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1 newton per meter [N/m] = 1000 millinewton per meter [mN/m]

Initial value

Converted value

newton per meter millinewton per meter gram-force per centimeter dyne per centimeter erg per square centimeter erg per square millimeter poundal per inch pound-force per inch

Magnetomotive force

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More about surface tension in nature

General information

Surface tension, which we discuss in this article, is the property of liquids to resist external forces that act on them. Liquid molecules are attracted to other molecules and thus form bonds with each other. If this liquid has high surface tension, then it is difficult for external forces to break these bonds. Compared to other liquids, water has high surface tension, and animals make extensive use of this property of water.

Fun fact: Some substances added to pool water reduce the surface tension of the water to prevent animals and insects from taking advantage of the water's high surface tension. These liquids are used, for example, to prevent waterfowl from swimming in a pool.

Mechanism of operation

Strength and distance

It is known that increasing force or decreasing distance increases surface tension. Worth paying Special attention about what forces and what distance we're talking about when we talk about surface tension. When an animal moves across the surface of water, it distributes its weight so as to reduce the force it exerts on the molecules of the water's surface. To increase surface tension, you do not need to increase the weight with which this animal presses on the water under its paws, but quite the opposite, since when we talk about increasing the force, we are talking about the force of attraction between the molecules, and not about the force acting on the molecules by an external force. This relationship is discussed in more detail in the article on surface tension.

Features of the animal's body

The bodies of animals that walk on water are designed to reduce the force they exert on the water. Most often this means light weight and the ability to distribute the weight over a larger area to reduce pressure on the water. The legs of animals that walk or run on water, e.g. basilisks And water strider, allow them to easily maintain balance and redistribute weight while moving. The total force with which they act on the surface of the water is not large enough to overcome the force of surface tension, so the water behaves in this case as an elastic surface. That is, when they step on water, it stretches, but the paw does not fall into it. The paws also allow them to easily push off from this elastic surface and move forward.

Basilisks

Basilisk, or common basilisk, is an interesting lizard from the Central and South America, which can run on water using the high surface tension of water. Basilisks are so famous for their ability to run on water that some compare them to Jesus, who, according to the Bible, walked on water. In English they are sometimes called Jesus lizards for this reason.

Their running looks very unusual, as they run on their hind legs and push off from the water alternately so that their body sways from side to side. This movement helps them push water away from them in the direction opposite to the one in which they are moving. They push back with their legs, almost scooping up water. Rocking from side to side helps them distribute their body weight as they move. Pushing and swaying from side to side forms this characteristic “gait” of basilisks.

The basilisk's ability to run on water often saves it from predators, since it can easily escape from land to water, where not every predator can continue the pursuit. Often, when a basilisk is in danger, it does just that. There are many predators that hunt the basilisk, including large mammals such as the opossum.

The speed of a basilisk on water is quite a bit less than its speed on land. The secret of his running on water is the large surface area of ​​his feet, with which he pushes off the water. The toes of the basilisk's hind paws are connected by webs, and look like the paws of frogs. The feet themselves are also relatively large, relative to the overall body size of these animals.

How far a basilisk can run through water depends on its weight. The heavier he is, the harder it is for him to run. That is why young and small basilisks can run longer distance, up to 10–20 meters, without falling into the water. When the paws begin to fall into the water, the basilisk continues to swim. In addition, it can remain under water for a long time, up to thirty minutes.

Don't be confused common basilisk And basilisk from European legends, who could turn anyone he looked at or breathed into stone. This basilisk's body is a bit like the common basilisk, as it is part lizard and has a long tail, but it is also part lion or part bird, depending on the legend. This basilisk's body is not as slender, but more rounded, so it would be difficult for it to run on water.

Water striders

Water striders living in bodies of water are insects that are widespread throughout the world. In English, they are often called Jesus bugs, due to their ability to move on water. In this they are similar to basilisks. To stay on the surface they use long legs (which, of course, are waterproof). With their help, they increase the surface area on which they stand, thereby distributing their weight over a large area. This helps them stay on the surface without falling into the water. Their body is well adapted to distribute weight.

