Who invented Excel? Microsoft Office Excel - what is it? What is Excel and what to use it for


Microsoft Excel (Mac OS X)

Microsoft Excel 2008
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Microsoft Excel(also sometimes called Microsoft Office Excel listen)) is a spreadsheet program created by Microsoft Corporation for Microsoft Windows, Windows NT and Mac OS. It provides economic-statistical capabilities, graphical tools, and, with the exception of Excel 2008 on Mac OS X, the VBA macro programming language ( Visual Basic for Application). Microsoft Excel is part of Microsoft Office and today Excel is one of the most popular applications in the world.

Story

VBA functionality made Excel an easy target for macro viruses. And this was a serious problem until antivirus products learned to detect them. Microsoft, belatedly taking measures to reduce the risk, added the ability to select a security mode:

  • completely disable macros
  • enable macros when opening document
  • trust all macros signed using trusted certificates.

Excel versions 5.0 through 9.0 contain various Easter eggs, although Microsoft began taking steps to eliminate them starting with version 10.

Versions

Windows and Windows NT versions

Excel 97 (8.0) on Windows XP

Microsoft Office Excel 2003

  • 1988 - Excel 2.0 for Windows
  • 1990 - Excel 3.0
  • 1992 - Excel 4.0
  • 1993 - Excel 5.0 (Office 4.2 and 4.3, there is also a 32-bit version for Windows NT only)
  • 1995 - Excel 7 for Windows 95 (included in Microsoft Office 95)
  • 1997 - Excel 97 (included in Microsoft Office 97)
  • 1999 - Excel 2000 (9) - Microsoft Office 2000
  • 2001 - Excel 2002 (10) - Microsoft Office XP
  • 2003 - Excel 2003 (11) - Microsoft Office 2003
  • 2007 - Excel 2007 (12) - Microsoft Office 2007
  • 2010 - Excel 2010 (14) - Microsoft Office 2010
  • Comment: Version 1.0 was not used to avoid confusion with Apple products
  • Comment: Excel 6.0 does not exist because the Windows 95 version shipped with Word 7. All Office 95 and Office 4.x programs used OLE 2.0 (automatic transfer of data between different programs), and Excel 7 should have shown that it complies with Word 7.
  • Comment: Version 13.0 has been skipped. Excel 2010 has internal version 14.0.

Macintosh versions

  • 1985 - Excel 1.0
  • 1988 - Excel 1.5
  • 1989 - Excel 2.2
  • 1990 - Excel 3.0
  • 1992 - Excel 4.0
  • 1993 - Excel 5.0
  • 1998 - Excel 8.0 (Office "98)
  • 2000 - Excel 9.0 (Office 2001)
  • 2001 - Excel 10.0 (Office v. X)
  • 2004 - Excel 11.0 (Office 2004)
  • 2008 - Excel 12.0 (Office 2008)
  • 2011 - Excel 14.0 (Office 2011)

OS/2 versions

  • 1989 - Excel 2.2
  • 1990 - Excel 2.3
  • 1991 - Excel 3.0

Excel versions prior to 7.0 were limited in data storage capabilities, holding up to 16,384 (2 14) rows. Versions 8.0-11.0 could handle 65,536 (2 16) rows and 256 columns (2 8). Versions 12.0 and 14.0 handle up to 1,048,576 (2 20) rows and 16,384 (2 14) columns.

File formats

Microsoft Excel, up to and including version 2003, used its own binary file format (BIFF) as the main one. Excel 2007 uses Microsoft Office Open XML as its primary format.

Although Excel 2007 supports and aims to use newer XML formats as its primary format, it is still compatible with traditional binary formats. Additionally, most versions of Microsoft Excel can read CSV, DBF, SYLK, DIF, and other formats.

Office Open XML

Microsoft Excel 2007, along with other Microsoft Office 2007 products, introduces many new file formats. They are part of the Office Open XML (OOXML) specification.

