Brief general information about the Internet. Internet structure: basic operating principles

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The basis for organizing the Internet was the computer network of the US Department of Defense ARPA - Advanced Research Project Agency), created in the early 70s

years for connecting computers of scientific organizations, military institutions and defense industry enterprises. The network was built, with the participation of the Pentagon, as a closed infrastructure resistant to external influences, capable of surviving a nuclear attack, ᴛ.ᴇ. great attention was paid to its reliability.

Over time, the network lost its strategic importance; its main clients became private individuals and non-governmental computer networks. The very name Internet (“between networks”) shows its purpose: the unification of separate local and global networks into a single information space. The Internet ensures the exchange of information between all computers that are part of the networks connected to it. The type of computer and operating system does not matter.

The Russian Internet was started by the creation of the Relcom computer network at the beginning of 1990 on the basis of the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy. By the end of 1990, more than 30 local networks of different organizations were integrated into the network, which made it possible to carry out its official registration and connection to the global network.

Today the Internet is a global, intercontinental network. It connects tens of millions of computers and local networks, and, according to various estimates, hundreds of millions of people use its services. The exact figure is unknown, since the network does not have a single control center and is not anyone’s property.

The foundations of the Internet are high-speed telecommunications backbone networks. To the backbone network via NAPs

(Network Access Point) are connected autonomous systems, each of which already has its own administrative control, its own internal routing protocols.

The main cells of the Internet are local area networks. There are also local computers that are independently connected to the Internet.

Network or local computers directly connected to the Internet are called host computers (host).

If a local network is connected to the Internet, then each workstation of this network also has access to the Internet through the host computer of the network.

Each computer connected to the Internet has its own address, at which a subscriber can find it from anywhere in the world.

An important parameter is the speed of Internet access. It is determined by the capacity of communication channels between autonomous systems, within

Autonomous systems and subscriber access channels to autonomous systems. For modem access via telephone communication channels, which is used by most individual users of personal computers, this speed is low - from 19 to 50 Kbps for access via dedicated telephone lines, typical for small LANs, this speed is ranging from

64 Kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s, and only for networks that organize interaction via fiber-optic and satellite communication channels, the throughput exceeds 2 Mbit/s.

The structure of the Internet is a typical client-server, that is, there are computers that mainly receive information from the network, “clients,” and there are computers that supply clients with information, “servers” (of course, servers also receive information, or rather accumulate it, but after all, their main function is to give information).

Today you won't surprise anyone with the Internet. A huge number of users access this network every day. According to 2015 data, the number of connected users exceeded 3.3 billion. True, not everyone knows what the structure of the Internet is in technical terms. Most people don't really need this. However, you still need to know the fundamentals laid down in the principles of operation of the World Wide Web, at least at an initial level.

What is the Internet in a modern interpretation

In general, when we talk about the modern Internet, quite often the concept of the World Wide Web or the Network, which unites computers from all over the world, is used instead.

In general, this is true, but one clarification should be made here. As you know, not a single computer connects directly to the Internet, only through a service provider, to which God knows how many other terminals or mobile devices are connected. It turns out that they are all united into one network. And in this sense, the Internet is called a “network of networks.”

Indeed, the structure of the Internet is based on combining, so to speak, subnets and has a high-tech hierarchy. In addition, accessing a particular resource is impossible to imagine without a router that is able to choose the optimal path for accelerated access to a given resource.

And here's what's interesting. The Internet as such has no owner, and the network itself is rather a virtual space, which affects people more and more every day, sometimes even replacing reality. Whether this is good or bad is not for us to judge. But let’s dwell on the main aspects of the construction and functioning of the World Wide Web.

Structure of the global Internet: history of emergence and development

The Internet was not always the way we know it today. If we delve into history, it should be noted that the first attempts to create a unified information network that could not only transmit data, but also serve in some way as a “translator” of many programming languages for perceiving information were made back in 1962, the very the height of the Cold War between the USA and the USSR. Then a program based on packet switching theory appeared for Leonard Kleinrock, led by Joseph Licklider. The main focus was not only but also its “indestructibility”.

Based on these developments, the first network emerged in 1969, called ARPANet, which became the progenitor of the Internet, or World Wide Web. In 1971, the first program for sending and receiving e-mail was developed, by 1973, when the Euro-Atlantic cable was continued, the network became international, in 1983 it switched to the unified TCP/IP protocol, in 1984 IRC technology appeared, which made it possible to chat . And only by 1989, the idea of creating a global web, which is now commonly called the Internet, matured at CERN. Of course, it was far from the model used now, however, some basic principles that include the structure of the Internet have still remained unchanged.

World Wide Web Infrastructure

Now let's see how we managed to combine individual computer terminals and networks based on them into a single whole. The key principle was the use of packet data transmission using routing based on a universal protocol that could be understood by any machine. That is, information is not represented in the form of individual bits, bytes or characters, but is transmitted in the form of a formatted block (packet), which can contain quite long combinations of various sequences.

