters and numbers.

A small example. When setting up the Asus RT G32 router in practice, Beeline for some reason said one word! This was the name of the VPN server. Everything is correct: the login and password are specified in the contract, and DNS and IP will be obtained automatically (the “Yes” checkbox in the “2” list).

Setting up a wireless connection

In theory, the Asus RT G32 router works using the N150 protocol, despite the letter G in its name. This means that Asus needs to work on the names. The Asus RT G32 device has the following features:

  1. On the “General” tab of the router’s main page, select “Wireless Network”. In the SSID (network identifier) ​​field we indicate the name of the wireless connection distributed by the router. You can give the network the name Asus RT G32, but, in general, any name is suitable. Next to the “Hide SSID” field, check the “No” box.
  2. Authentication Method – Select “WPA2-Personal”. WPA encryption – select “AES”. We would do the same with the RT N12 router, and in general with any Asus device that implements the AES method.
  3. Create and enter a password. The tooltip on the right indicates reliability. Your Asus RT G32 router uses up to 8 numbers and letters, but only in English.

Leave the remaining values ​​as default:

Wireless network

Click “Apply”. Nothing more is required! We looked at how to configure the Asus RT G32 router so that it “distributes Wi-Fi.” Now you need to configure the network card on your PC or laptop. I hope the reader understands that this must be a Wi-Fi card. Enable it first, and if it is already enabled, a notification will appear in the tray that the network has been detected:

Wireless networks detected

The asus RT G32 router is now fully configured. Laptop or computer is not configured. Therefore, you need to click on the new icon and select one connection in the window that appears (for example, Asus RT G32 is the SSID of our router). Having found the desired network, right-click on the name and select the “Security” tab. Here you set the encryption method and password:

Encryption method

As you remember, our Asus RT G32 router is configured for WPA2-AES. We choose the same thing here - the network is already working, the router “distributes” it!

Wireless network setup video

Next we will look at how the Asus RT G32 is configured for specific applications. We will talk about the DC++ file sharing network, but not only. Know that the Asus RT G32 router allows you to connect to your computer via RDP (remote desktop). That's what we'll do, and we'll also try to update the firmware ourselves.

How to set up a connection with the DC++ client

When the Internet connection works through a router, for example Asus or D-Link, only it is responsible for addressing, and not the computer’s network card. The router accepts Internet requests and redirects them to the IP address that it dynamically assigned to the network card. Because of this, some applications, such as the DC++ file-sharing client, have problems accessing the service. Any router has this property, and the Asus RT G32 model will be no exception. You need to perform several manipulations on the router - namely, port forwarding, i.e. configure the correct operation of the network with your router, and the router with the computer. So let's get started.

In order to start port forwarding, you need to find a special tab. In the interface of the Asus RT G32 router, the “WAN” menu contains six tabs. We discussed above how to open the first of them. Study the beginning of the article and follow the steps with the router up to “step 1”. All you have to do is go to the “Virtual Server” tab - this is one of the tabs in the “WAN” menu (on the left side of the window):

Setting up a van port

In this menu, you can create forwarding rules, although Asus has included several ready-made templates in its router. Make sure that the “Enable virtual server” checkbox is set to “Yes”. Now you can start setting up not the router, but the client.

In the DC++ connection settings, select the “Firewall with manual redirection” mode. In case of file sharing within the network, in the “External / WAN IP” field, you need to enter the address that is valid for the provider’s local network - this address is assigned to the WAN port of the router. If the DC++ client accesses the external Internet, you will need to indicate your dedicated IP address (contact your provider for information).

In the “Ports: TCP and UDP” field you need to enter the values ​​of the ports on which you plan further operation of DC++. It is better to choose one value that is easy to remember, but at the same time it is not occupied by the system. Use the link:

  • Port (TCP/IP)

Setting up ds++

After all the steps, let's return to setting up the router - namely, to the graphical interface of the Asus RT G32.

