10. Information systems

1. Information systems: definition, purpose of creation, structure.

2. Basic principles of IS development

3. Classification of information systems.

4. Systems of classification and coding of economic information.

IP classes: MR I, MRP II, ERP

1. Information systems: definition, purpose of creation, structure.

Information- this is some information, knowledge about objects and processes of the real world. Economic information is usually displayed in the form of documents.

Document - is a material medium of information that has legal force and is drawn up in the prescribed manner.

System is a complex of interconnected means acting as a single whole. Each system is characterized by structure, input and output flows, purpose and limitations, and the law of operation.

System covers a complex of interrelated elements that act as a single whole in achieving set goals.

Each system includes components

1. The structure of the system is the set of elements of the system and the relationships between them.

2. Functions of each element of the system

3. Input and output of each element and the system as a whole.

4. Goals and limitations of the system and its individual elements (achievements: reducing costs and increasing profits)

Each system has the properties of divisibility and integrity.

IP ensures the collection, storage, and processing of information about the facility, supplying employees of various ranks with information for the implementation of management functions.

EIS is system, functioning which consists in collecting, storing, processing and disseminating information about the activities of any economic entity in the real world.

EIS are designed to solve problems of data processing, office automation, searching for information and individual tasks based on artificial intelligence methods (from lectures).

Information system (IS) is a software and hardware complex designed for automated collection, storage, processing and delivery of information. Typically, information systems deal with large volumes of information that have a fairly complex structure. Classic examples of information systems are banking systems, transport ticketing systems, etc.

IS always specializes in information from a certain area of ​​the real world: economics, technology, medicine, etc. The part of the real world displayed in the IC is called subject area . Therefore, economic IP is IP whose subject area is economics. In this sense, it acts as an information model of the subject area.

Any management system for an economic object has its own information system, called an economic information system.

Economic Information System (EIS) - these are a set of internal and external flows of direct and feedback information communication of an economic object, methods, means, specialists involved in the process of information processing and the development of management decisions.

The information system is an information service system for employees of management services and performs technological functions for the accumulation, storage, transmission and processing of information. It develops, is formed and functions in accordance with the regulations determined by the methods and structure of management activities adopted at a specific economic entity, and implements the goals and objectives facing it.

IP structure

The most common division of EIS subsystems is the separation of supporting and functional parts. The functional part is actually a model of the facility management system. In relation to control systems, a sign of structuring can be the functions of object management, according to which the EIS consists of functional subsystems. The supporting part of the EIS consists of information, technical, software, organizational, legal and other types of support.

Regardless of the characteristics, any EIS consists of functional and supporting parts. The functional part is determined by the set of tasks to be solved, identified by certain types of activities of various economic entities (by function).

The supporting part is a set of interconnected means of a certain type that ensure the functioning of the system as a whole or its individual elements. The supporting subsystems include: information support of IO, technical support of TO, mathematical support of MO, legal support of Prav.O, software software, organizational support of Org.O, technological support of Tech.O

IO is a set of a unified system for classifying and encoding information, unified documentation systems, information flow diagrams circulating in organizations, as well as a methodology for constructing a database. IO is divided into extra-machine and intra-machine.

A non-machine unified documentation system, as well as a classification and coding system for accounting information.

In-machine – documents and arrays of documents located in computer memory in the form of libraries, archives, databases, knowledge bases.

TO is a set of technical means intended for the operation of an IS, as well as the corresponding documentation for these means and technological processes.

Tech.O - focused on the selected information technology for entering, registering, transferring, processing and issuing effective information. (centralized, distributed, decentralized)

Software – includes: general system and special software products, as well as technical documentation (OS, shells, programs...)

Mat.O. – a set of mathematical methods, models, algorithms for the implementation of the goals and objectives of the IS, as well as the functioning of a complex of technical means.

Org.O is a set of methods and means that regulate the interaction of workers with technical means and with each other in the process of development and operation of IS.

