How to make your own call on iphone. How to Trim a Song for iPhone Ringtone (Easiest Method)


Home distinctive feature Apple is that all their products have been thought through down to the smallest detail, from great design to user-friendly and functional software. The main pride of the company is Apple Iphone contains its own ringtones, which literally every person knows by ear, even those without of this smartphone. But what if you want to play your favorite song? incoming call, and not be limited standard set ringtones? Another popular Apple product – iTunes – will help you easily cope with this problem. And today you will learn about how to create ringtones in this program.

This method of creating ringtones is one of the simplest, so you will need your Iphone, a computer with installed program iTunes, USB cable and two to three minutes of free time.

Stage 1. Launch iTunes on your computer.

Stage 2. Open music library iTunes and select a song to turn into a ringtone. Press the “Play” button and, paying attention to the time, remember at what point you want to start playing the ringtone and at what point to end it. Please note that the duration of the ringtone should not exceed 30 seconds.

Stage 3. Click right click Click on the required ringtone and select “Details”.

In the dialog box that opens, go to the “Parameters” tab and pay attention to the “Start” and “Stop time” items. In the “Start” item you must indicate the time from which your ringtone will start, in the “Stop time” item, respectively, the moment the ringtone ends. After setting the parameters, for example, 0:15 and 0:45, click OK.


Stage 4. Right-click on the resulting track and select the “Create AAC version” option.

After a second, a short version in AAC format will appear next to the original track.

Stage 5. There's just a little bit left to do. Right-click and select the Show in Windows Explorer" A dialog box will open containing your ringtone. Copy this file by right-clicking and selecting “Copy”, or by pressing Ctrl+C.


Stage 6. Also go to Windows Explorer standard folder“Music” and create a “Ringtones” folder in it. Paste the copied ringtone into this folder. The next time you create new ringtones, save them in this folder.


Stage 7. From the Start menu, open Control Panel. If your computer is running Windows 8, then move the mouse cursor to the very right side of the screen, select “Settings” and open “Control Panel”. In the window that appears, select “Folder Options.” Go to the View tab and look for the Hide extensions from known file types option. If there is a checkmark next to it, uncheck it. Click the "Apply" button and return to the created "Ringtones" folder.

Stage 8. After making the changes, you may notice that an extension appears next to the file name. This way, in addition to the file name, we can change the extension. Right-click and select "Rename". Change the file extension from .m4a to .m4r. Confirm your intention to change the file extension. Now you have exactly the ringtone for your iPhone.

Stage 9. And finally, all you have to do is go back to iTunes, right-click the old 30-second file and select “Delete.” Now you won't need it.

Stage 10. Go back to the Ringtones folder and select the file double click mice. Your ringtone will start playing. And if you go to the “Sounds” tab in your iTunes library, you will see that the section is no longer empty, but contains your ringtone.


Stage 11. Connect your iPhone to iTunes (using a USB cable or Wi-Fi synchronization). Go to iPhone settings in the “Sounds” tab, select “Synchronize sounds” – “All sounds” and click the “Apply” button. After synchronization is complete, the ringtone will be located on your iPhone.


At first glance it may seem that this method creating a ringtone is too complicated. But in reality, creating a custom ring tone will take you no more than three minutes. Good luck!

Every user of Apple devices sooner or later comes to the question: how to make (create) a ringtone for an iPhone/iPhone (4s, 5, 5C, 5S, 6, 6 Plus, SE) with your own hands. By setting an individual melody, the smartphone becomes truly unique.

In a direct translation of the term ringtone, two words are used - ring and musical accent (tone). Currently given word has become very popular and is a commercial product that generates large incomes by selling users the same popular compositions, which are subsequently replaced with new ones. Having installed a ringtone offered from advertising services on your iPhone, you should not hope that it will be truly individual. More often than not, this is what happens, for example in vehicles, the same iPhone ringtones are heard from different corners on an incoming call.

on one's own

Creating your own custom melody always adds individuality to the smartphone owner and rather attracts more attention to it. Hearing an interesting composition on a call stranger, a person’s preferences are immediately assumed - based on the musical composition, people try to identify certain general signs owner's character. In any case, spending time studying the process of creating a ringtone for an iPhone/iPhone with your own hands will in the future speed up the time for the subsequent selection and installation of the composition that you really like.