Setting up a route

On the router, in the “Service Name” field, indicate the name of our rule – for example, “DC++” (optional). Then, in the “Port range” field, specify the value of the port from which you want to redirect external traffic to the internal network behind the router. In the “Local IP address” field, you must specify the value of the PC’s IP address on the local network. You can find out this IP address in the “Status” of the connection, and you will specify the same numbers in the settings of the Asus RT G32:

Looking at the properties

In the “Local Port” field you will indicate the value of the port that is configured on the computer (the port in the DC++ client). In the “Protocol” field on the router, you must indicate what type of traffic (TCP, UDP, or all at once) will be used. Select the “BOTH” option, which means BOTH. In this case, the router will create two rules, for TCP and UDP. You can enter any number in the “Protocol number” field - the option does not affect anything. This is true for all routers in principle, including the Asus RT G32.

To enable work with a remote desktop, the router is configured in the same way as for a computer with a DC++ client. But in the “Local Port” field on the “Virtual Server” tab, a specific value is indicated - the port number on which the RDP protocol operates. We are, of course, talking about TCP port 3389 - it is used by default. And the router will not be able to interfere with RDP protocol services.

We flash the router ourselves

Everyone knows what router firmware is, but those who don’t know can at least guess. Firmware is a special program that helps any device, in this case a router, work. You need to update the firmware to improve the performance of the router, fix hidden errors, etc. All companies, including Asus, are constantly developing their software, which is necessary to develop the functionality of the equipment. Firmware for the Asus RT G32 device is available on the Asus website. There is no need to download “pirated” drivers and firmware hacked by home-grown hackers. Whoever bypasses this ban will receive an unpleasant effect - overheating. True, the Asus RT G32 router is designed without errors - it does not overheat even with “pirated” software. The firmware version of your router can be found in the web interface. Open the interface as discussed - Asus has placed all the information at the top of the page:

Additional settings

Knowing all the numbers, that is, the firmware version, we can either download and install a new one, or leave the old one. You also need to find out the hardware revision of the router - Asus prints the letters C1 or B1 on the sticker. The RT G32 model has no other revisions, and firmware for them is available on the Asus website:

Download page

The Asus website offers you to select an operating system. I think you know what operating system you have installed, pay attention to the bit depth (32 or 64). After this, a window will appear in which you have to select the firmware version. Remember the numbers indicated in the router interface:

Download the required file

After downloading the new firmware, you need to install it. On the main page, select the “Administration” item and the “Firmware Update” tab. At the bottom, next to the “Program version” field, click on the “Browse” button and select the Asus file that you downloaded. In the window that appears, click “Open” and then click “Submit”:

We update the software

The installation of new firmware on your router will begin:

Update process

Attention! While the firmware is being uploaded, the router itself cannot be turned off, otherwise it could end in disaster. Namely, the Asus firmware will be installed incorrectly, and the router will not work correctly. For the Asus RT G32 model, error protection is provided, but it is possible to get a “brick” at the output instead of a router. When the firmware is uploaded, it is best to wait two minutes and forcefully restart the router: on the back panel of Asus devices there is a “Reset” button, which is “recessed”, and you need to press it for 5-6 seconds - the router will go out and restart.

Reset button

The setup is 100% complete. For the Asus RT G32 router, the specifications are selected so that this device can be used both at home and in the office: any LAN port can be used as a WAN port, but, alas, not with Asus proprietary firmware. Most routers from the Router RT family do not even differ in this property: the WAN port will burn out, and - hello, you seem to lose the functionality of the router and get an “access point”.

Asus is not the only company that produces routers with the ability to replace LAN-WAN. You need to look at the chipset model - for Ralink RT3050F and RT3052 microcircuits the possibility of replacement is provided. Let's name all router models with one of these chipsets:

  • Asus RT G32 of both revisions;
  • Non-Asus: D-Link DIR-300/NRU (B1-B4), also DIR-615 (D1-D4) routers;
  • Router DIR-620 (revision unknown).

Asus firmware cannot be installed on a D-Link router. The reverse is also true. But “pirated firmware” works on all routers: Asus doesn’t overheat, which can’t be said about D-Link devices.

ASUS products are well known to domestic consumers. It enjoys well-deserved popularity due to its reliability, which is combined with affordable prices. Wi-Fi routers from this manufacturer are often used in home networks or small offices. How to configure them correctly will be discussed further.

Like other devices of this type, ASUS routers are configured via a web interface. In order to connect to it, you must first find a place to locate your device and connect it with a cable to a computer or laptop. The manufacturer allows the device to be configured via a Wi-Fi connection, but it is considered more reliable to configure it via Ethernet.

