Games in Ubuntu. Here are some other examples of using apt-get


I spoke quite harshly about this operating system. Since then, little has changed - updates improve the stability of the system, but in terms of “usability”, that is, user convenience, there is no progress. Shortcuts in Ubuntu are still problematic to create, switching the language is also not configurable, and so on.
Well, since the system doesn’t want to adjust, we’ll adjust it ourselves!

I’ve already talked about installation, so I won’t focus on this. If you want to install Ubuntu as a second operating system (together with Windows), my . There screenshots were taken on Windows example, but installing Ubuntu is actually exactly the same.
The following tips can be applied in any order - it doesn't make much difference.

Setting up the keyboard layout in Ubuntu 12.04 to switch using Ctrl+Shift, Alt+Shift (or other buttons)

It's strange that Ubuntu doesn't configure keyboard layout itself, if during installation a different one from English is specified. Moreover, the language switching setting is located in a place that is quite unobvious for novice users. So, on the left side of the Unity panel, click System Settings - Keyboard Layout - Options... - open the line “Key(s) to change layout” - and celebrate there the right combination keys You can select several at once. Then click Close and close the Keyboard Layout window. There are no OKs here, the settings are applied instantly.
By the way, there is a glitch that even though the Russian language is specified during installation, the layout is not created. You can add it manually by clicking the + button in the window Keyboard layout(Keyboard Layout in a non-localized version of Ubuntu).

Installing Russian language in Ubuntu

If during installation you specified Russian language, then at the first starting Ubuntu The following window for installing full Russification will appear:

But what to do if the installation was unsuccessful or there was no Internet at that time (the Internet is required to install the Russian language in Ubuntu)? The window will not appear on its own a second time.
To manually install full Russification, open System Settings from the Unity panel ( left panel with icons) - System language (Language Support). If a window appears asking you to update your information available languages, we agree:


Next, the window we need will appear:

Click " Install“, enter the account password and, if you have Internet configured, the installation will begin:

Manually Russification is installed using the button " Installing/uninstalling languages" in the same window.

After installation, it is advisable to restart the computer so that Russification is applied correctly.

The same can be done through the terminal (available in the program Terminal), entering commands. You'll have to enter a lot. The list of commands for complete Russification of Ubuntu 12.04 is located

Important point- line " Russian" in the above window System language (Language support) must be above all others installed languages for Russification to work. If yours is lower, move the line manually.

How to create a desktop shortcut in Ubuntu 12.04

I used to think that this was completely impossible in Ubuntu, but I was wrong.

So, how to place a program shortcut on the Desktop in Ubuntu 12.04?

Open the /usr/share/applications folder - all the shortcuts will be there.

Right click on the desired shortcut - Copy to - Desktop:

This should all end there, but if you see it as a file with the extension “ .desktop", you will need to make it executable: right click according to him - Properties - Rights- check " Allow file to be executed as a program«:

Making the shortcut “executable”

Question: Why can't you just drag the program icon from the Unity Main Menu to the Desktop?

Answer: I don't know. When you drag the icon this way, a file appears on the desktop .desktop with the owner root - without manipulating the input of commands, such a shortcut cannot be made executable. In simplified Unity versions - Unity 2D dragging the icon doesn't work at all.

Ubuntu Tweak Program

A wonderful program for setting up Ubuntu of any version, including 12.04 and future 12.10 . There are very few settings in the program, but each of them is very useful. For example, you can move the window control buttons to the familiar Windows users place at the top right of the window.

Download page for the latest version of Ubuntu Tweak. Download .deb file (Ubuntu Tweak Deb package) and run (the file is downloaded to the folder Downloads, if you haven’t reconfigured anything) - it will open Application Center, where you can install this program. Once installed, run it and configure Ubuntu with everything you need. For example, I immediately configure the fonts: Settings - Fonts - Refinement - Maximum. This will give thinner letters instead of blurry bold ones:

Lighter, clearer font is much easier for my eyes to contemplate. Try it - maybe you will like it too.

Thanks to Ubuntu Tweak You can make the Ubuntu interface more similar to Windows, which will help novice users get used to it faster and make it easier to work with the computer:

A few words about Ubuntu 12.04

It's good that it is possible to configure the operating system the way you need. Unfortunately, this does not change the fact that the system is not entirely convenient to use. I came to the conclusion that the developers are unsuccessfully trying to sit on two chairs: on the one hand, make user-friendly interface for users personal computers, on the other hand, to make it “innovative”, “modern”, so that it is convenient for users whose PCs have touch screen. The problem is that Linux has a very advanced interface command line- many operations are easier and more convenient to do by entering commands in the console, rather than pressing buttons with the mouse, for those who know how to use the command line. Developers who see the command line as the most convenient way"communicating" with the computer, there is no motivation to do anything better than the command line. This ideological problem - a lack of understanding of what novice users need - prevents them from making a normal GUI. What can we say about the next round of interface development - for touch devices.