Right. – a set of legal norms that determine the creation of legal status and functioning of IP, regulating the procedure for obtaining the transformation and use of information. (from lectures)

The structure of information includes the following concepts: information space, subject area, object, object instance, object properties, interaction of objects and interaction properties. To describe a subject area means to list objects and the relationships between them, and then describe them with attributes and constituent units of information.

The structure of economic information is quite complex and can include various combinations of information sets that have a certain content. An information set is understood as a group of data characterizing an object, process, or operation. Based on their structural composition, information sets can be divided into:

requisites,

indicators,

The article by Nikolai Mikhailovsky, published in this issue of the magazine, rightly points out the confusion in IT terminology. This confusion covers not only the concepts of “information system” (IS) and “IS architecture”; it is not at all harmless and often makes it difficult in practice to clearly determine what is the subject of development in a particular project: the IS, only its QCA (see below) or the system (AS) as a whole?

To try to clarify the matter, below are key definitions from regulatory documents and, for comparison, from more general sources. Definitions were selected from the working materials of the author of this note, which were in addition to the main materials of courses for specialists and managers. (This explains the presence of comments and the free arrangement of material in this note - after all, this is not a glossary!) That is why this is said: practice has repeatedly shown that a glossary is not enough. Creating a common "conceptual space" - among at least ten course participants - requires another half hour to an hour of discussion to obtain the same understanding of such things as "system", "IS" and "QCA". Finally, we regret to note that outside the scope of the note there was material that could clarify what “System engineering” is, software architecture and other important processes and subjects of designing, designing and using systems.

System:

A complex consisting of processes, hardware, software, devices and personnel that has the ability to satisfy established needs or goals ().

Note: quite close to the definition of an automated system (AS) in GOST 34.

Automated system (AS):

In the process of functioning, an automated system is a collection of a set of automation tools, organizational, methodological and technological documents and specialists who use them in the course of their professional activities. (From the guidelines RD 50-680-88 series of GOST 34 standards for automated systems (AS).)

A comment.
Recent years have been marked by a qualitative expansion of the meaning of the term “system”, reflected in the documents of international committees and professional societies focused on IT. There is a transition to an interpretation that is even broader than indicated in, due to the explicit inclusion of components of other types (materials, methods, etc.). In this regard, the relevance of the broader use of the term “information management system” (see, for example, in) and the narrower use of the term “information system” (see below) is growing.

Information system (IS):

1) a system designed for collecting, transmitting, processing, storing and issuing information to consumers and consisting of the following main components:

• software,
• Information Support,
• technical means,
• service staff ().

2) Information system - The collection of people, procedures, and equipment designed, built, operated, and maintained to collect, record, process, store, retrieve, and display information ().

A comment.
IS is initially considered as a system indifferent to the specific goals of users, similar to an automatic telephone exchange, a general-purpose library or a station information service, which provides its information services as a subsystem or related system to a more general system: an enterprise, city, industry, country, etc. (cm. ). Let us note once again that too often IP is understood as a variety of things - from KSA to AS.

The standards contain a clear definition of the technical concept “IT system”, which is often required to be used instead of IS. So in GOST R ISO/IEC TO 10000-1-99 it is defined

Information technology system (IT system):

A set of information technology resources that provides services over one or more interfaces. (This is close to the concept of “complex of automation equipment” in the guidelines RD 50-680-88 from GOST 34, where the main provisions of this complex of normative documents are given.)

A set of automation tools for an automated system; KSA AC:

The totality of all components of the AS, with the exception of people ().

Sources(which are not named directly in the text)

1. Webster's New World Dictionary of Computer Terms, Fourth edition, 1993.
2. GOST 34.003-90. Information technology. A set of standards and guidelines for automated systems. Terms and Definitions.
3. D. Meister, J. Rabideau, Engineering-psychological assessment in the development of control systems. "Soviet Radio", M. 1970.
4. Big English-Russian Polytechnic Dictionary, M., “Russian Language”, 1991.
5. Information systems in economics: Textbook / Ed. Prof. V.V. Dick. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 1996.
6. GOST R ISO/IEC 12207-99. Information technology. Software life cycle processes. STATE STANDARD OF RUSSIA. Moscow, 1999.