The network connection settings on the computer that will be used to configure the router must provide for automatic acquisition of the IP and DNS server addresses.

To connect to the web interface of the ASUS router, you need to:


After this, the user will be redirected to the ASUS router settings page.

Firmware versions of ASUS routers

There are many more different models of equipment from ASUS than there are firmware versions for them. They may differ in design and section names, but the key parameters always have similar designations. Therefore, the user should not be confused by these differences.

In home networks and small office networks, the most commonly used devices are ASUS WL and RT models. During the operation of these devices, the manufacturer developed several firmware versions for them:


Currently, ASUS WL routers are increasingly becoming a thing of the past. Therefore, all further explanations will be made using the example of ASUS RT devices with firmware version 3.xxx.

Configuring basic settings for ASUS routers

Basic setup of devices from ASUS comes down to configuring the Internet connection and setting a password for the wireless network. To implement them, the user does not need any special knowledge. Simply follow the instructions carefully.

Quick setup

Immediately after turning on the router for the first time, a quick setup window automatically opens, where the corresponding wizard starts. The next time you turn on the device, it will no longer appear and the connection to the web interface is carried out in the manner described above. If quick setup is not needed, you can always return to the main page by clicking the button "Back".

If the user decides to use the wizard, he will need to make several simple manipulations, moving between setup stages using the button "Further":


After pressing the button "Apply" A final window with basic network parameters will be displayed.


Pressing a button "Further" will return the user to the main page of the router web interface, where additional parameters can be changed.

Manually setting up an Internet connection

If the user wants to configure his Internet connection manually, he should go to the main page of the web interface in the section "Additional settings" go to subsection "Internet" Then pay attention to the following:

  1. Are the items allowing WAN, NAT, UPnP and automatic connection to the DNS server checked? If you are using a third-party DNS, set the switch in the corresponding item to "No" and in the lines that appear, enter the IP addresses of the required DNS.

  2. Make sure that the selected connection type matches the type used by the provider.

  3. Depending on the type of connection, set other parameters:

As you can see, despite the fact that the algorithm of actions is slightly different, in general, manually setting up an Internet connection in ASUS routers involves entering the same parameters as during quick setup.

Manual wireless network setup

Setting up a Wi-Fi connection on ASUS routers is very simple. All values ​​are set directly on the main page of the web interface. There is a section on the right side of the window "State of the system", which displays the basic parameters of the wireless and wired network. They change right there.


For most users this is quite enough. But if you need more flexible editing, go to the section "Wireless network" All parameters there are grouped into separate subsections, which can be accessed using the tabs at the top of the page.


On the tab "Are common" In addition to the basic network parameters, you can also set the channel width and number:


If you need to change other wireless network parameters, the tabs contain their description and detailed instructions for the user that do not require additional explanation. For example, on the tab "Bridge" There are step-by-step instructions for setting up the router in repeater mode:


Particular attention should be paid to the tab "Professionally". There are many additional wireless network parameters that can be changed manually:

The very name of this subsection directly indicates that these values ​​can only be changed if you have specific knowledge in the field of network technologies. Therefore, novice users should not try to configure anything there.

Additional settings

The basic settings of the router are enough for it to work correctly. However, nowadays more and more users want to get the maximum useful functions on their equipment. And products from ASUS fully meet these requirements. In addition to the basic parameters, it allows you to make a number of additional settings that will make using the Internet and local network more comfortable. Let's take a closer look at some of them.

Creating a backup connection via USB modem

On routers that have a USB port, it is possible to configure such a function as a backup connection via a USB modem. It can be very useful if there are often problems with the main connection, or when using the router in an area where there is no wired Internet, but there is 3G or 4G network coverage.

The presence of a USB port does not mean that the equipment will be able to work with a 3G modem. Therefore, when planning to use it, you need to carefully study the technical characteristics of your router

The list of USB modems supported by ASUS routers is quite extensive. Before buying a modem, you need to familiarize yourself with this list on the company's website. And after all organizational measures are completed and the modem is purchased, you can begin to configure it directly. For this:


The parameter changes are completed by pressing the button "Apply". Now, if there is no connection in the WAN port, the router will automatically switch to the 3G modem. If you do not plan to use wired Internet at all, later firmware versions have a function "Double WAN", by disabling it, you can configure the router exclusively for a 3G/4G connection.