Often, for many Linux newbies, installing programs on Linux is some kind of sacred process. Indeed, what should you do if a Linux program downloaded from the Internet not only does not work in the system, but does not install at all!

The point, of course, is knowledge, experience and... a certain “abstraction” from the usual.


"I'm new to Linux (almost just a week) and I was amazed by the fact that its interface is as user-friendly as the Windows interface.

Easily installing (thanks to your “Step by Step” section) Ubuntu on your home computer, I was surprised to notice that my jet printer was recognized by the system and started working immediately after installation! Everything worked out of the box!

And this is the system that I have been afraid to install for several years now!! My joy knew no bounds!

I spent this evening studying the programs that were installed with the system. And it seemed to me that there were few of them. Completely forgetting about dinner, I rushed to the Internet to download more programs for my Ubuntu. On one of the sites I found a program that was interesting to me and decided to install it.

After unpacking the program, I tried to follow the steps described in the readme file, which was located in the archive with the program. But no matter what I did, no matter how hard I tried, only errors appeared on the screen. After struggling with this program, I downloaded another one, hoping that the installation process would be much simpler. The second program installed normally, without errors, but refused to start.

What should I do? I really liked it Linux Ubuntu, but seeing that it is so difficult to install programs in it, I am forced, unfortunately, to return back to Windows.

Why is everything so complicated in Linux and how to install programs on it? Why doesn't Linux have an installation file like Windows does (like install.exe)? After all, it would be much easier!!"

I received this letter at the beginning of this week from Andrey from Voznesensk...

Indeed, the main problem for many users who come from Windows to Linux is that they believe that everything in Linux will be “the same as in Windows.” This is one of the most important misconceptions! One of the tips I give to Linux newbies is to abstract away from the “usual” path.

So oh installing programs on Linux Ubuntu!

Possible in three ways: compilation from source codes(apparently, in your case, the programs were in source codes), installation from package downloaded from the site and installation using a package manager.

First way for beginners it is especially problematic, since it represents a “compilation” process, unknown to them until now. At installing programs In this way, you need to be sure that all the libraries necessary for this program to work are present on your system. It is also necessary, at least at a small level, to imagine working with a compiler and understand the errors it produces.

Second way is already close to how it “works” in Windows. But even this does not imply that the package must contain executable files.

In this case, the program is installed using a special manager that works on the command line and allows you to operate packages (install, view, remove them from the system).

It is in this way that you can install a program (package.deb) that you received from a CD/DVD/Flash or any other media (if you do not have the Internet) .

Let's analyze the installation of a program, suppose we received it on a flash drive from a friend, using the net-acct program as an example:

The file net-acct_0.71-9_i386.deb was copied from the flash drive and saved in the home directory. Open Terminal and enter the following command:

Press Enter and Ubuntu will ask you to enter the root password. Enter it without making mistakes:

In case you entered correct password, dpkg will install the program:

Attention! It is possible that the program will need some additional dependencies (libraries, etc.). In this case, you will have to additionally install them, also obtaining these dependencies from the Internet.

Finally, third and, the most optimal way to install programs for beginners Linux world- installation using package manager, available in almost every distribution. Package Manager allows you to view the contents of repositories (collections of packages available on the network, collected and tested for your distribution to ensure they are free of errors and problems) and install programs from there. This is the most convenient and safe way installation of programs.

A package manager is available in Linux Ubuntu Synaptic Package Manager, by running which you can easily install any of large quantity programs offered by the Ubuntu community. Synaptic he'll find it himself required libraries, additional packages, necessary for your program to run, will install them. Moreover, the package manager will notify you of all available updates for programs installed on your system!

Pay attention to the article about, as well as on, which is available in the section.

Not every user Ubuntu, and especially a beginner, knows how and where to see everything installed applications in his system. This is primarily due to the fact that most new users Ubuntu not familiar with the systems Linux and find it difficult to find everyone installed programs, and some of the users have never asked these questions and now decided to uninstall some program themselves, or just see what programs they have installed.
In this article we will look at several ways in which you can see all installed programs on your computer running Ubuntu. http://compizomania.blogspot.com/

Option one.

The easiest way to see all installed programs/applications on your system is to go to Center Ubuntu applications , whose icon is displayed in the panel Unity by default, in the form "string bag" with a letter A in the center:


Click on the button in the program menu Installed(indicated by the arrow in the top picture) and you will see a list of installed programs by category:


To display full list programs, click at the bottom of the program window Show xxxx technical elements and expand the category you are interested in by clicking on it:


To remove a program, just activate it, click on the button Delete, enter your password and the program will be removed from the system:


Option two.