New Excel 2007 formats
Format Extension Notes
Excel workbook .xlsx Standard Excel 2007 workbook format. It is actually a compressed ZIP archive of a catalog of XML documents. It is a replacement for the former .xls binary format, although it does not support macros for security reasons.
Excel workbook with macros .xlsm The same Excel workbook, but with macro support.
Binary Excel workbook .xlsb The same Excel workbook with macros, but storing information in binary format, opening documents faster than XML. It is especially often used for very large documents with tens of thousands of rows and/or hundreds of columns.
Excel template with macros .xltm Template created as a basis for workbooks, macro support included. Replaces the old .xlt format.
Excel add-in .xlam An Excel add-in aimed at adding additional functionality and tools.

Exporting and moving tables

The API allows you to open Excel spreadsheets in a number of other applications. This includes opening Excel documents on web pages using ActiveX or plugins such as Adobe Flash Player. The Apache POI project provides Java libraries for reading and writing Excel spreadsheets. There have also been attempts to copy Excel tables into web applications using comma separated values ​​(CSV).

Programming

A valuable feature of Excel is the ability to write code using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). This code is written using an editor separate from the tables. The spreadsheet is managed through an object-oriented code and data model. With this code, the data from the input tables will be instantly processed and displayed in tables and charts (graphs). The table becomes the interface of the code, making it easy to change it and manage calculations.

MS Excel password protection

Microsoft Excel security provides several types of different passwords:

All passwords, except the password for opening a document, can be deleted instantly, regardless of the version of MS Excel in which the document was created. These types of passwords are primarily used for collaborative work on a document. When using them, the document is not encrypted, and a hash of the set password is stored in the document. Although when using a password to protect a workbook, the document is encrypted with a known password "VelvetSweatshop", this does not add additional security to the document. The only type of password that can prevent an attacker from gaining access to a document is "password to open", but the cryptographic strength of such protection strongly depends on the version of MS Excel in which the document was created.

In MS Excel version 95 and earlier, "password to open" is converted into a 16-bit key, which is cracked instantly. In MS Excel 97/2000, the password was already converted into a 40-bit key, which on modern equipment can also be cracked very quickly. In addition, password cracking programs can try hundreds of thousands of passwords per second, which allows you not only to decrypt a document, but also to find the original password. In MS Excel 2003 / XP the situation has improved a little - the user can select almost any encryption algorithm available in the system (CryptoServiceProvider). But by default, the same MS Excel 97/2000 protection remains. For users who are accustomed to trusting the default behavior of programs, this means a lack of strong protection for their documents.

The situation changed dramatically in MS Excel 2007 - the modern AES algorithm with a 128-bit key began to be used for encryption, and to obtain the key, a 50,000-fold use of the SHA1 hash function was used, which reduced the search speed to hundreds of passwords per second. In MS Excel, the default security strength was increased by another 2 times, thanks to the use of a 100,000-fold SHA1 password-to-key conversion. Conclusion: at the moment, strong protection is provided only by documents saved in the Office 2007\2010 format with strong protection installed on them. "password to open".

Criticism

Common criticisms of spreadsheet processors apply to Excel as well. Specific areas of criticism in Excel are accuracy, date issues, and Excel 2007 display errors.

Accuracy

Because Excel operates based on floating point calculations, Excel's statistical accuracy has been criticized. Excel proponents argue in response that these errors only appear under special conditions of specially selected source data, which affect a relatively small number of users, and are unlikely to occur in practice. For versions 97, 2000, 2002, errors were recorded when executing the MOD (division with remainder) function with certain arguments, where the function returns the #NUM! error instead of the result.

Date problems

In versions of Excel up to and including 2007, 1900 was incorrectly considered a leap year. The bug originated in Lotus 1-2-3 and was intentionally introduced into Excel for compatibility and maintained for backward compatibility.

Excel Display Errors

Microsoft Excel 2007 screenshot showing display error 65535

On September 22, 2007, it was reported that Excel 2007 would produce incorrect results in certain situations. Specifically, for those pairs of numbers whose product is 65535 (for example, 850 and 77.1), Excel will display 100000 as the total. This happens for about 14.5% of these pairs. Additionally, if you add one to the result, Excel will output a total of 100001. However, if you subtract one from the total, the display will show the correct result of 65534. (Also, if you multiply or divide the total by 2, it will display 131070 and 32767.5, respectively.)