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Length and distance converter Mass converter Converter of volume measures of bulk products and food products Area converter Converter of volume and units of measurement in culinary recipes Temperature converter Converter of pressure, mechanical stress, Young's modulus Converter of energy and work Converter of power Converter of force Converter of time Linear speed converter Flat angle Converter thermal efficiency and fuel efficiency Converter of numbers in various number systems Converter of units of measurement of quantity of information Currency rates Women's clothing and shoe sizes Men's clothing and shoe sizes Angular velocity and rotation frequency converter Acceleration converter Angular acceleration converter Density converter Specific volume converter Moment of inertia converter Moment of force converter Torque converter Specific heat of combustion converter (by mass) Energy density and specific heat of combustion converter (by volume) Temperature difference converter Coefficient of thermal expansion converter Thermal resistance converter Thermal conductivity converter Specific heat capacity converter Energy exposure and thermal radiation power converter Heat flux density converter Heat transfer coefficient converter Volume flow rate converter Mass flow rate converter Molar flow rate converter Mass flow density converter Molar concentration converter Mass concentration in solution converter Dynamic (absolute) viscosity converter Kinematic viscosity converter Surface tension converter Vapor permeability converter Vapor permeability and vapor transfer rate converter Sound level converter Microphone sensitivity converter Sound Pressure Level (SPL) Converter Sound Pressure Level Converter with Selectable Reference Pressure Luminance Converter Luminous Intensity Converter Illuminance Converter Computer Graphics Resolution Converter Frequency and Wavelength Converter Diopter Power and Focal Length Diopter Power and Lens Magnification (×) Electric charge converter Linear charge density converter Surface charge density converter Volume charge density converter Electric current converter Linear current density converter Surface current density converter Electric field strength converter Electrostatic potential and voltage converter Electrical resistance converter Electrical resistivity converter Electrical conductivity converter Electrical conductivity converter Electrical capacitance Inductance converter American wire gauge converter Levels in dBm (dBm or dBm), dBV (dBV), watts, etc. units Magnetomotive force converter Magnetic field strength converter Magnetic flux converter Magnetic induction converter Radiation. Ionizing radiation absorbed dose rate converter Radioactivity. Radioactive decay converter Radiation. Exposure dose converter Radiation. Absorbed dose converter Decimal prefix converter Data transfer Typography and image processing unit converter Timber volume unit converter Calculation of molar mass Periodic table of chemical elements by D. I. Mendeleev

1 newton per sq. meter [N/m²] = 1.01971621297793E-05 kilogram-force per square meter. centimeter [kgf/cm²]

Initial value

Converted value

pascal exapascal petapascal terapascal gigapascal megapascal kilopascal hectopascal decapascal decipascal centipascal millipascal micropascal nanopascal picopascal femtopascal attopascal newton per square meter meter newton per square meter centimeter newton per square meter millimeter kilonewton per square meter meter bar millibar microbar dyne per sq. centimeter kilogram-force per square meter. meter kilogram-force per square meter centimeter kilogram-force per square meter. millimeter gram-force per square meter centimeter ton-force (kor.) per sq. ft ton-force (kor.) per sq. inch ton-force (long) per sq. ft ton-force (long) per sq. inch kilopound-force per sq. inch kilopound-force per sq. inch lbf per sq. ft lbf per sq. inch psi poundal per sq. foot torr centimeter of mercury (0°C) millimeter of mercury (0°C) inch of mercury (32°F) inch of mercury (60°F) centimeter of water. column (4°C) mm water. column (4°C) inch water. column (4°C) foot of water (4°C) inch of water (60°F) foot of water (60°F) technical atmosphere physical atmosphere decibar walls on square meter barium pieze (barium) Planck pressure meter of sea water foot of sea water (at 15°C) meter of water. column (4°C)

More about pressure

General information

In physics, pressure is defined as the force acting on a unit surface area. If two equal forces act on one larger and one smaller surface, then the pressure on the smaller surface will be greater. Agree, it is much worse if someone who wears stilettos steps on your foot than someone who wears sneakers. For example, if you press the blade of a sharp knife onto a tomato or carrot, the vegetable will be cut in half. The surface area of ​​the blade in contact with the vegetable is small, so the pressure is high enough to cut that vegetable. If you press with the same force on a tomato or carrot with a dull knife, then most likely the vegetable will not cut, since the surface area of ​​the knife is now larger, which means the pressure is less.

In the SI system, pressure is measured in pascals, or newtons per square meter.

Relative pressure

Sometimes pressure is measured as the difference between absolute and atmospheric pressure. This pressure is called relative or gauge pressure and is what is measured, for example, when checking the pressure in car tires. Measuring instruments often, although not always, indicate relative pressure.

Atmosphere pressure

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure of air in this place. It usually refers to the pressure of a column of air per unit surface area. Changes in atmospheric pressure affect weather and air temperature. People and animals suffer from severe pressure changes. Low blood pressure causes problems of varying severity in humans and animals, from mental and physical discomfort to fatal diseases. For this reason, aircraft cabins are maintained above atmospheric pressure at a given altitude because Atmosphere pressure at cruising altitude too low.

Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude. People and animals living high in the mountains, such as the Himalayas, adapt to such conditions. Travelers, on the other hand, should take necessary measures precautions so as not to get sick due to the fact that the body is not accustomed to such low pressure. Climbers, for example, can suffer from altitude sickness, which is associated with a lack of oxygen in the blood and oxygen starvation of the body. This disease is especially dangerous if you stay in the mountains for a long time. Exacerbation of altitude sickness leads to serious complications such as acute mountain sickness, high altitude pulmonary edema, high altitude cerebral edema and extreme mountain sickness. The danger of altitude and mountain sickness begins at an altitude of 2400 meters above sea level. To avoid altitude sickness, doctors advise not to use depressants such as alcohol and sleeping pills, drink plenty of fluids, and rise to altitude gradually, for example, on foot rather than by transport. It's also good to eat a large number of carbohydrates, and rest well, especially if the uphill climb happened quickly. These measures will allow the body to get used to the oxygen deficiency caused by low atmospheric pressure. If you follow these recommendations, your body will be able to produce more red blood cells to transport oxygen to the brain and internal organs. To do this, the body will increase the pulse and breathing rate.

First medical aid in such cases is provided immediately. It is important to move the patient to a lower altitude where the atmospheric pressure is higher, preferably to an altitude lower than 2400 meters above sea level. Medicines and portable hyperbaric chambers are also used. These are lightweight, portable chambers that can be pressurized using a foot pump. A patient with altitude sickness is placed in a chamber in which the pressure corresponding to a lower altitude is maintained. Such a chamber is used only for providing first aid, after which the patient must be lowered below.

Some athletes use low pressure to improve circulation. Typically, this requires training to take place under normal conditions, and these athletes sleep in a low-pressure environment. Thus, their body gets used to high altitude conditions and begins to produce more red blood cells, which, in turn, increases the amount of oxygen in the blood, and allows them to achieve better results in sports. For this purpose, special tents are produced, the pressure in which is regulated. Some athletes even change the pressure in the entire bedroom, but sealing the bedroom is an expensive process.

Spacesuits

Pilots and astronauts have to work in low pressure environments, so they wear pressure suits to compensate for the low pressure. environment. Space suits completely protect a person from the environment. They are used in space. Altitude-compensation suits are used by pilots at high altitudes - they help the pilot breathe and counteract low barometric pressure.

Hydrostatic pressure

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of a fluid caused by gravity. This phenomenon plays a huge role not only in technology and physics, but also in medicine. For example, blood pressure is the hydrostatic pressure of blood on the walls of blood vessels. Blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries. It is represented by two values: systolic, or the highest pressure, and diastolic, or the lowest pressure during a heartbeat. Devices for measuring blood pressure are called sphygmomanometers or tonometers. The unit of blood pressure is millimeters of mercury.

The Pythagorean mug is an interesting vessel that uses hydrostatic pressure, and specifically the siphon principle. According to legend, Pythagoras invented this cup to control the amount of wine he drank. According to other sources, this cup was supposed to control the amount of water drunk during a drought. Inside the mug there is a curved U-shaped tube hidden under the dome. One end of the tube is longer and ends in a hole in the stem of the mug. The other, shorter end is connected by a hole to the inside bottom of the mug so that the water in the cup fills the tube. The principle of operation of the mug is similar to the operation of a modern toilet cistern. If the liquid level rises above the level of the tube, the liquid flows into the second half of the tube and flows out due to hydrostatic pressure. If the level, on the contrary, is lower, then you can safely use the mug.

Pressure in geology

Pressure is an important concept in geology. Without pressure, the formation of gemstones, both natural and artificial, is impossible. High pressure and high temperature are also necessary for the formation of oil from the remains of plants and animals. Unlike gems, which primarily form in rocks, oil forms at the bottom of rivers, lakes, or seas. Over time, more and more sand accumulates over these remains. The weight of water and sand presses on the remains of animal and plant organisms. Over time, this organic material sinks deeper and deeper into the earth, reaching several kilometers below the earth's surface. The temperature increases by 25 °C for every kilometer below the earth's surface, so at a depth of several kilometers the temperature reaches 50–80 °C. Depending on the temperature and temperature difference in the formation environment, natural gas may form instead of oil.

Natural gemstones

The formation of gemstones is not always the same, but pressure is one of the main components this process. For example, diamonds are formed in the Earth's mantle, under conditions of high pressure and high temperature. During volcanic eruptions, diamonds move to the upper layers of the Earth's surface thanks to magma. Some diamonds fall to Earth from meteorites, and scientists believe they formed on planets similar to Earth.

Synthetic gemstones

The production of synthetic gemstones began in the 1950s and is gaining popularity in Lately. Some buyers prefer natural gemstones, but artificial stones are becoming more and more popular due to their low price and lack of hassles associated with mining natural gemstones. Thus, many buyers choose synthetic gemstones because their extraction and sale is not associated with human rights violations, child labor and the financing of wars and armed conflicts.