However, the transfer itself does not happen haphazardly. At the same time, Internet resources have several main levels:

Backbone (a system of high-speed servers connected to each other).
Large networks and access points connected to the main backbone.
Regional networks rank lower.
Internet service providers (ISPs).
End users.

The Internet is such that the terminals on which it is stored are called servers, and the user machines (reading or receiving it, as well as sending feedback and streams) are called workstations. The transmission of the information itself, as mentioned above, is carried out on the basis of routers. But this diagram is presented solely for ease of understanding the issue. In reality, everything is much more complicated.

Basic protocols

Now we come to one of the key concepts, without which it is impossible to imagine what the structure of the Internet is. These are universal protocols. Today there are quite a lot of them, but the main one for the Internet is TCP/IP.

In this case, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the two terms. The Internet Protocol (IP) is one of the means of routing, that is, it is solely responsible for the delivery of data packets, but is in no way responsible for the integrity and security of the transmitted information. The TCP protocol, on the contrary, is a means of providing session communication between the sender and the recipient based on a logical connection between two points with the so-called guaranteed delivery of packets, and absolutely intact.

Today, TCP/IP is the de facto Internet standard, although there are many other protocols, such as UDP (transport), ICMP and RIP (routers), DNS and ARP (network address identification), FTP, HTTP, NNTP and TELNET (application applications). ), IGP, GGP and EGP (gateway), SMTP, POP3 and NFS (mail and file access protocols on remote terminals), etc.

Domain Name System

Separately, it should be noted the universal approach to accessing resources. It is clear that writing a page address like 127.11.92.785 in order to get to the desired resource is not so convenient (let alone remembering all these combinations). Therefore, at one time, a unique domain name system was developed that made it possible to enter the address as we see it today (in English).

But even here there is its own hierarchy. It also has several levels. For example, international top-level domains include resources independent of the country identifier (GOV - government, COM - commercial, EDU - educational, NET - network, MIL - military, ORG - general organizational, not related to any of the above types) .

The following are resources that explicitly indicate the country identifier. For example, US - USA, RU - Russia, UA - Ukraine, DE - Germany, UK - Great Britain, etc. In addition, such domains have their own sublevels like COM.UA, ORG.DE, etc. In their own turn, and here you can find a clearer link at lower levels (KIEV.UA, KIEV.COM.UA, etc.). In other words, when looking at the address, you can immediately determine not only the country, but also the territorial affiliation of the resource within it.

Basic Internet services

As for the services that can be found on the Internet today, in their categories they are divided into e-mail, news and mailings, file-exchange networks, electronic payment systems, Internet radio and television, web forums, blogs, social networks, online stores and auctions, educational projects "Wiki", video and audio hosting, etc. Since social networks have recently become the most popular, let us dwell on their structure.

Structure of Internet social networks

A common feature of such an online community is its independence from territorial location or citizenship. Each user creates his own profile (image, place of residence on the Internet, whatever you want to call it), and communication is carried out using an instant messaging system, but not through chat, but in private mode. The only thing comparable to chat is the comment system. In addition, any registered resident of such a community can leave so-called posts, share with the public some materials or links to other publications, etc.

The structure of the Internet is such that when certain protocols are used, such as TCP/IP and IRC, all this is done quite simply. The main condition is registration (creating a login and password to log in), as well as indicating at least minimal information about yourself.

It is not surprising that personal websites and chat rooms are slowly but surely disappearing into oblivion. Even the once popular “dialers” like ICQ or QIP cannot withstand any competition, because social networks have much more opportunities.

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Lecture

Us – USA;

Ru – Russia;

ua – Ukraine, etc.

by type of organization:

com – commercial organizations;

edu – educational institutions;

net – Internet service centers;

int – international organizations;

org – other organizations, etc.

Owner of the zone.by – Open Contact (www.ok.open.by)

Provider is an organization licensed to provide access to Internet services.

Providers RB: Open contact (www.ok.open.by)

Belpak (www.beltelecom.by), etc.

4. Search for information on the Internet.

Searching for information on the Internet can be done using:

· Website URLs;

· links on open pages of websites;

· information retrieval systems (IRS).

Search relevance is the degree to which search results match search queries.

Types of IPS:

· search engines (directories and search engines);

· metasearch engines;

· accelerated search programs.

The IRS creates and maintains an index database containing links to Internet information resources. All user search requests are translated into formal queries to the index database. Search results are displayed as a list of annotations with links to relevant Web pages.

The search engine has a special program (robot indexer) that scans all Internet sites and forms an index database. The search is performed using a query consisting of several keywords and, possibly, elements of the query language (+, -, ?, &, NOT, OR, etc.) The search can be simple or advanced, clarifying the search parameters and displaying results.

The most common search engines:

Rambler – www.rambler.ru

Yandex – www.yandex.ru

Google – www.google.com

AltaVista – www.altavista.com

All.by – www.all.by

The catalog is a search system with annotations and links to Web resources divided by topic. The search is performed through a sequence of refined topics. The index database is created manually by the directory administrator.