Microsoft reported on the Microsoft Excel blog that an issue exists in the display of six specific floating point values ​​between 65534.99999999995 and 65535 and six values ​​between 65535.99999999995 and 65536 (not including bounds). Any calculations that result in one of the twelve values ​​will not display correctly. The actual data stored and transmitted to other cells is correct, only the display of the value is incorrect. The error was introduced in Excel 2007 and does not exist in previous versions. On October 9, 2007, Microsoft released a patch that corrected the problem. It was also included in the Service Pack 1 fixes.

Notes

Links

  • Working with Excel Files Using the .NET Framework
  • List of MVP sites (English)

In 1982, Microsoft launched the first spreadsheet processor, Multiplan, which was very popular on CP/M systems, but was inferior to Lotus 1-2-3 on MS-DOS systems. The first version of Excel was for Mac and was released in 1985, and the first version for Windows was released in November 1987. Lotus was slow to release 1-2-3 for Windows, and Excel began to outsell 1-2-3 in 1988, eventually helping Microsoft achieve its position as the leading software developer. The current version for the Windows platform is Microsoft Office Excel 2010.

Excel introduces many new user interface features over the first spreadsheet processors, but the essence remains the same: like its parent program, VisiCalc, cells are arranged in rows and columns and can contain data or formulas with relative or absolute references to other cells.

Excel was the first spreadsheet processor that allowed the user to change the appearance of the table (fonts, symbols, and cell appearance). He was also the first to introduce a method for smart cell recalculation, where only those cells that depend on the changed cells are updated (previously, spreadsheet processors either constantly recalculated all cells or waited for user commands).

Since 1993, Excel has included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a programming language based on Visual Basic that allows you to automate Excel tasks. VBA is a powerful addition to the application and a full-featured IDE is available in later versions of Excel. You can create VBA code that follows user actions and thus automates simple tasks. VBA allows you to create forms to communicate with the user. The language supports using (but not creating) DLLs from ActiveX; later versions allow the use of object-oriented programming elements.

VBA functionality made Excel an easy target for macro viruses. And this was a serious problem until antivirus products learned to detect them.

Versions of Excel from 5.0 to 9.0 contain various so-called “easter eggs”, although, starting with version 10, Microsoft began to take measures to eliminate them.

Spreadsheet Basics

An Excel document has the extension *.xls or *.xlsx (for Excel 2007 and later) and is called a workbook, which is a set of worksheets. Each sheet has a tabular structure and can contain one or more tables. The Excel1 program window displays the current worksheet. The sheet name appears at the bottom of the sheet. The worksheet consists of rows and columns. Table cells are formed at the intersection of columns and rows. Input and editing operations are always performed in the active cell.

Columns are designated letters of the Latin alphabet from "A" to "Z", then goes "AA-AZ", "BB-BZ", etc. to "IV" (256). The lines are indicated by regular Arabic numbers. The cell address is determined by the intersection of a column and a row, as in chess or naval battle, for example: A1, C16. The address of a range of cells is specified by the address of the upper left cell and the lower right one, for example: A1:C5.

Eat 2 types of link presentation in Microsoft Excel:

1. Classic;

2. Link style R1C1 (here R - row (row), C - column (column)).

In R1C1 mode, the relative offset is indicated in square brackets.

If the classic view is turned on and in the cell with address A1 there is a formula “=B3” (B3 is a relative reference), then after switching to the R1C1 view it will take the form “=RC” - two rows down, one column to the right. Directions down and to the right are considered positive, up and to the left - negative.

Addressing types

Introduction

Dealing with large tables containing large amounts of data occurs in many areas of life. In particular, this applies to all types of financial and accounting activities.

In the pre-computer era, tables of this kind had to be maintained manually. Automation of spreadsheet calculations has greatly increased the efficiency and quality of work.

The purpose of this work is to consider the method of processing information using spreadsheets. Based on this goal, we can highlight the particular tasks posed in this work:

  • 1) find out the history of the creation of spreadsheets;
  • 2) study the purpose and basic capabilities of spreadsheets;
  • 3) analyze working with a spreadsheet using Microsoft Office Excel as an example.