One of the technologies for growing diamonds in laboratory conditions is the method of growing crystals at high pressure and high temperature. IN special devices The carbon is heated to 1000 °C and subjected to pressure of about 5 gigapascals. Typically, a small diamond is used as the seed crystal, and graphite is used for the carbon base. From it a new diamond grows. This is the most common method of growing diamonds, especially as gemstones, due to its low cost. The properties of diamonds grown in this way are the same or better than those of natural stones. The quality of synthetic diamonds depends on the method used to grow them. Compared to natural diamonds, which are often clear, most man-made diamonds are colored.

Due to their hardness, diamonds are widely used in manufacturing. In addition, their high thermal conductivity, optical properties and resistance to alkalis and acids are valued. Cutting tools are often coated with diamond dust, which is also used in abrasives and materials. Most of the diamonds in production are of artificial origin due to the low price and because the demand for such diamonds exceeds the ability to mine them in nature.

Some companies offer services for creating memorial diamonds from the ashes of the deceased. To do this, after cremation, the ashes are refined until carbon is obtained, and then a diamond is grown from it. Manufacturers advertise these diamonds as mementos of the departed, and their services are popular, especially in countries with large percentages of wealthy citizens, such as the United States and Japan.

Method of growing crystals at high pressure and high temperature

The method of growing crystals under high pressure and high temperature is mainly used to synthesize diamonds, but recently this method has been used to improve natural diamonds or change their color. Various presses are used to artificially grow diamonds. The most expensive to maintain and the most complex of them is the cubic press. It is used primarily to enhance or change the color of natural diamonds. Diamonds grow in the press at a rate of approximately 0.5 carats per day.

Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question in TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.

Each internal combustion engine is designed to produce a certain maximum power that it can produce at a certain number of crankshaft revolutions. However, in addition to maximum power, there is also such a value in the engine characteristics as maximum torque, achieved at speeds other than maximum power speed.

What does the concept of torque mean?

Speaking scientific language, torque is equal to the product of the force and the arm of its application and is measured in newton meters. This means that if we apply a force of 1 Newton (perpendicular to the end of the wrench) to a wrench 1 meter long (arm), we will obtain a torque equal to 1 Nm.

For clarity. If the nut is tightened with a force of 3 kgf, then to unscrew it you will have to apply a force of 3 kg to a wrench with an arm length of 1 meter. However, if you put an additional 2-meter piece of pipe on a 1-meter long wrench, thereby increasing the lever to 3 meters, then to unscrew this nut you will only need a force of 1 kg. This is what many car enthusiasts do when unscrewing wheel bolts: either they add a piece of pipe, and in the absence of one, they simply press the key with their foot, thereby increasing the force applied to the wheel key.

Also, if you hang a load equal to 10 kg on a meter-long lever, then a torque equal to 10 kgm will appear. In the SI system this value (multiplied by acceleration free fall- 9.81 m/cm2) will correspond to 98.1 Nm.

The result is always the same - torque is the product of force and the length of the lever, therefore, you need either a longer lever or a greater amount of applied force.

This is all well and good, but what is torque needed in a car and how does its magnitude affect its behavior on the road?

Engine power only indirectly reflects the traction capabilities of the motor, and its maximum value It usually appears at maximum engine speed. IN real life Almost no one drives in such modes, but the engine always requires acceleration and preferably from the moment you press the gas pedal. In practice, some cars behave quite quickly even from low speeds (from the bottom), while others, on the contrary, prefer only high speeds, and show sluggish dynamics at the bottom.

So, many people have a lot of questions when they drive a car with a gasoline engine with a power of 105-120 hp. change to 70-80 - a strong diesel engine, then the latter easily outperforms a car with a gasoline engine. How can this be?

This is due to the amount of traction on the drive wheels, which is different for these two cars. The amount of traction directly depends on the product of such indicators as the magnitude of torque, transmission gear ratio, its efficiency and the rolling radius of the wheel.

How is torque created in an engine?

The engine does not have meter-long levers and weights, and they are replaced by a crank mechanism with pistons. The torque in the engine is generated due to the combustion of the fuel - air mixture, which, expanding in volume, forcefully pushes the piston down. The piston, in turn, transmits pressure through the connecting rod to the crankshaft journal. In the engine characteristics there is no shoulder value, but there is a piston stroke value (double the radius of the crankshaft crank).

For any motor, torque is calculated as follows. When a piston with a force of 200 kg moves the connecting rod to a shoulder of 5 cm, a torque of 10 kgf or 98.1 Nm appears. IN in this case To increase torque, you must either increase the radius of the crank, or increase the pressure of expanding gases on the piston.

It is possible to increase the radius of the crank up to a certain amount, but the dimensions of the cylinder block will also increase, both in width and in height, and it is impossible to increase the radius indefinitely. And the engine structure will have to be significantly strengthened, as inertial forces and other negative factors will increase. Consequently, engine developers are left with a second option - to increase the force with which the piston transmits force to rotate the crankshaft. For these purposes, it is necessary to burn more combustible mixture in the combustion chamber and, moreover, of better quality. To do this, they change the size and configuration of the combustion chamber, make “displacers” on the piston heads and increase the compression ratio.