Zinder Evgeniy Zakharovich,
editor-in-chief of DIS magazine, director of the analytical and design bureau "Group 24".
You can write to him at the following addresses:

State portals, websites

• ESIA. Unified identification and authentication system - esia.gosuslugi.ru
• EPSU. Unified portal of public services - gosuslugi.ru
• Public services portal of St. Petersburg - gu.spb.ru
• Portal of state and municipal services of the Leningrad region - gu.lenobl.ru
• Portal of state and municipal services of the city of Moscow - mos.ru
• EFRSDYUL. Unified Federal Register of Information on the Activity of Legal Entities - fedresurs.ru
• Federal Tax Service. Electronic services - nalog.ru
• FIAS. Federal information address system - fias.nalog.ru
• GIS housing and communal services - dom.gosuslugi.ru
• Software register. Unified register of Russian programs for electronic computers and databases (Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications) - reestr.minsvyaz.ru
• Unified Register of Prohibited Sites (Roskomnadzor) - eais.rkn.gov.ru
• NAP register. Register of copyright infringers - nap.rkn.gov.ru
• Register of information prohibited by law 398-FZ (Roskomnadzor) - 398-fz.rkn.gov.ru
• GISP Industry. State information system of the Industrial Development Fund - gisp.gov.ru
• KIO. Committee of Property Relations of St. Petersburg - commim.spb.ru
• FSIS CS. Federal State Information System of Pricing in Construction - fgiscs.minstroyrf.ru
• GIS USRZ. Unified State Register of Expert Review Conclusions of Design Documentation for Capital Construction Projects - egrz.ru
• DOM.RF. Unified information system for housing construction - nash.dom.rf
• GIS ESGFC. Portal of state and municipal financial audit - portal.audit.gov.ru
• EISUX. Unified information system for personnel management of the state civil service - gossluzhba.gov.ru
• The official website of the Russian Federation for posting information about bidding - torgi.gov.ru
• EIS. Unified information system in the field of procurement - zakupki.gov.ru
• AIS GZ. Automated information system for state procurement of St. Petersburg - start.gz-spb.ru
• AIS GZ: Electronic store. AIS subsystem of the State order of St. Petersburg - estore.gz-spb.ru
• Portal 223. Portal of AIS Civil Protection of St. Petersburg - 223.gz-spb.ru
• Moscow supplier portal - market.zakupki.mos.ru
• PIK EASUZ. Contract execution portal of the Unified Automated Procurement Management System of the Moscow Region - pik.mosreg.ru
• EIS GOZ. Unified Information System of State Defense Order
• EGISSO. Unified state information system for social security - egisso.ru
• AISGZ LO. Electronic store - zakupki.lenreg.ru
• Electronic store of the Moscow region - market.mosreg.ru

Reporting systems

• Rosprirodnadzor. Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources - rpn.gov.ru
• Rosfinmonitoring. Reporting to the Federal Service for Financial Monitoring - portal.fedsfm.ru
• FGIS EIAS FTS of Russia Unified Information Analytical System - eias.ru
• IAS FST of St. Petersburg. Unified information analytical system - web.spbeias.ru
• Rostekhnadzor. Reporting to the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision - gosnadzor.ru
• Housing and communal services of St. Petersburg. Portal of Housing and Communal Services of St. Petersburg - gilkom-complex.ru
• GZHI SPb. Reporting to the State Housing Inspectorate of St. Petersburg
• AS AKOT. Federal State Information System for recording the results of a special assessment of working conditions (FSIS SOUT) - akot.rosmintrud.ru
• Rostrud. Register of declarations of conformity of working conditions - declaration.rostrud.ru
• Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Personal account for financial markets - cbr.ru
• ESOD. A unified data exchange system with external subscribers of the Central Bank of Russia - portal4.cbr.ru
• GIS Energy Efficiency. Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation - gisee.ru
• Energy passport, GIS subsystem Energy efficiency - passport.gisee.ru
• EGAIS Forest. Unified state automated information system for accounting of wood and transactions with it - lesegais.ru
• Rosnedra. Personal account of the subsoil user - lk.rosnedra.gov.ru