To create this work, a PC with the Windows XP operating system with a Microsoft Office Excel 2003 spreadsheet processor was used.

History of Spreadsheets

The idea of ​​spreadsheets was first formulated by the American scientist Richard Mattessich, who published a study in 1961 called Budgeting Models and System Simulation. In 1970, Pardo and Landau added to the Concept by applying for a corresponding patent (U.S. Patent No. 4,398,249). spreadsheet link function

The generally recognized founder of spreadsheets as a separate class of software is Dan Bricklin, who together with Bob Frankston developed the famous program VisiCalc in 1979 (visual calculator0 - a spreadsheet editor for the Apple II computer. VisiCalc, the first program in history for working with spreadsheets.

But the best among all systems at that time was considered the Multiplan package, which was not released by it at all in the previous year - 1982, which was originally planned as an easily portable program for working on Apple, IBM PC and other systems, and a Lotus 1-2-3 product company Lotus Development, developed under the leadership of Mitch Kapor, the chief of Lotus.

Lotus 1-2-3 has surpassed VisiCals in popularity. It was released exclusively for the IBM PC and completely replaced Microsoft's Multiplan package. Lotus combined the capabilities of spreadsheets, business graphics and some functions of a relational database management system. Almost all subsequent spreadsheet processors (Multiplan, QuattroPro, SuperCalc and others) supported these three functions.

In 1983, the still relatively young software company Microsoft, founded in 1975 by Paul Allen and William H. Gates, better known as Bill Gates, decided to develop a new competitive spreadsheet calculation program. The project received the internal code name Odyssey.

The goal that Bill Gates set for Microsoft from the very beginning can be formulated as follows: a personal computer that will run Microsoft application programs running the Microsoft operating system, with the ability to design new products using Microsoft tools and programming languages, should be on every desk .

By this time, most of Microsoft's employees were developing the first version of Windows. Windows was to be the first operating environment to support a graphical user interface for the IBM PC. In 1984, Gates was focused entirely on Windows and Odyssey. The program was aimed at the IBM PC. However, in the middle of the year there was an unexpected change of course: Odyssey, temporarily called "Excel", was now to be developed for the Macintosh, as Gates learned that Lotus was also engaged in new development for the Macintosh. Lotus's new spreadsheet program was to contain a database, a business graphics system, and a text editor as integrated software tools. It was developed as part of a project called Jazz.

Due to the reorientation of Excel to the Macintosh, development slowed down. But later Gates still managed to convince the chief programmer of the project, Doug Klunder, that Excel should first work on the IBM PC. On May 2, 1985, Excel was finally officially launched in New York.

From the long history of Excel and Odyssey, Lotus 1-2-3 and VisiCalc, one thing is certain: spreadsheet programs still represent one of the most important sectors of the personal computer applications market. Subsequently, numerous other products of this class appeared on the market - SuperCalc, OpenOffice.org Calc, AppleWorks and gnumeric tables.

Microsoft Office Excel is a spreadsheet program that allows you to store, organize and analyze information. You may have the impression that Excel is only used by a certain group of people to perform complex tasks. But you are wrong! In fact, anyone can master this excellent program and use all its power to solve exclusively their everyday problems.

Excel is a universal program that allows you to work with various data formats. In Excel, you can maintain a home budget, make both simple and very complex calculations, store data, organize various diaries, draw up reports, build graphs, diagrams and much, much more.

Excel program is part of the Microsoft Office suite, which consists of a whole set of products that allow you to create various documents, spreadsheets, presentations and much more.

In addition to Microsoft Excel, there are a number of similar programs that are also based on working with spreadsheets, but Excel is by far the most popular and powerful of them, and is rightfully considered the flagship of this area. I dare say that Excel is one of the most popular programs in general.

What can I do in Excel?

Microsoft Excel has many advantages, but the most significant is, of course, its versatility. The uses for Excel are almost endless, so the more knowledge you have about the program, the more uses you can find for it. The following are possible areas of application for Microsoft Office Excel.