However, the maximum torque is not available at all engine speeds and for different engines the peak torque is achieved at different modes. Some engines produce it in the range of 1800-3000 rpm, others at 3000-4500 rpm. This depends on the design of the intake manifold and valve timing, when effective filling of the cylinders with the working mixture occurs at certain speeds.

The simplest solution to increase torque, and therefore traction, is to use or mechanical boost, or their use in combination. Then the torque can already be used from 800-1000 rpm, i.e. almost immediately when you press the accelerator pedal. In addition, this eliminates such a problem as failures when accelerating, since the value of KM becomes almost the same throughout the entire engine speed range. This is achieved in various ways: increasing the number of valves per cylinder, making the valve timing controllable to optimize fuel combustion, increasing the compression ratio, using an exhaust manifold according to the formula 1-4 -2-3, impellers with variable and adjustable angle of attack of the blades, etc. .d.

Length and distance converter Mass converter Converter of volume measures of bulk products and food products Area converter Converter of volume and units of measurement in culinary recipes Temperature converter Converter of pressure, mechanical stress, Young's modulus Converter of energy and work Converter of power Converter of force Converter of time Linear speed converter Flat angle Converter thermal efficiency and fuel efficiency Converter of numbers in various number systems Converter of units of measurement of quantity of information Currency rates Women's clothing and shoe sizes Men's clothing and shoe sizes Angular velocity and rotation frequency converter Acceleration converter Angular acceleration converter Density converter Specific volume converter Moment of inertia converter Moment of force converter Torque converter Specific heat of combustion converter (by mass) Energy density and specific heat of combustion converter (by volume) Temperature difference converter Coefficient of thermal expansion converter Thermal resistance converter Thermal conductivity converter Specific heat capacity converter Energy exposure and thermal radiation power converter Heat flux density converter Heat transfer coefficient converter Volume flow rate converter Mass flow rate converter Molar flow rate converter Mass flow density converter Molar concentration converter Mass concentration in solution converter Dynamic (absolute) viscosity converter Kinematic viscosity converter Surface tension converter Vapor permeability converter Vapor permeability and vapor transfer rate converter Sound level converter Microphone sensitivity converter Sound Pressure Level (SPL) Converter Sound Pressure Level Converter with Selectable Reference Pressure Luminance Converter Luminous Intensity Converter Illuminance Converter Computer Graphics Resolution Converter Frequency and Wavelength Converter Diopter Power and Focal Length Diopter Power and Lens Magnification (×) Electric charge converter Linear charge density converter Surface charge density converter Volume charge density converter Electric current converter Linear current density converter Surface current density converter Electric field strength converter Electrostatic potential and voltage converter Electrical resistance converter Electrical resistivity converter Electrical conductivity converter Electrical conductivity converter Electrical capacitance Inductance converter American wire gauge converter Levels in dBm (dBm or dBm), dBV (dBV), watts, etc. units Magnetomotive force converter Magnetic field strength converter Magnetic flux converter Magnetic induction converter Radiation. Ionizing radiation absorbed dose rate converter Radioactivity. Radioactive decay converter Radiation. Exposure dose converter Radiation. Absorbed dose converter Decimal prefix converter Data transfer Typography and image processing unit converter Timber volume unit converter Calculation of molar mass Periodic table of chemical elements by D. I. Mendeleev

1 newton per sq. meter [N/m²] = 1.01971621297793E-05 kilogram-force per square meter. centimeter [kgf/cm²]

Initial value

Converted value

pascal exapascal petapascal terapascal gigapascal megapascal kilopascal hectopascal decapascal decipascal centipascal millipascal micropascal nanopascal picopascal femtopascal attopascal newton per square meter meter newton per square meter centimeter newton per square meter millimeter kilonewton per square meter meter bar millibar microbar dyne per sq. centimeter kilogram-force per square meter. meter kilogram-force per square meter centimeter kilogram-force per square meter. millimeter gram-force per square meter centimeter ton-force (kor.) per sq. ft ton-force (kor.) per sq. inch ton-force (long) per sq. ft ton-force (long) per sq. inch kilopound-force per sq. inch kilopound-force per sq. inch lbf per sq. ft lbf per sq. inch psi poundal per sq. foot torr centimeter of mercury (0°C) millimeter of mercury (0°C) inch of mercury (32°F) inch of mercury (60°F) centimeter of water. column (4°C) mm water. column (4°C) inch water. column (4°C) foot of water (4°C) inch of water (60°F) foot of water (60°F) technical atmosphere physical atmosphere decibar walls per square meter barium pieze (barium) Planck pressure seawater meter foot sea ​​water (at 15°C) meter of water. column (4°C)