In fact, creating a ringtone from a selected song is not such a difficult task; it’s enough to know the programs or online applications, allowing you to quickly perform all the steps to create a segment of a song or melody and then, using iTunes, transfer it in the desired format to your iPhone.

Creation methods ringtone for iPhone/iPhone

Unfortunately. with exit iTunes updates version 12.4, the ability to create a ringtone for iPhone using iTunes is impossible, due to the lack of function data. It is not yet clear what this is connected with; perhaps these options will be re-added in subsequent versions of updates. Because a large number of people used this application to create iPhone ringtones for calls.

Main features ringtone for iPhone

  1. The duration of the ringtone should not exceed 30 sec.
  2. The format of the song downloaded to the device (as a ringtone) must be in the format "m4r"

You can create a ringtone in any way, through a program or online services, for example in the common format “ mp3"And in the future, using iTunes to download and synchronize music files, conversion will occur to the one we need "m4r" format. But if the length exceeds 30 seconds, the device will simply refuse to use it as a call.

Creating a ringtone for iPhone/iPhone using mp3DirectCut program

In order to make a ringtone for an iPhone with your own hands, we chose the mp3DirectCut program as an example. Since it is one of the most common free programs for editing musical compositions, with the ability to cut selected sections, combine without loss of quality, create a smooth increase in the sound level at the beginning and attenuation at the end, and some other capabilities.

This program has become very common, most likely due to the fact that it is very simple and clear interface, allowing even novice users to understand it, despite the fact that there are no more complex operations for editing music functions. In principle, in our case, to create ringtones for iPhone/iPhone, it is more than enough for us.

In order to make your own ringtone for iPhone you need:

  • and install on your computer. After the program is installed, launch it by clicking on the shortcut that appears on the desktop. Along with its main window, an additional window will appear where you need to select the Russian language by clicking on the tab with the arrow.

  • Having installed the Russian language, click below “ Use and restart". After this, the program will restart and open in Russian.

  • Click on the tab " File" and select open.

  • A window will open with a graph and duration scale of the audio file. Below we select the button “ Play” and listen to the song until the cutting begins.

  • Having determined the cutting location, press the button “ Start"(see in the picture).

  • Button "" End» set the end point of the song segment.

  • The length of the cut section of the composition for the ringtone, should not exceed 30 seconds., the figure shows the place where the duration of the selected segment is indicated. If you cut more than 30 seconds, you can reduce the length by moving the cursor to an earlier place and pressing the end button again.

  • The program has many additional buttons and functions, after hovering the cursor a brief explanation of their function will appear. Among them there is a button “ Listen from the beginning of the selection«.

  • The program options contain functions (in the menu “ Edit") simple and two-level attenuation of the selected section of the composition for the ringtone.

  • To save the cut ringtone, you need to open the “ File" and select " Save selection", selecting a folder to store the file.

For those people who wondered: how to make a ringtone for an iPhone/iPhone (4s, 5, 5C, 5S, 6, 6 Plus, SE) yourself, this program will become a good helper in this case. It will only remain with the help iTunes programs download it to your device and set it as a ringtone on your iPhone.

Making a ringtone for iPhone/iPhone online at Mp3cut.ru

This site was chosen as an example, if you find it inconvenient to use, there are other sites on the Internet for creating a ringtone for an iPhone call online(without installing programs on the computer).

  • In order to make a ringtone for iPhone online with your own hands, go to the website Mp3cut.ru (will open in a new tab) and press the button “ Open file". We select the composition on the computer (if it is not on the PC, first download it from the Internet).

  • Press the button " Ringtone for iPhone", then the button " Play" and listen to the song before the beginning of the ringtone segment.

  • Below, under the sound graph, there are two sliders for the beginning and end of the segment; by moving them, we select the part of the song needed for the ringtone.

  • There are also buttons here Smooth start" And " Smooth fade", included at will.

Length of the composition segment should not exceed 30 seconds.

  • Now that the cut for the ringtone on the iPhone is done, click “ Trim«.

  • A page will open where you will be offered a link to download and save the file.

The made ringtone, when you press the “Ringtone for iPhone” button at the beginning of the process, is saved in the required format “ m4r". Now, using iTunes, you can transfer it to your iPhone.