  1. Working with Numeric Data. For example, drawing up a wide variety of budgets, ranging from home budgets, as the simplest, to the budget of a large organization.
  2. Work with text. A diverse set of tools for working with text data makes it possible to present even the most complex text reports.
  3. Creating graphs and charts. A large number of tools allow you to create a wide variety of chart options, which makes it possible to present your data in the most vivid and expressive way.
  4. Creating diagrams and drawings. In addition to graphs and charts, Excel allows you to insert many different shapes and SmartArt graphics into your worksheet. These tools significantly increase the data visualization capabilities of the program.
  5. Organizing Lists and Databases. Microsoft Office Excel was originally designed with a structure of rows and columns, so organizing work with lists or creating a database is an elementary task for Excel.
  6. Data import and export.Excel allows you to exchange data with a wide variety of sources, which makes working with the program even more universal.
  7. Automation of similar tasks. Using macros in Excel allows you to automate the execution of the same type of time-consuming tasks and reduce human participation to a single mouse click to run the macro.
  8. Creating Control Panels. In Excel, you can place controls directly on the worksheet, which allows you to create visual, interactive documents.
  9. Built-in programming language. The Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) programming language built into the Microsoft Excel application allows you to expand the program's capabilities at least several times. Knowledge of the language opens up completely new horizons for you, for example, creating your own custom functions or entire add-ons.

The features of the Excel application can be listed for a very long time; above I presented only the most basic of them. But it is already clear to see how useful knowledge of this program will be for you.

Who is Excel made for?

Initially, Excel was created exclusively for office work, since only an organization could afford such a luxury as a computer. Over time, computers began to appear more and more in the homes of ordinary people, and the number of users gradually increased. At the moment, almost every family has a computer and most of them have Microsoft Office installed.

There are hundreds of companies in Russia offering Microsoft Office courses. Excel is taught in educational institutions; hundreds of books and training courses have been published on Excel. Knowledge of Office is required when applying for a job or this knowledge is counted as an additional advantage. All this suggests that knowledge of office programs, in particular Excel, will be useful to everyone without exception.

INTRODUCTION


Microsoft Excel Basics

In any structure there is a minimum unit of information. For example, the whole world is made of atoms. The minimum unit of information in Excel is a cell. There are individual letters inside the cell. But the logic of Excel is based on this basic concept - the cell. The cells are collected into sheets. An Excel sheet is a collection of cells. A book is a set of sheets. In our concept, a “book” is a file. And in the Excel concept, a “book” is a file. One file is one book. A workspace is a set of files or books. For ease of work, several books with related work areas can be combined into a work area and we will have the feeling of one file.

Selecting one cell is simple, click on it with the mouse and it is selected. A black square will appear around the cell. But you can also select several cells at once. They are selected using the left mouse button and two keys on the keyboard.

The first way is to select using the Shift key. Select the upper left cell of the required range, you need to press the Shift key and do not release its lower right corner of the range. After which both the mouse button and the key must be released. Please note that if you select several ranges, the previous selection is removed.

The second way is to use the Ctrl key. It allows you to highlight complex ranges. It's easy to use. Select the first cell, press Ctrl and, without releasing it, select other cells anywhere in the table.

You can also select an entire row or column by clicking on its heading.

Excel Features

Excel is a software product with rich capabilities. which can be used on many levels. You probably won't need all of this program's features, but it's a good idea to at least have an idea of ​​what they allow you to do. This is necessary, say, so that you don’t bother looking for another software product without knowing that Excel is capable of completing the task assigned to you.

Excel files, called workbooks, can consist of any number of individual sheets. These can be worksheets or diagram sheets. This feature makes it easier to organize your work. For example, you can save all tables located on different worksheets and belonging to the same project in a separate workbook.

In Excel, you can work with several files at the same time; however, it is not at all necessary to close one file if you need to look into another. This property is a multi-window interface. simplifies the process of exchanging information between tables in different workbooks. Excel allows you to open as many files as you need.

Excel has its own file format, indicated by the XLS extension in the file name. Excel can also read files created in other spreadsheet programs, such as Lotus 1-2-3 and Quanro Pro. You can also read text files, dBASE files, and HTML documents.