VPN server

If the user has a need to gain remote access to his home network, it is worth using the VPN server function. Let’s immediately make a reservation that older budget router models do not support it. In more modern models, to implement this function, you will need a firmware version of at least 3.0.0.3.78.

To set up a VPN server, do the following:


After pressing the button "Apply" the new settings will take effect.

Parental control

The parental control function is increasingly in demand among those who want to limit the time a child spends on the Internet. ASUS devices have this feature, but only those that use the new firmware. To configure it, you need to:


After pressing the button "OK" the schedule will be created.

The capabilities of ASUS routers are far from exhausted by reviewing the functions presented in the article. Only in the process of constant study will it be possible to truly appreciate the quality of the products of this manufacturer.

ASUS is a well-established manufacturer of electronics with good performance, including modems for Internet access. But any device of this type must be configured to the parameters of the provider with whom the contract for the provision of communication services has been concluded.

This instruction will give you the answer to the question of how to configure the asus rt g32 router, while it is worth remembering that the configuration algorithm and interface of devices from the same supplier are very similar, so the article will be useful to all buyers of ASUS modems with Wi-Fi support.

Preparing for setup

Technical preparation of the router for configuration is carried out in several stages:

  1. Connect the power supply to the Asus rt-g32 and turn it on.
  2. Connect the Ethernet cable provided by your provider to the modem connector labeled “WAN.”
  3. Connect the router port labeled “LAN1” to the computer’s network card using an Ethernet cable, which is included in the Wi-Fi modem kit.
  4. Reset the Asus RT g32 to factory settings by pressing and holding the “Reset” button recessed in the case for ten seconds.

Computer settings

Often the characteristics of a computer's network card are manually configured for other connections. To work with the Asus RT g32 Wi-Fi router, you need to configure the card:

1. Open the network settings section of the OS. For example, for Windows 7 you need to open the settings window shown in the following figure (located in the control panel), where you click on the highlighted link.

2. Go to the connection properties by right-clicking on its icon and selecting the appropriate item in the menu that appears.

3. Open “Properties” of the item indicated in the following figure:

4. Set the protocol characteristics as shown in the figure:

We repeat the procedure for the remaining connections, if any.

Setting up the router

To configure the Asus RT-g32 according to the settings of your provider, follow the steps of the following instructions:
1. Launch any browser, enter the address 192.168.1.1 and go to it.
2. In the loading authorization dialog, enter “admin” in both fields and click on “Submit”

3. Click on the “Go to Home Page” button

4. The software shell of the Asus RT g32 Wi-Fi router supports Russian, select it in the “Language” field.

5. To configure access options for the global network, click on the “WAN” main menu item.
6. Find out your connection type from your telecom operator.

7. If the provider provides the Internet using dynamic IP technology, then nothing needs to be changed on the “WAN” page. Click on the "Accept" button.
8. If the Internet is provided using static IP technology, then in the “WAN connection type” item, select the appropriate type and fill in all the form fields with the data received from the provider and click on “Accept”.

9. When selecting the PPPoE connection type, specify receiving an IP address automatically or fill in the address field if it was provided by your Internet provider. Z Fill in the fields in the “Account and connection settings” section with the data specified in the contract for the provision of communication services, and in the MTU field enter the value 1472 and click on “Accept”.

11. Apply the changes and configure the wifi module for a wireless connection. If this option is not needed, reboot the modem and use the Internet.

Wi-Fi setup

To configure the characteristics of wireless access to the global network, open the “Wireless Network” tab of the main menu. Where you will set the following parameters:

  1. In the “SSID” field, enter the name of the Wi-Fi network displayed on subscriber devices. It can be arbitrary, but must consist only of numbers, symbols and letters of the Latin alphabet.
  2. Enable the “Hide SSID” option if you want to use this method of protecting your wifi network from unauthorized access. When activated, the setting hides your network from subscribers, and you can connect to it only by knowing its exact name.
  3. In the “Authentication Method” line, set “WPA-Personal”. And in the “WPA encryption” line, select “TKIP”. These are the most well-established and widely used methods of network security.
  4. The “WPA Pre-Shared Key” line contains the password that users must enter when logging into your wifi network. The length of the code combination must be at least eight characters; any characters can be used.
  5. To fix the settings, click “Apply”.