Finding and downloading a ready-made ringtone is much easier than creating it yourself, but by doing it once in the future, you will do it much faster. If you decide to figure out how to make a ringtone for an iPhone (4s, 5, 5C, 5S, 6, 6 Plus, SE), then you can safely start now. Moreover, in currently there are all the tools and instructions for quick mastery this process. Accordingly, the likelihood of identical melodies on other people’s calls will be much lower. In any case, a melody made by yourself will be much more pleasant.

Setting a ringtone made from a popular musical composition takes just a few seconds. You can find a ready-made melody on the Internet or buy it at iTunes Store. Things are worse with songs that are not included in the “hot ten” hits. IN finished form they are difficult or impossible to find. On top of that, no one guarantees that it will be cut in exactly the place you like. There is only one way out of this situation - to figure out how to make a ringtone for iPhone and take matters into your own hands.

Before you start making own call, it wouldn't hurt to learn a little theory. Apple uses the AAC format, part of the MPEG-4 specification, to work with audio streams. It was developed as a replacement for the popular MP3 and has better efficiency coding. The mp4 extension is officially approved in the specification, but Apple uses its own, which are not included in the description of the standard. By default, the music file has the m4a extension, and the ringtone has the m4r extension. The total length of the audio used as an iPhone ringer must not exceed 40 seconds.

Making a ringtone

To make our own ringtone, we will need a musical composition in mp3 format. You can get it on the Internet or pull it from a CD using special programs decoders. On a Mac, you can use iTunes for this purpose in import mode from external media.

Online services

There are quite a lot of online services designed for creating ringtones. Their functionality is approximately the same. Over the 10 years of iPhone's presence on the market, they all learned to work with m4r. For example, we use the site.

  1. The interface on such pages is extremely simple. Using the button marked “1” we upload the selected composition to the site. It will appear as a thumbnail just below. You can delete it by clicking on the “cross” marked with a double. Even lower, in the field marked “3”, the audio stream will be displayed.

  1. Using the green markers marked with arrows, select required fragment. Controls allow you to start, stop, or loop playback. In the latter case, the melody does not end, but is played in a circle. This way you can check how the transition will go during a long call. In the position marked “2”, switch to creating a ringtone in a format suitable for iPhone. We complete the work by clicking on the button marked with a three.

  1. A pop-up window notifies you when the song has finished trimming. Click “Download” and you will receive a ringtone on your PC, ready for use.

iTunes offers a universal option for creating a melody. With its help, you can process any downloaded song in a few steps and immediately install it on your iPhone.

  1. Open the program and select the item marked “1” in the side menu. The latest songs added to iTunes are placed here. If we are going to work with an older melody that has been in the library for a long time, we look for it in the “Songs” or “Albums” items, respectively. We move the mouse pointer to the place indicated by the number “2”. By default, it displays the duration of a piece of music. By clicking on the ellipsis, we call up the context menu.

  1. Let's move on to the marked point.

  1. In the properties window, switch to the “Parameters” tab. In the area marked with a frame, put a checkmark marking the beginning and end of the fragment. We enter the time manually in the format X:XX,XX. Thus, you can set this parameter with an accuracy of a hundredth of a second. Having completed the fine adjustment, click the “OK” button.

  1. Open the “File” menu of the program. Find the “Conversion” item and expand the nested items. We choose to create a version in AAC format.

  1. Another file will appear in the album selected for work. In the screenshot it is shown with a frame. As you can see, its duration is 39 seconds limited by us. We move the pointer over the timestamp and, turning it into an ellipsis, open the menu.

  1. Go to “Show in Finder”. On Windows it is called "Show in Explorer".

  1. In the window file manager We find a melody with the required duration and m4a extension. Open the context menu for it.

  1. Select the “Rename” item. We replace last letter in the file extension from "a" to "r".

  1. In the pop-up window we confirm the correctness of our actions. The ringtone is ready to use. You can leave it in the same folder or move it to a more convenient place so as not to get confused in the future.

GarageBand on Mac

On Mac computers GarageBand program included with iMovie and Office Suite free package iLife. Representing a recording studio, it will seem like a real ringtone paradise for lovers of various effects.

  1. Having launched the program, we will see a window for selecting a new project. From here you can immediately proceed to creating a ringtone. Switch to the marked menu item and press the “Select” button.