Most modern information retrieval systems are both catalogs and search engines.

The most common directories:

Yahoo – www.yahoo.com

List – www.list.ru

Constellation Internet – www.stars.ru

Metasearch engines do not have their own index database, but rather send user queries to several search engines and combine the results. For example, www.search.com.

Internet network

1. History of the creation of the Internet

After the Soviet Union launched the artificial Earth satellite in 1957, the US Department of Defense decided that in case of war, America needed a reliable information transmission system. The US Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) proposed developing a computer network for this purpose. The development of such a network was entrusted to the University of California at Los Angeles, the Stanford Research Center, the University of Utah and the University of California at Santa Barbara. The computer network was called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), and in 1969, as part of the project, the network united four specified scientific institutions, all work was funded by the US Department of Defense. Then the ARPANET network began to actively grow and develop, scientists from different fields of science began to use it.

The first ARPANET server was installed on September 1, 1969 at the University of California, Los Angeles. The Honeywell 516 computer had 12 KB of RAM.

By 1971, the first program for sending email over the network was developed, and the program immediately became very popular. In 1973, the first foreign organizations from Great Britain and Norway were connected to the network via a transatlantic telephone cable, and the network became international.

In the 1970s, the network was primarily used for sending email, and the first mailing lists, news groups, and bulletin boards emerged. However, at that time the network could not yet easily interact with other networks built on other technical standards.

By the end of the 1970s, data transfer protocols began to develop rapidly, which were standardized in 1982-83. Jon Postel played an active role in the development and standardization of network protocols. On January 1, 1983, the ARPANET switched from the NCP protocol to TCP/IP, which is still successfully used to connect (or, as they also say, “layer”) networks. It was in 1983 that the term “Internet” was assigned to the ARPANET network.

In 1984, the Domain Name System (DNS) was developed.

In 1984, the ARPANET network had a serious rival, the US National Science Foundation (NSF) founded an extensive inter-university network NSFNet (abbreviated from the English National Science Foundation Network), which was made up of smaller networks (including the then famous Usenet and Bitnet networks) and had much greater bandwidth than ARPANET. Over the course of a year, about 10 thousand computers connected to this network, and the title “Internet” began to smoothly pass to NSFNet.

In 1988, the Internet Relay Chat (IRC) protocol was invented, making real-time communication (chat) possible on the Internet.

In 1989, in Europe, within the walls of the European Council for Nuclear Research (French Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, CERN), the concept of the World Wide Web was born. It was proposed by the famous British scientist Tim Berners-Lee, who, within two years, developed the HTTP protocol, the HTML language and URL identifiers.

In 1990, the ARPANET network ceased to exist, completely losing competition to NSFNet. In the same year, the first connection to the Internet via a telephone line was recorded (the so-called “dialup” in English).

In 1991, the World Wide Web became available to the public on the Internet, and in 1993, the famous NCSA Mosaic web browser appeared. The World Wide Web was gaining popularity.

Currently, the Internet is accessible not only through computer networks, but also through communication satellites, radio signals, cable television, telephone, cellular communications, special fiber-optic lines and electrical wires. The World Wide Web has become an integral part of life in developed and developing countries.

Internet is a set of interconnected computer networks that use uniform agreed rules for data exchange between computers.

The Internet is:

Ø fast and convenient international means of communication;

Ø public mass media;

Ø a means of mass ordering goods and services;

Ø a means of providing remote access to information sources;

Ø world library;

Ø email;

Ø electronic bulletin boards and teleconferences;

Ø a means of entertainment.

The Internet (as a whole) does not have any owner, although each network included in it is owned by a company, non-profit or government organization. There is also no special governing body that would control the entire operation of the Internet. Regional networks of various countries are financed and managed by their owners in their interests and in accordance with the laws of a particular state.

3. TCP/IP protocols

The Internet differs from other networks in its protocols, primarily the TCP/IP protocols.

Protocol – this is a set of rules that determine the nature of user interaction and the sequence of actions they take when exchanging information.

The term TCP/IP means everything related to communication protocols between computers on a network.

The TCP/IP protocol gets its name from two types of communication protocols:

Ø Transmission Control Protocol (TCP);

Ø Internet Protocol (IP).

Protocol IP is responsible for finding a route (or routes) on the Internet from one computer to another through many intermediate networks, gateways and routers and transmitting blocks of data along these routes.

Protocol TCP ensures reliable delivery, error-free and correct order of reception of transmitted data.

The Internet uses a large number of other protocols, but this network is often called a TCP/IP network, since these two protocols are the most important.

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Brief general information about the Internet. Internet structure: basic operating principles

What is the Internet in a modern interpretation

Structure of the global Internet: history of emergence and development

World Wide Web Infrastructure

Basic protocols

Domain Name System

Basic Internet services

Structure of Internet social networks

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

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