More about pressure

General information

In physics, pressure is defined as the force acting on a unit surface area. If two equal forces act on one larger and one smaller surface, then the pressure on the smaller surface will be greater. Agree, it is much worse if someone who wears stilettos steps on your foot than someone who wears sneakers. For example, if you press the blade of a sharp knife onto a tomato or carrot, the vegetable will be cut in half. The surface area of ​​the blade in contact with the vegetable is small, so the pressure is high enough to cut that vegetable. If you press with the same force on a tomato or carrot with a dull knife, then most likely the vegetable will not cut, since the surface area of ​​the knife is now larger, which means the pressure is less.

In the SI system, pressure is measured in pascals, or newtons per square meter.

Relative pressure

Sometimes pressure is measured as the difference between absolute and atmospheric pressure. This pressure is called relative or gauge pressure and is what is measured, for example, when checking the pressure in car tires. Measuring instruments often, although not always, indicate relative pressure.

Atmosphere pressure

Atmospheric pressure is the air pressure at a given location. It usually refers to the pressure of a column of air per unit surface area. Changes in atmospheric pressure affect weather and air temperature. People and animals suffer from severe pressure changes. Low blood pressure causes problems of varying severity in humans and animals, from mental and physical discomfort to fatal diseases. For this reason, aircraft cabins are maintained above atmospheric pressure at a given altitude because the atmospheric pressure at cruising altitude is too low.

Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude. People and animals living high in the mountains, such as the Himalayas, adapt to such conditions. Travelers, on the other hand, should take the necessary precautions to avoid getting sick due to the fact that the body is not used to such low pressure. Climbers, for example, can suffer from altitude sickness, which is associated with a lack of oxygen in the blood and oxygen starvation of the body. This disease is especially dangerous if you stay in the mountains for a long time. Exacerbation of altitude sickness leads to serious complications such as acute mountain sickness, high altitude pulmonary edema, high altitude cerebral edema and extreme mountain sickness. The danger of altitude and mountain sickness begins at an altitude of 2400 meters above sea level. To avoid altitude sickness, doctors advise not to use depressants such as alcohol and sleeping pills, drink plenty of fluids, and rise to altitude gradually, for example, on foot rather than by transport. It's also good to eat plenty of carbohydrates and get plenty of rest, especially if you're going uphill quickly. These measures will allow the body to get used to the oxygen deficiency caused by low atmospheric pressure. If you follow these recommendations, your body will be able to produce more red blood cells to transport oxygen to the brain and internal organs. To do this, the body will increase the pulse and breathing rate.

First medical aid in such cases is provided immediately. It is important to move the patient to a lower altitude where the atmospheric pressure is higher, preferably to an altitude lower than 2400 meters above sea level. Medicines and portable hyperbaric chambers are also used. These are lightweight, portable chambers that can be pressurized using a foot pump. A patient with altitude sickness is placed in a chamber in which the pressure corresponding to a lower altitude is maintained. Such a chamber is used only for providing first aid, after which the patient must be lowered below.

Some athletes use low pressure to improve circulation. Typically, this requires training to take place under normal conditions, and these athletes sleep in a low-pressure environment. Thus, their body gets used to high altitude conditions and begins to produce more red blood cells, which, in turn, increases the amount of oxygen in the blood, and allows them to achieve better results in sports. For this purpose, special tents are produced, the pressure in which is regulated. Some athletes even change the pressure in the entire bedroom, but sealing the bedroom is an expensive process.

Spacesuits

Pilots and astronauts have to work in low-pressure environments, so they wear spacesuits that compensate for the low pressure environment. Space suits completely protect a person from the environment. They are used in space. Altitude-compensation suits are used by pilots at high altitudes - they help the pilot breathe and counteract low barometric pressure.

Hydrostatic pressure

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of a fluid caused by gravity. This phenomenon plays a huge role not only in technology and physics, but also in medicine. For example, blood pressure is the hydrostatic pressure of blood on the walls of blood vessels. Blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries. It is represented by two values: systolic, or the highest pressure, and diastolic, or the lowest pressure during a heartbeat. Devices for measuring blood pressure are called sphygmomanometers or tonometers. The unit of blood pressure is millimeters of mercury.

The Pythagorean mug is an interesting vessel that uses hydrostatic pressure, and specifically the siphon principle. According to legend, Pythagoras invented this cup to control the amount of wine he drank. According to other sources, this cup was supposed to control the amount of water drunk during a drought. Inside the mug there is a curved U-shaped tube hidden under the dome. One end of the tube is longer and ends in a hole in the stem of the mug. The other, shorter end is connected by a hole to the inside bottom of the mug so that the water in the cup fills the tube. The principle of operation of the mug is similar to the operation of a modern toilet cistern. If the liquid level rises above the level of the tube, the liquid flows into the second half of the tube and flows out due to hydrostatic pressure. If the level, on the contrary, is lower, then you can safely use the mug.