IN this option we will look at the mapping and possible removal installed programs on the system via system menu Dash. To open the menu Dash, right click on top icon in the panel Unity and in context menu select Applications:


Or briefly press the key Super(with the Windows logo), after which the system menu will open:


You can click on the left top corner monitor on the button Maximize, in order to expand the menu to full screen (indicated in the top picture under number 2) and view installed applications:


Right click on the application icon, opens an annotation with capabilities for this application and two buttons: Delete, Launch. To remove the application, just click - Delete, enter the password and the application will be deleted:


Third option.

As is known, Linux systems , these are primarily files. Installed applications and applications in general are files that are stored in the file system, which can be displayed in the file manager Nautilus, installed by default. To view installed applications, open the file manager (second icon from the top in the Unity panel) and go to the following address: Computer (or File system) - /usr/share/applications:


This is where shortcuts to all installed applications on the system are stored. You can launch the selected application from the installed ones, double click on the icon, but you won’t be able to delete it because... V in this case there will be insufficient rights for this action. To remove an application shortcut from file manager and systems in general must first be opened Nautilus with administrator rights. To do this, run the command in the terminal:

sudo nautilus /usr/share/applications

Enter the password, after which the folder with installed applications will open, select the application, right-click on the icon and in the context menu - Delete. The application will also be removed from the system:


Option four.

In this option, we will look at the installed applications on the system in an advanced tool called Synaptic Package Manager. Synaptic not installed on the system by default, but present in Ubuntu App Center, from where you can install it by searching, or execute simple command in the terminal to install:

sudo apt-get install synaptic

Once the installation is complete, find and open Synaptic in the menu by entering the password:


After opening Synaptic go to: Status -> Installed, after which you will see all installed applications on your system along with their dependencies, in alphabetical order:


To remove an application, enter its name in the search field, right-click on the line with the application and select in the context menu Mark for deletion, or Mark for complete removal i and then press the button Apply. And the application/program will be uninstalled/uninstalled:


Fifth option.

The fifth option for viewing all installed applications is console or terminal. Open a terminal (Ctrl+Alt+T), copy and run the following command:

ls /usr/share/applications

After running this command, you will also see in the terminal window all installed applications on the system, in alphabetical order:


These are the ways the user can Ubuntu view all installed applications on the system. http://compizomania.blogspot.com/

This article is intended for those users who are good at computers in general and have extensive experience working with Windows in particular, but have little knowledge (or no knowledge at all) of Linux. That is why this article will not use UNIX-specific vocabulary. Regular for Linux tasks, such as partition hard drive into sections, installation software and connecting the necessary plugins will be completely resolved using a graphical user interface(GUI).

Preparation

    Which version should I choose?

    First you need to download ISO file. First of all, you will be asked to choose between the regular version and LTS. A new version Ubuntu comes out every six months, and an LTS release comes out every two years. Ubuntu with the LTS index is supported for three years, in addition to the two years during which this version will be the last. If you are always looking for new products, then choose regular version and update the release (see version) every six months. If you want to customize the system and leave it alone, then choose LTS and then you will upgrade to the next release every two years if you want to always stay on LTS releases. Please note that nothing prevents you from updating the LTS version to the regular one every six months.

    Choose between 32bit or 64bit

    Next you will need to choose between a 32-bit and 64-bit version of the system. Remember that like Windows, the 64-bit version of Ubuntu will have more problems compatibility than its 32-bit counterpart. There may also be problems with driver support on a 64-bit platform. Ultimately, the choice is yours, the 64-bit version may give better performance, but 32-bit systems will be less of a hassle, and as a novice user this is very important. Ask: What about support for more than 4GB RAM? The answer is simple - you just need to install the kernel with the index “pae” through the graphical package manager.

    Download

    So, you have decided which version of Ubuntu you will use. Follow the link to download ubuntu, in the “Choose your flavor” field, select the 32-bit or 64-bit version, click “Get Ubuntu XX.XX”. Perhaps after this you will be asked to answer a survey, but now we are not interested in this, at the end of the page click “Not now, take me to the download ›” (translation “Not now, start downloading >”). After this, the download page will open and the download will begin after a few seconds. *.iso image Ubuntu distribution It takes up about 700 MB in size, so it is recommended to use a download manager so that you can download the image if the connection is lost.

Warning: We strongly recommend doing backup copy all important information before proceeding with the steps in this guide, especially if you want to install Ubuntu on the same HDD, where installed Windows system. And this is not because Ubuntu can spoil something, but because the user often unknowingly performs some actions incorrectly, deviating from those described in the manual. We also recommend that you read the entire article before following the instructions. You will have to make changes to the disk partition table, so data loss may occur. You must know how to write ISO image on CD and how to configure the BIOS to boot from optical drive. In addition, you will need to know the basics of partitioning a hard drive. If you need alternative download Ubuntu and Windows, then install Windows first because when installing Ubuntu before Windows you will probably encounter problems. If you don't trust the partitioner included on the Ubuntu installation CD but don't, or just want to use your own disk partitioning solution, then you'll need at least 20GB of unpartitioned disk space. free space for Ubuntu, follow our instructions.