It's worth noting that computer documentation is getting better and better. In the past, the user was happy if the manual that came with the software accurately described all of its capabilities. Currently, printed documentation is being abandoned in favor of an electronic help system. This means that you can get any help on your computer screen while working in Excel. The Excel spreadsheet is well thought out and detailed.

1. The assistant monitors your actions and gives tips that can help you save time. You can review these tips at any time.

2. Provides reference information on specific issues with the program (for example, creating diagrams).

3. When entering an incorrect formula, in most cases it offers an option to correct it.

4. Offers an easy way to find reference information on a specific topic. To do this, just enter a question, and the Assistant will offer a list of suitable topics. An assistant appears every time you need help.

Excel is probably the easiest spreadsheet program to use. Many of its features have been specially designed to allow both beginners and professional users to perform everyday tasks easily and quickly. When performing certain procedures, the program guides you step by step, the basic editing and formatting commands are simple and clear. For example, to change any formatting attribute of a cell or range, you only need to use one dialog box, and to open the context menu, you need to right-click on the corresponding element.

One of the advantages of Excel is the ability to work with lists located on the desktop. This feature makes it easy to sort, filter, summarize, and process worksheet data.

Using links

A reference uniquely identifies a cell or group of cells in a worksheet. Using links, you can use data in different places on the worksheet in a formula, as well as the value of the same cell in several formulas. You can also reference cells that are on other sheets in a workbook, in another workbook, or even to data in another application. Links to cells in other workbooks are called external links. Links to data in other applications are called remote links.

Distribution of formulas

In addition to copying and moving, you can extend a formula to part of a row or column. This changes the relative links. To distribute the formula, you must complete the following steps:

· Place the cursor in the cell with the formula.

· Move the mouse pointer to the fill marker. The pointer image changes to a black cross.

· Press the left mouse button and, while holding it down, move the cursor to the desired location. To complete the propagation of the formula, release the button.

It is important to note that Excel displays an error value in a cell when the formula for that cell cannot be calculated correctly. If a formula contains a reference to a cell that contains an error value, then the formula will also output the error value.

Working with the Function Wizard.

Function Wizard is a program that helps you quickly create or edit a formula using the so-called built-in functions of MS Excel. Built-in functions are predefined formulas that perform calculations on given values, called arguments, in a specified order. The structure of a function begins with the function name, then the arguments are specified in parentheses, separated by semicolons. The argument list can consist of numbers, text, booleans (such as TRUE or FALSE), arrays, error values ​​(such as #N/A), and references to individual cells or ranges. In addition, arguments can be either constants or formulas. These formulas, in turn, can contain other functions.

Because some formulas and their combinations are so common, Excel offers more than 400 pre-programmed formulas called functions. All functions are divided into categories to make them easier to navigate. The built-in Function Wizard helps you apply functions correctly at all stages of work. It allows you to construct and calculate most functions in two steps. The program has a complete list of all functions, ordered alphabetically, in which you can easily find a function if you know its name; otherwise, you should search by category.

Many functions vary very slightly, so when searching by category, it is useful to use the short descriptions of functions that the Function Wizard provides. A function operates on some data called its arguments. A function argument can occupy a single cell or be placed in an entire group of cells. The Function Wizard provides assistance in specifying any type of argument.

To call the Function Wizard, click the Insert Function button on the standard toolbar, execute the Insert/Function command, or use the keyboard shortcut. The Function Wizard dialog box will then appear, allowing you to select the desired function.

The Function Wizard dialog box (see Fig. 1) consists of two interconnected lists: Category and Function. When you select one of the elements of the Category list in the Function list, the corresponding list of functions appears. In Microsoft Excel, functions are divided into 12 categories. The 10 most recently used category is constantly updated. It resembles stack memory: a new called function, which has not yet been included in this list, will occupy the first line, thereby displacing the last function.

Fig.1. Function Wizard Dialog Box

When you select a function, a brief description of it appears at the bottom of the dialog box. By pressing the OK button or the key, you can call up the panel of the selected function.

In the Russified version of Microsoft Excel, the names of most functions, excluding a small part (18) of mathematical ones, are written in Russian, for example, =SUM(), =IF(), =PROBABILITY(), etc. A common mistake made by beginners is to enter in Russian not only the names of functions, but also the arguments.