Pressure in geology

Pressure is an important concept in geology. Without pressure, the formation of gemstones, both natural and artificial, is impossible. High pressure and high temperature are also necessary for the formation of oil from the remains of plants and animals. Unlike gems, which primarily form in rocks, oil forms at the bottom of rivers, lakes, or seas. Over time, more and more sand accumulates over these remains. The weight of water and sand presses on the remains of animal and plant organisms. Over time, this organic material sinks deeper and deeper into the earth, reaching several kilometers below the earth's surface. The temperature increases by 25 °C for every kilometer below the earth's surface, so at a depth of several kilometers the temperature reaches 50–80 °C. Depending on the temperature and temperature difference in the formation environment, natural gas may form instead of oil.

Natural gemstones

The formation of gemstones is not always the same, but pressure is one of the main components of this process. For example, diamonds are formed in the Earth's mantle, under conditions of high pressure and high temperature. During volcanic eruptions, diamonds move to the upper layers of the Earth's surface thanks to magma. Some diamonds fall to Earth from meteorites, and scientists believe they formed on planets similar to Earth.

Synthetic gemstones

The production of synthetic gemstones began in the 1950s and has been gaining popularity recently. Some buyers prefer natural gemstones, but artificial stones are becoming more and more popular due to their low price and lack of hassles associated with mining natural gemstones. Thus, many buyers choose synthetic gemstones because their extraction and sale is not associated with human rights violations, child labor and the financing of wars and armed conflicts.

One of the technologies for growing diamonds in laboratory conditions is the method of growing crystals at high pressure and high temperature. In special devices, carbon is heated to 1000 °C and subjected to pressure of about 5 gigapascals. Typically, a small diamond is used as the seed crystal, and graphite is used for the carbon base. From it a new diamond grows. This is the most common method of growing diamonds, especially as gemstones, due to its low cost. The properties of diamonds grown in this way are the same or better than those of natural stones. The quality of synthetic diamonds depends on the method used to grow them. Compared to natural diamonds, which are often clear, most man-made diamonds are colored.

Due to their hardness, diamonds are widely used in manufacturing. In addition, their high thermal conductivity, optical properties and resistance to alkalis and acids are valued. Cutting tools are often coated with diamond dust, which is also used in abrasives and materials. Most of the diamonds in production are of artificial origin due to the low price and because the demand for such diamonds exceeds the ability to mine them in nature.

Some companies offer services for creating memorial diamonds from the ashes of the deceased. To do this, after cremation, the ashes are refined until carbon is obtained, and then a diamond is grown from it. Manufacturers advertise these diamonds as mementos of the departed, and their services are popular, especially in countries with large percentages of wealthy citizens, such as the United States and Japan.

Method of growing crystals at high pressure and high temperature

The method of growing crystals under high pressure and high temperature is mainly used to synthesize diamonds, but recently this method has been used to improve natural diamonds or change their color. Various presses are used to artificially grow diamonds. The most expensive to maintain and the most complex of them is the cubic press. It is used primarily to enhance or change the color of natural diamonds. Diamonds grow in the press at a rate of approximately 0.5 carats per day.

Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question in TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.

Instructions

newton/b per meter to emnewtons/em" class="colorbox imagefield imagefield-imagelink" rel="gallery-step-images"> By definition from a school physics textbook, a newton is a force that, acting on a body weighing 1 kilogram in a time of 1 second, changes the speed of this body by 1 meter per second. In turn, force is a measure of the intensity of impact on given body other phones This is simple - the greater the force applied to an object, the faster its speed changes. The greater the mass, the greater the force required to produce an equivalent change in speed. How more time application of force, the more the speed of the body changes. Newton is used to determine the derived quantities: (force divided by area) and moment (force multiplied by ).

It is customary to change the moment of force in newton. The same school physics textbook defines a moment about a certain point as the vector product of a force and the shortest distance from this point to the force vector. Simply put, the product of force per shoulder. If you pull a three-length rod embedded in a wall with a force of 100, the moment will already be 300 newtons. It must be remembered that moment, like force, is a vector quantity, and in addition to its value, it has a direction, which must be taken into account when calculating the values ​​of moments.

In order to convert Newton-in, it is necessary to know the shoulder - the distance from the point relative to which we calculate the value of the moment to the line of action of the force. In other words, this is the perpendicular dropped from the point at which we calculate the moment to the vector active forces. The formula for conversion looks like this: M=F*l, where M is the desired value of the moment, F is the applied force, l is the length of the perpendicular.