Let's start the installation

Once you have burned the ISO file onto a CD or USB downloaded from the official Ubuntu website, you can reboot.

Don't forget to pre-set the BIOS to boot from CD/DVD.

After loading the CD, use the cursor keys to select the installation language and press Enter.

Press the ↓ key and then Enter to select the item Install Ubuntu.

Step 1 of 8

Step 1 in the graphical installation wizard involves selecting the language for the new operating system. With your language selected in the left pane, click the Forward button.

Step 2 of 8

Next you will need to select your time zone. You can either simply click on the desired location on the map, or select a region or major city located in your time zone. Once you have set your time zone, click Forward.

Step 3 of 8

The third step is related to setting up the keyboard. You can leave the option Suggested layout or choose own settings by specifying your keyboard language in the left pane and your keyboard layout in the right pane. Once you have made your choice, click the button Forward.

Step 4 of 8

This step involves performing two tasks: firstly, preparation, which consists of freeing up space for Linux partitions, and secondly, creating Linux partitions.

To begin with, you will be presented with several options, depending on what is in this moment located on your hard drive. Select Set partitions manually and press Forward, without paying attention to what is currently on the disk.

Step 5 of 8

    If the disk is completely empty or you want to install Ubuntu on the second hard disk and leave Windows on the first, follow the instructions Parts B.

    If installed on the disk operating system Windows, and there is unallocated free disk space, follow the instructions Parts C.

Preparing the Hard Drive Part A.

Preparing the Hard Drive Part B.

Preparing the hard drive Part C.

Step 6 of 8

This part of the installation process is very simple, but it is very important to write down or remember the information you enter here! Enter your name in the top field. In the second field, your username will appear, derived from your name that you specified above. Here you can change your username if you are not satisfied with the proposed option. The main thing is not to forget the username you entered! You will need a username and password for more than just logging into the system.

Step 7 of 8

The next step is called Transferring settings from other operating systems is a wizard for transferring support files and settings. This step will be skipped if there are no other operating systems installed on your computer. If Ubuntu is your only operating system, then you will skip straight to the last step. If you already have the Windows operating system installed, you will be prompted to transfer to Ubuntu files and settings from user accounts Windows.

Step 8 of 8

On last step A window is displayed summarizing all the changes and settings you have selected.

Button Additionally… opens a window with advanced options for the GRUB boot loader, as well as proxy server settings and an invitation to participate in a user survey. If you have several hard drives, make sure that the bootloader will be installed on the hard drive that will boot first. The default value usually points to the first hard drive in the boot queue. Confirm your choice with the button OK. If you are ready click Install to start copying files to your hard drive.

Depending on your system configuration, copying files may take some time. Once the process is complete, you will be prompted to restart your computer by clicking Reboot.

After some time, the CD drive will open and you will be prompted to take out the disc and press Enter key.

After BIOS boot, you will be greeted by the Ubuntu bootloader: . If Ubuntu is the only operating system, then the system will boot immediately, if not, then you will have three boot options. The first option is Ubuntu system, which will automatically load in 10 seconds. The second option is “ recovery mode", similar to " safe mode" in Windows. The third option is to run a RAM test. Windows will be the fourth option. You can wait 10 seconds for Ubuntu to boot, or use the cursor keys to manually select one of the options and press Enter.

That's it, the system is installed, now you can start Russification, customizing the design and installation additional applications, Good luck!

There are two types of interface in Ubuntu:

    Graphical User Interface (English: Graphical user interface, GUI).— control using graphic buttons, menus, panels, windows. Many actions can be performed using the mouse.

Advantages: visual display of programs and their contents; program functionality can be studied without reading documentation.

    Command Line Interface (English: Command Line Interface, CLI).- This is control using commands. Commands consist of letters, numbers, symbols, are typed line by line, and are executed after pressing the Enter key. The main tool here is the keyboard and your memory =) without it you cannot type commands.

This interface is built into the system core, it will be available even if the graphical interface does not start, so there is always a chance to fix the problem through the console without having to graphical shell it's enough just to know necessary commands. The main advantages: low resource consumption, flexibility of scripts made up of commands, automation of processes, the ability to copy commands from instructions and execute them at home. If we compare the interfaces in different systems, then you can notice that basic commands are the same in all distributions of the Linux family, but graphics programs in each system can vary greatly. There are two ways to get to the command line: through the console or terminal.


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