Microsoft Excel

MS Excel has the ability to graphically represent data in the form of a chart. Charts are linked to the data sheets from which they were created and change whenever the data in the worksheet changes.

Charts can use data from non-adjacent cells. The same charts can use PivotTable data.

Creating a Chart

One of the most impressive features of MS Excel is its ability to turn abstract rows and columns of numbers into attractive, informative graphs and charts. Excel supports 14 types of different standard two- and three-dimensional charts. When you create a new chart, Excel defaults to a histogram.

Charts are a convenient means of graphically presenting data. They allow you to evaluate the available quantities better than the most careful study of each cell of the worksheet. A chart can help you spot errors in your data.

In order to build a chart, you must have at least one data series. The data source for the chart is an Excel table.

1.5.2. Special terms used when constructing diagrams

The X-axis is called the category axis and the values ​​plotted on this axis are called categories.

The values ​​of the functions and histograms displayed in the chart make up the data series. A data series is a sequence of numeric values. Several data series can be used when constructing a chart. All rows must have the same dimension.

Legend – decoding of the designations of data series in the diagram.

The type of chart affects its structure and imposes certain requirements on the data series. Thus, to construct a pie chart, only one series of data is always used.

Changing value labels

To change the labels of values ​​on the chart, you need to click once on the label to change to select the labels for the entire series, and click again to select an individual value label.

Then you should enter the new text or value and press Enter. If you change the caption text directly on the diagram, the connection with the sheet cell will be lost.


CONCLUSION

The goal of creating a computer model of a body thrown at an angle to the horizontal in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets has been achieved.

All problems solved:

1. an analysis of the model of throwing a ball into a wall located at a known distance was carried out in order to identify the system parameters necessary to achieve the goal and the connections between them;

2. a process for constructing a computer model of a physical process in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets has been developed;

3. it became possible to carry out a more accurate assessment of the ball hitting a wall located at a known distance, and to analyze the trajectories of its movement for several throwing angles, plotted on one diagram.

Based on the results of the work, the relevance of using MicroSoft Excel spreadsheets for performing calculations of low and medium complexity was revealed. Due to the speed of development of tables - templates, simplicity and clarity of the interface, convenient printing, the availability of a wide range of tools for inserting filters, searching the table, the ability to protect a document from unauthorized deletion of data, the use of mathematical, physical, and logical formulas, the Excel program is best suited . According to the tests, the data processing speed satisfies the speed required for processing large volumes of information, and in a convenient, visually understandable form.

The MicroSoft Excel program completely coped with the solution of the assigned tasks of creating a table for calculating the movement of bodies.

Based on the work done, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1. Solving physical problems using the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet is much easier and faster.

2. In spreadsheets, Microsoft Excel provides many options to the user.

3. Microsoft Excel spreadsheets have many different functions that make it easier to solve any problems from various areas.

4. In Microsoft Excel spreadsheets, you can build graphs and diagrams, with the help of which you can clearly show the result of the solution.

5. The Microsoft Excel spreadsheet processor is a convenient modeling tool.


LITERATURE

1. E.V. Bursian. Physics. 100 problems to solve on a computer. Tutorial. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House "MiM", 1997.

2. Ugrinovich N.D. Research of information models. Elective course: textbook - M.: BINOM. Knowledge Laboratory, 2006.

3. Ugrinovich N.D. Computer science and information technology: textbook for grades 10-11 - M.: BINOM. Knowledge Laboratory, 2002.