Sources:

• how to convert force into moment

In 1960, the International System of Units (SI) came into force, introducing the Newton as a unit of force. It is a "derived unit", meaning it can be expressed in terms of other SI units. According to Newton's second law, force is equal to the product of the mass of a body and its acceleration. Mass in the SI system is measured in kilograms and acceleration in meters and seconds, so 1 Newton is defined as 1 kilogram times 1 meter divided by a second squared.

Instructions

Apply the coefficient 0.10197162 to convert to quantities measured in kilogram-force units (as kgf or kg). Such units are often used in calculations, as they are prescribed in regulatory documents SNiP (“Building Norms and”). This takes into account the standard force of gravity of the Earth and one kilogram-force can be thought of as the force with which a one-kilogram load presses on a scale somewhere at sea level in our area. To convert a known amount of kgf to Newtons, it must be divided by the above coefficient. For example, 100 kgf = 100 / 0.10197162 = 980.66501 N.

Use your math skills and trained memory to do mental calculations to convert quantities measured in kgf to Newtons. If any problems arise with this, then use - for example, the one that Microsoft carefully inserts into each distribution operating Windows. To open it, you need to go three levels deep into the main OS menu. First, click the “Start” button to see the first-level items, then expand the “Programs” section to access the second, and go to the “Accessories” subsection to access the third-level menu lines. Click the one that says "Calculator".

Select and copy (CTRL + C) on this page the conversion factor from kgf to Newtons (0.10197162). Then switch to the calculator interface and paste the copied value (CTRL + V) - it's easier than manually typing in a nine-digit number. Then click the slash button and enter the known quantity, measured in kilogram-force units. Click the equal sign button and the calculator will calculate and show you the value of this quantity in Newtons.

Video on the topic

Sources:

• how to convert kgf to 2019

Almost all images in in electronic format are situated in raster format, i.e. broken down into individual pixels. The quality of such a picture will depend on the number of pixels per unit length. Vector image is a picture consisting of individual elements.

You will need

• - program skills Adobe Photoshop.

Instructions

Run Adobe program Photoshop, using the “File” – “Open” command, add to the program the desired image that you want to change from raster V . Or simply drag it into the application window. Select the tool " Magic wand» on the Tools palette, highlight White background around the image, click right click mouse and select the “Invert Selection” option.

Select the Lasso or Magnetic Lasso tool. Right-click on the selection and select the Make Work Path option to make images from raster. In the window that opens, set the smoothing level to your taste. The Path palette will appear on the screen.

Using the Path Selection Tool, select the outline of the object, then select the Layer menu, select the New Fill Layer option and click on the Color command. Thus, you created a fill layer, it was immediately assigned vector mask as an outline of the image.

To complicate the drawing, to do this, take the Pencil tool and select the fill layer mask. Set the Subtract option in the pencil settings and complete the elements of the picture. Save the received vector image.

Add an image to Adobe Photoshop to convert the image from raster to vector. Double-click on the background layer to make it a working layer. Create a duplicate layer. Select the Eyedropper Tool and click on the darkest color in the image. Next, take the Pen Tool and use it to add anchor points to the image.

In the Pen tool group, select the point conversion tool, select the second layer and trace the outline of the image. Make a copy of the layer and similarly draw the outline of the image that dominates the picture. Similarly, draw the details of the image, each on a new layer. Save the result.

Ton-force refers to non-systemic units of force and weight. More often, other units are used to measure strength and weight, for example, kilogram-force. In order for the ton-force to kilogram-force, you need to do the following.

Instructions

Use the proven statement that one kilogram-force equals one kilogram of body weight when imparting an acceleration of 9.80665 m/s² to this body to convert ton-force to SI units (). According to it, one ton-force will be equal to 9806.65 newtons (N). Therefore, in order to convert the off-system force value (ton- force) into an SI unit (newton), it is necessary to multiply the original ton-force value by the number 9806.65.

Open the unit conversion converter. Select required section by clicking on it with the mouse pointer. In this case, select the “Strength” section. In the window that opens, you must fill in the fields as follows.

Enter the number of ton-force to be converted. When entering tenths, use a period to separate. In the next field, click on the arrow and in the list that opens, select the unit you want to convert to in this example- ton-force.

Use your mouse to check the boxes in the list of units of measurement opposite those to which you want to convert the original value. Place it opposite kilograms-force.

Click on the "Translate" button. Wait for the result. In the “Output data has the form” field, the original number in -force will be indicated and the result of the translation - the number of kilograms-force. So, using a unit converter, you can easily and simply convert any quantities into different units measurements.

note

Previously, no distinction was made between mass and weight. Not only mass was measured in kilograms, but also weight (gravity). The kilogram-force, as a separate unit of force and weight, was introduced in 1901 at the Third General Conference on Weights and Measures. IN International system The unit used to measure force was the Newton.