This completes the setup of the Asus RT g32, all that remains is to reboot it and use the Internet, both via a wired interface and via Wi-Fi.

Found a typo? Select the text and press Ctrl + Enter

This step-by-step instruction is devoted to how to configure the Asus RT-N12 Wi-Fi router to work with providers:

  • Beeline (L2TP)
  • Rostelecom, Dom.ru (PPPoE).

The guide will include the following important setup steps: correctly connecting the router, how to enter the Asus RT-N12 settings, setting up an Internet connection, setting up wireless network security (Wi-Fi password).

How to connect Asus RT-N12

Despite the fact that this seems obvious, I start all the instructions with exactly how to connect the router correctly, because even here there are errors due to which the Wi-Fi connection subsequently does not work.

There are five ports on the back of your router - four LAN ports and one WAN (Internet) port. It is to the last one, which differs from the other four ports, that you should connect the cable of your Internet provider - Beeline, Rostelecom or any other.

In addition, I recommend setting up a wireless router from a computer or laptop that has a wired connection to it, for which you should connect one of the LAN ports on the router to the same port on the PC’s network card.

And the last point: it is advisable to check the connection settings in Windows () - you can skip this step now, but if you are unable to access the router settings, return to it first.

Don't forget to plug the device into a power outlet. And also, for all subsequent steps, turn off the Internet on your computer (if you have a “High-Speed ​​Connection” or “Beeline” running on the PC itself), only the local network connection should be active.

How to enter the router settings

On the back of the Asus RT-N12 (as well as on other routers) there is information about the address, login (username) and password - they must be used to enter the settings web interface. In order to log in, launch your browser and enter the specified address in the address bar; for Asus routers it is 192.168.1.1.

When you are asked to enter your username and password, enter admin for both (provided that you did not change them during previous attempts to set everything up).

Now attention: If this is the first time you have come here after purchasing or if you have just reset the router, automatic setup will begin - you will need to click “Next” and fill out the fields provided.

You will be asked to change the password to enter the “admin panel” of the router (the one that was admin), after which an attempt will be made to determine the type of connection and, if it is determined, you will be asked to enter your Internet login and password, and then set the Wi-Fi name Fi networks and Wi-Fi password.

I won't describe the automatic setup. If it is successful (and this may be the case for Rostelecom and Dom.ru), then you do not need my instructions - as a result, you will be taken to the main page for manual settings of the Asus RT-N12, and the Internet will work. If after this the Internet does not work, then next I will tell you how to configure everything manually.

Setting up a Beeline connection

In order to set up Beeline Internet on the Asus RT-N12, on the main settings page, click “Internet” on the left, and on the page that opens, fill in the parameters of your connection as follows:

  • WAN connection type - L2TP
  • Username - your Beeline login
  • VPN server - tp.internet.beeline.ru

And save the settings. If you entered everything correctly, and the Beeline connection on your computer is disconnected (this is necessary), in half a minute the router will establish a connection to the Internet and in a separate browser tab you will be able to open any sites, and phones, tablets and laptops connected via Wi-Fi will also have access to the Internet.

You can proceed to setting up your wireless Wi-Fi network if you want to change something in its settings (below in this manual).

Setting up a connection to Rostelecom, Dom.ru (PPPoE)

To set up Rostelecom or Dom.ru Internet on this router, click “Internet” in the menu on the left, then fill out the suggested fields as follows:

  • WAN connection type - PPPoE
  • Obtain an IP address automatically - Yes
  • Connect to DNS server automatically - Yes
  • Username - your Rostelecom or Dom.ru login (for the Internet)
  • Password - your password for the Internet.

There is no need to change any other parameters. Save the settings and, if everything was done correctly, then after a short time the Internet will be connected to the router, and you will be able to open the site and everything else from this computer, as well as from other devices connected to the router (in this case, the High-speed connection on the computer must be disabled ).

If required, also configure the wireless network settings - its name and password.

Configuring Wi-Fi wireless network settings


To set up Wi-Fi, select “Wireless Network” in the menu on the left, and then set the necessary parameters.







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