News agencies for information disclosure

• AK&M. Analysis, Consulting and Marketing - disclosure.ru
• Interfax-TsRKI. e-disclosure Center for Corporate Information Disclosure. ru
• PRIME. Economic Information Agency - disclosure.1prime.ru
• SCREEN. System of comprehensive disclosure of information and news - disclosure.skrin.ru

Electronic document management systems

• SMEV. System of interdepartmental electronic interaction (certificate of an authorized person) - smev.gosuslugi.ru
• Uniform State Health Information System. Unified state information system in the field of healthcare - portal.egisz.rosminzdrav.ru
• UIIS Sotsstrakh - Unified integrated information system FSS "Sotsstrakh" (Electronic sick leave) - cabinets.fss.ru
• ESSK. Unified system of the construction complex of St. Petersburg - essk.gov.spb.ru
• AIS Project declarations for shared construction of the Ministry of Construction of Russia - dol.minstroyrf.ru
• Urban planning portal of St. Petersburg - portal.kgainfo.spb.ru
• AIS GATI. State Administrative and Technical Inspectorate of St. Petersburg - xc.gati-online.ru
• FAU Glavgosexpertiza of Russia - gge.ru
• State Autonomous Institution Lenoblgosekpertiza. Department of State Expertise of the Leningrad Region - loexp.ru
• Gosstroyzhilnadzor NAO. State Inspectorate for Construction and Housing Supervision of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug - stroy.adm-nao.ru
• State Autonomous Institution "Office of State Expertise of the Republic of Bashkortostan" - lk.expertizarb.ru
• State Autonomous Institution "Office of State Expertise of the Republic of Buryatia" - personal.ekspbur.ru
• Center for Construction Audit and Support - csas-spb.ru
• FBU ROSGEOLEXPERTIZA - rgexp.ru
• GIS APK LO. Geographic information system of the agro-industrial complex of the Leningrad region - gisapk.lenreg.ru
• Rosimushchestvo. Interdepartmental portal for state property management -mvpt.rosim.ru
• FSIS of the Russian Accreditation Service - fsa.gov.ru
• ARM MUNICIPAL. Municipal automated workstation system
• CONTROL. State automated information system - gasu.gov.ru
• GIIS Electronic budget. Subsystem "Budget planning" - ssl.budgetplan.minfin.ru
• FSIS TP. Federal State Information System of Territorial Planning - fgis.economy.gov.ru
• GIS GMP. State information system on state and municipal payments - gis-gmp.kck.ru
• Federal Customs Service of Russia. Personal account of a foreign trade participant - edata.customs.ru
• AIS Foreign trade information. Support for foreign trade participants (Ministry of Industry and Trade) - non-tariff.gov.ru
• FIPS. Federal Institute for Industrial Property (Rospatent) - 1.fips.ru
• FAS Russia. Filing applications and complaints to the Federal Antimonopoly Service
• Rospotrebnadzor. Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare - rospotrebnadzor.ru
• IS Rossvyaz. Personal account of the telecom operator - is.rossvyaz.ru:8081/rossvyaz/
• Russian public initiative - roi.ru
• Notary EIS. Unified information system of notaries of Russia - fciit.ru
• Local government self-government portal. Local government portal - app.fciit.ru/oms
• Register of notifications of pledge of movable property - reestr-zalogov.ru
• Information system Numeral-PNU - numeral.su
• AS SEP. Automated system of electronic vehicle passports - elpts.ru
• Providing CASCO and OSAGO insurance policies in electronic form
• ROSGOSTRAKH. Personal account - my.rgs.ru
• AIS NSSO. National Union of Liability Insurers - nsso.ru
• Supreme Court of the Russian Federation - vsrf.ru
• GAS Justice. Service "Electronic Justice" - ej.sudrf.ru
• Information system My Arbiter - my.arbitr.ru
• Moscow City Court. Moscow City Court - mos-gorsud.ru
• FSSP. Federal Bailiff Service - fssprus.ru
• Traffic police Online appeals to the State Traffic Inspectorate - traffic police.rf
• SMAO. Self-regulatory interregional association of appraisers - smao.ru
• Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation. Conclusion on the state historical and cultural examination
• State Registration Bulletin - vestnik-gosreg.ru
• IS State Bibliography. Russian Book Chamber, ITAR-TASS branch - online.bookchamber.ru
• OEC. System for accepting legal deposits of printed publications in electronic form - oek.rsl.ru
• EGISU R&D. Unified state information system for recording research, development and technological work for civil purposes - rosrid.ru
• Moscow State University. Moscow State University named after. Lomonosov - cpk.msu.ru
• AIS Electronic voucher. Federal Agency for Tourism - russiatourism.ru
• To the Far East.rf - nadalnivostok.rf
• Petroelectrosbyt. EDI with JSC "Petersburg Sales Company" - pesc.ru
• EDI with PJSC Rostelecom
• EDI with State Unitary Enterprise "Vodokanal of St. Petersburg"
• 1C-EDO. Electronic document management system
• Synerdocs. Electronic document management system
• ATI-DOKI - d.ati.su
• Case. Electronic document management system
• Diadoc. Electronic document management system with counterparties
• INFINITUM. Electronic document management system of a specialized depository
• Rosinvoice. Electronic document management system - docs.roseltorg.ru
• Sbis. Electronic document management system
• EDI SPHERE. Electronic document management system
• Edisoft. Electronic document management system
• EDO PORTAL. Electronic document management system (EXITE)
• Sberbank Leasing - e-leasing.sberleasing.ru
• First Expert Bureau (PEB) - 1expb.ru
• ASTO OGV Krasnodar Territory - asto-23.ru
• EDI with Mosenergosbyt JSC
• OFD platform. Fiscal data operator
• BIFIT EDO. Electronic document management system
• EDI LeraData
• FSIS ARSHIN. Metrology information system of Rosstandart - fgis.gost.ru
• IS EPS. Electronic mail system - zakaznoe.pochta.ru
• Various corporate information systems for secure document management