  1. In the new project window, switch to the internal media library using the icon marked in the right top corner. Select “Music” from the list. Below, an area marked with the number “3” will open. We find in it a song suitable for editing. Drag it to the “Apple Loops” field indicated by the arrow.

  1. You can close the media library by clicking on the icon again. This way we will expand the working field in which we will select the desired fragment of the composition. Activate the toolbar using the scissors icon. In the lower field, switch to showing regions. As a result, a dark yellow stripe of the required duration for a ringtone appears above the sound stream. By moving it and adjusting the length, we select an area suitable for trimming.

  1. By pulling the edges, we adjust the sound flow, highlighting the selected fragment. The enlarged box marked "2" shows the zoom slider. With it, you can change the timeline view to accurately define the boundaries of the melody.

  1. On the top system panel In the GarageBand menu we find the “Export” item. Having opened it, select the marked item. Since we worked with the song, we will have to transfer it to iTunes in the same form, and not as a ringtone.

  1. In the export window that opens, set a name for the file in the “Title” field. If desired, you can enter other data by indicating the artist or album. The quality in the lowest field is immediately indicated as maximum. If we need a ringing ringtone, we shouldn't lower it. Press the button marked “2” to complete the transfer process. There's a new GarageBand playlist coming to iTunes. The cropped fragment can be found there and in the original folder of the album from which the composition was taken. Further actions are similar to those described above. In iTunes, we need to change the extension of the created file so that the iPhone can recognize it as a ringtone.

There is a mobile version of GarageBand for iOS. It is part of pre-installed applications on any iPhone. With its help, you can edit music and create a ringtone directly on your smartphone. It must be said right away that this is a thankless task. On models with big screen, such as 6, 7, 8 or X, are still relatively comfortable to work with. On iPhone 5 or SE you will have to suffer. On the 3.5-inch screen of the iPhone 4, this activity will look more like torture.

  1. After launch, the created projects are displayed in the main application window. When you turn it on for the first time, there is nothing in it yet. Click on the cross in the upper right corner to get started.

  1. The peculiarity of the program is that it is impossible to directly access the music. First you need to create a sound track. For example, let's choose a piano as the first one proposed.

  1. Here again click on the “+” sign marked with an arrow. Default soundtrack consists of 8 measures, each lasting just over 2 seconds. In order for us to fit the entire song in the future, we need to change their number in advance.

  1. Tap in the place indicated by the arrow to expand the additional menu.

  1. Turn the “Automatic” switch to the on position. Lower section with manual setting it disappears.

  1. Using the control unit marked “1”, we record a short track by drumming on virtual keys. As a result, we will have an additional icon indicated by an arrow. With its help we enable multi-track mode.

  1. In the window that opens we see the green bar of our sound fragment. Click on the loop symbol to add the next track.

  1. The built-in media library opens, in which we find the desired song. It must be pre-downloaded on iPhone as local file. Press and hold the name of the song. A small icon should appear under your finger. IN normal condition You can only see its edge. Without releasing your finger, we wait until the program opens a window with the first track.

  1. While holding the song that appears as a blue track, drag it to the left edge of the screen. Now you can get rid of the first sound fragment. Tap on the piano icon to bring up the context menu. Select the “Delete” item.

  1. Using two fingers, we scale the screen to determine the cropping boundaries as accurately as possible. One clock cycle can thus be stretched into 64 divisions, occupying the entire workspace. Having decided on the beginning and end of the fragment, we squeeze the editing area by the “ears” indicated by the arrows. The total length should be within 18 bars, which will take about 40 seconds. Having finished trimming, close the window using the icon indicated by the number “2”.

  1. The last stage of work involves creating a ringtone from our composition. Select the appropriate section for this.

  1. Set a name for the new call. Closing on-screen keyboard and start the export procedure.

  1. The ringtone creation process is completed and it is placed in the library iPhone sounds. You can assign it immediately separate contact or defer the selection by clicking OK.

As you can see, the process is quite long and not very convenient. Fiddling around on 4 or CE with cutting music, which can be done on a computer in ten minutes, is not a pleasure for everyone.

Setting a ringtone

GarageBand for iOS is the only app that lets you create and set ringtones directly on your iPhone. The rest of the software, which can be found in App Store, will ultimately still require using iTunes. Myths about its complexity, diligently replicated on the Internet, date back to the times the first iPhones and have long been untrue. Having configured the pairing correctly, you can do without cable connection, including for setting a ringtone.