4. Pak N.I. Computer science. 2004.

5. Mogilev A.V. Informatics. M.: Publishing center "Academy". 2003.

6. Leontyev V.P. The latest encyclopedia of the personal computer. 2003.

7. Kushnerenko A.G. Fundamentals of computer science and computer technology. M.: Education. 1991.

8. Kushnerenko A.G. New information technologies. M.: Bustard. 2003.

9. Computer science. Encyclopedic dictionary for beginners. Ed.

10. Computer science. Practical problem book. T-2. edited by I. G. Semakina,

11. E. K. Henner. M., Binom. Laboratory of Knowledge, 2002

12. D. A. Pospelova. M., Pedagogy-Press 1994

13. http://www.alleng.ru/d/econ/econ271.htm

14. http://bourabai.kz/cm/index.htm


APPLICATIONS

INTRODUCTION

With the advent of increasingly powerful computing resources, humanity is opening up opportunities to model complex processes associated with both human activity and natural phenomena. The use of a simulation program provides undeniable economic benefits for production, since thanks to the computing power of modern computers, simulation occurs much faster in time than real processes. In addition, using modern visualization software, it is possible to obtain a very visual representation of the results of modeling physical processes in the form of various diagrams and graphs.

The importance of computer science is largely manifested through the introduction of computer modeling in various scientific and applied fields: mathematics and physics, technology, biology and medicine, economics, management and many others. With the help of computer modeling, many scientific and industrial problems are solved. MS Excel is a flexible tool for computer modeling.

The capabilities of Microsoft Excel spreadsheets are very multifaceted. Everyone knows that Excel is a powerful computing tool that allows you to make simple and complex calculations in various fields of human activity: mathematics, physics, engineering, economics, technology.

Microsoft Excel spreadsheets (included in the Microsoft Office package) are a program designed primarily for economic calculations.

The choice of this program for teaching computer modeling is due to the following reasons:

Despite its economic focus, Excel is a very powerful program that includes more than 400 functions, including mathematical, statistical, engineering, logical, etc.

An intuitive “friendly” interface, detailed help in Russian and broad integration and unification with other Microsoft programs make learning and using Excel easy, convenient and enjoyable. Thanks to this, in Excel you can do physics on a computer, rather than computer science using physics examples. Unlike complex professional mathematical and physics packages that require lengthy study, Excel can be mastered in one lesson and allows you to continue to study physics exclusively, without being distracted by studying the program itself.

In professional mathematical and physics packages, in order to do anything, you need to know which command to enter or which button to press, but there is no need to understand exactly how the program models this process. Physical models are not specified in Excel - they must be specified yourself, so modeling physical processes requires a deep understanding of the physical and mathematical meaning of the formulas and models used. The opposite is also true: mastering computer modeling of physical processes in Excel leads to a deeper understanding of these processes, as well as the physical and mathematical meaning of the formulas and models used.

Purpose of the work: to create and study a model of a physical process in Microsoft Excel.

1. Select a list of references.

2. Explore the capabilities of the Excel spreadsheet processor.

3. Build a physical model in the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet processor.

Object of study: modeling of physical processes in the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet processor.

Subject of research: a computer model of a physical process created in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.


CHAPTER 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF WORK IN ELECTRONIC TABLES

History of Excel spreadsheets

To work with spreadsheets, special programs called spreadsheet processors were created. Initially, these programs could only process two-dimensional tables that included numeric data, but then products appeared that also had the ability to include text, graphics and other multimedia elements. The “arsenal” of spreadsheet processors includes powerful mathematical functions that allow complex statistical, financial and other calculations.

At the theoretical level, the concept of spreadsheets was developed by the American scientist Richard Mattessich. The corresponding publication was called Budgeting Models and System Simulation and was published back in 1961. Subsequently, this concept was developed and supplemented by Pardo and Landau, who even applied for a patent. And although this application was not initially granted, the authors of the invention defended the rights to their brainchild through the courts.

Based on the developed theory, the first table processor appeared in 1979. This was VisiCalc, created by Dan Bricklin together with Bob Frank - groan, and intended for the Apple platform. It was the appearance of such a program that largely determined the transformation of the computer from an expensive “toy” into an indispensable assistant to an accountant.

Subsequently, numerous spreadsheet processors appeared on the market, which include SuperCalc, Microsoft MultiPlan, Quattro Pro, Lotus 1-2-3, Microsoft Excel, OpenOffice.org Calc, AppleWorks, but the VisiCalc program was the first, and it all started with it.

The official appearance of Excel as part of the MS Office package was in 1991; this date marks the beginning of the Excel era.

Excel is a widely used computer program. It is needed to carry out calculations, compile tables and diagrams, and calculate simple and complex functions.


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