  1. Having opened iTunes, use the icon marked with the number “1” to switch to smartphone control. Select the “Review” section in the side menu. Place a checkmark to activate the item marked with a three. With this state, you can not only add, but also remove ringtones from the device.

  1. Confirm the change in settings.

  1. Go to the “Sounds” section in the side menu. The main field of the program will display ringtones that were previously installed on the iPhone. Open the folder in which we collected the produced melodies. Select them and drag them with the mouse onto the main field. As a result, two new items appear in the list.

  1. Let's see how it looks on a smartphone. Go to settings and select the section marked with a frame.

  1. Open the item with the same name, highlighted in the screenshot.

  1. Here the list of new ringtones will be larger, since those made and installed using mobile version GarageBand will not appear in iTunes. We see two such melodies in the field marked “1”. The deuce shows the area with ringtones that we added using iTunes help. The default call is marked with a checkmark to the left of its name.

Finally

The methods presented in this material are fully working, do not require installation of additional software and are absolutely safe. By choosing the right one, you can always make yourself a fresh and unique ringtone.

Video instructions

You can learn more about the process of trimming musical compositions and creating ringtones in the video below.

Creations and on iPhone. But most of them require the use of a computer, which users cannot always afford. How to make a ringtone directly on your iPhone and immediately set it as a ringtone is described in this instruction.

Note that this method of creating ringtones on iPhone without a PC has existed for a very long time. However, not everyone could use it. This is because the GarageBand application, with which we will create a ringtone directly on the iPhone, was previously paid for most users. Recently, Apple has made it absolutely for everyone, thanks to which the method described in these instructions for creating a ringtone on an iPhone without a PC has become relevant for every user.

Also, before starting, it is necessary to note two disadvantages this method. Firstly, the GarageBand application weighs 1.44 GB, which is why not all users will be able to keep it installed on their device. And secondly, cut the ringtone from a song from the collection Apple Music Unfortunately, it won't work with GarageBand.

Step 1: Install the app GarageBand on iPhone and launch it.

Step 2. Go to menu " Audio recorder" by scrolling to it on the main screen of the application.

Step 3. Click on the button with the image of layers in the upper left corner (shown in the screenshot below).

Step 4. Turn off the metronome by pressing the button with its image.

Step 5. Click on the button + » to the right of the recording track.

Step 6. In the window that opens “ Song section» select the item « Section A" and activate the switch " Automatically».

Step 7. Click on the loop icon in the upper right corner of the screen, select the “ Music».

Step 8. Find the song you want to make a ringtone from, hold your finger on it and drag it to the track on the main screen of the application.

Step 9. Click on the imported track to enter edit mode.

Step 10: Change the length of the song by moving the start and end edges of the track. Please note that the duration of the ringtone should be 30 seconds.

To create a ringtone as accurately as possible, zoom in on the track by stretching it with two fingers.

Step 11. Once the ringtone is created, click on the triangle (or “My Songs”) in the upper left corner. You'll be taken to a list of songs you've created in GarageBand.

Ready! Your ringtone has become available for installation in the " Settings» - « Sounds».

It goes without saying that today on the Internet or even in the App Store you can find a lot of ringtones (ringtones/call tones) that you just need to download and then install on your iPhone. And not everyone likes, for example, ringtones for iPhone 4 from the present standard list in the gadget itself. Let's see how to make a challenge with our own hands, using the simplest knowledge and means.

Sound standard in Apple mobile gadgets

Creating ringtones for iPhone or iPad is impossible without understanding the basic principles of working with audio files, and even more so without knowing the standard format that can be played on these mobile devices Oh.

The principles of working with sound will be discussed a little later, but now let’s dwell on some details of the reproduced format. Of course, today there are quite a lot sound files, say, MP3, WAV, WMA, OGG, AAC, M4A, etc. But in the case of Apple mobile products, an incident occurs - they simply cannot be set as an incoming call signal.

What are ringtones for iPhone? M4R format. This is a fairly specific standard, and not all programs and applications work with it. However, there is a way out. Creating ringtones for iPhone can be done using some simple utilities, both on a computer and on the smartphone itself.

General principles for creating and downloading ringtones to iPhone

But first, let's dwell on the issue of working with any audio material. First of all, you need to understand that the ringtone itself on the gadget will not sound for more than 30 seconds. Hence the simplest conclusion: creating ringtones for iPhone is simply trimming or cutting out a fragment of your favorite composition. This simplest case, but sometimes you want to add specific effects, make the sound increase at the beginning or fade out at the end. Primitive programs are not suitable for this. But first of all, let's look at them.

Ringtones for iPhone: iTunes program

Everyone knows that to synchronize mobile Apple devices iTunes is used with desktop computer terminals or laptops.

Of course, it has many possibilities for transferring multimedia elements or programs to a smartphone, but few people know that with the help of this utility it is possible to create your own ringtone within a couple of minutes.

So, let's look at creating ringtones for iPhone 5 (or any other models) on a computer. First, in the program itself, select the desired composition from the existing list, after which, by right-clicking, go to the information, and then to the parameters.

Now you need to use two sliders - “Start” and “Stop” - to set the playing time of the song segment (taking into account the 30 seconds mentioned above). Click the “OK” button, and then right-click on the track again and select the submenu with the command to create a version in. After processing, a new one will appear next to the original track. Again, right-click on the new file and call the “Show in Windows Explorer” command. Now this is where the file with the .m4a extension is visible. You just need to rename it to the same name, but specify the extension .m4r. We return to iTunes and delete the trimmed track. All that remains is to launch the ringtone from the folder so that it appears in the “Sounds” tab. All that remains is to synchronize your gadget with the application and check the boxes on the files intended for transfer to the smartphone’s memory.

ringtones Ringtonium (Light/Pro) and similar ones

As it turns out, you can make your own ringtone directly on your smartphone. To do this, you can use the Ringtonium application (or any other), which can be downloaded from the App Store. Please note that there are two versions here - Light and Pro. Pro version has more features and is paid, but it is also excellent for creating a ringtone free option as a Light version.

Everything is simple here. After launching the application, you need to add the source track to the main window (the button with the “+” sign in the upper left part of the screen). When a pop-up message appears asking you to further actions use the “Ringtone” item, and use markers to set a segment of the composition (beginning and end) on the timeline. Now all that remains is to save the selected fragment by clicking the button with the image of a floppy disk in the lower right corner. All. The ringtone can be used for its intended purpose (if desired, you can add effects before saving, accessed using the “FX” button).

Creating ringtones using audio editors

You can also make a ringtone on your computer using the Cool Edit Pro application (in Adobe Audition or in Sound Forge the processes are identical).

First we open required file, then select the area to be cut. Perform the cutting action (Ctrl+X or the Cut command from context menu). Now let's create a new one empty file and paste into it the fragment located on the clipboard. You can do it easier by removing unnecessary pieces at the beginning and end. Now all that remains is to save it in any audio format from the list.

As for adding effects, for example, to create a fade-in or fade-out effect, use the Favorites menu, where the Fade In or Fade Out commands are selected, respectively. Again, they need to be applied to pre-selected sections of the track.

With full or partial selection, you can apply effects, which are located in the Effects menu.

But that's not all. The fact is that ringtones for iPhone program does not create as such (see the specifics of the standard format). You'll have to do a few more simple steps.

Converting to "native" format

Now we have the original audio file. It just needs to be converted to the “native” Apple standard. You can use any simple converter with the ability to convert audio.

For example, in the application Freemake Video Converter, you must first select “Audio”, open the file you are looking for, then in the bottom row of buttons click on the icon containing the name “Apple” and start the conversion process. Upon completion of it in the specified default or in user settings the file with the extension .m4r will be saved.

Using online services

For the laziest iPhone owners We can recommend using online services. The point here is that the user simply uploads the initial file to the site, indicates the segment that is supposed to be used as a ringtone, and press the start button. In a few minutes new file can be downloaded to a computer or smartphone if the specified action is performed directly from it.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is worth noting that creating ringtones for iPhone, as is already clear from the above, is not such a difficult matter. In principle, the simplest ways are mobile applications and online services. With iTunes and audio editors the matter is somewhat more complicated, but the latter have undeniable advantage is that the song can be trimmed much more accurately (down to milliseconds), as well as professional and even several unusual effects, which are simply absent in primitive programs for a smartphone, and even more so when using online trimming of tracks.







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