Information system is a system of software, hardware and organizational support that solves the problems of information support for various spheres of human activity. Thus, an information system includes not only running software applications, but also computers, communication equipment, databases, as well as personnel servicing the system and interacting with it according to certain regulations.

There are quite a few ways to classify information systems, but each of them characterizes only certain aspects of it. For example, information systems are divided into automated systems operating under human control and participation; And automatic systems, operating without human intervention. Large information systems can include both automated subsystems and subsystems operating in an automatic or even completely autonomous mode. Also, information systems are classified according to their architecture, scope of application, regulations for use, etc. In this section, I want to dwell on the classification of information systems according to their purpose and requirements for their mode of operation.

Classification of information systems

Information retrieval systems. Actually, everything is clear from the name: a regular user of such a system has the opportunity to search and view the information he needs. An example is, such as Google or Yandex.

Data processing systems. Such systems, in addition to information retrieval functions, allow you to change the data under their control. Here we can already distinguish the following types of information systems:

1. Automated control systems (ACS)

   A fairly wide class of information systems created to manage a large enterprise. Management systems can be of different scales: from an automated management system for the entire enterprise (ACS), to the management of individual technological processes (APCS), financial management or accounting automation. Enterprise level management systems include components of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) class software systems used for planning and information support of production management processes. Examples of ERP: domestic product “1C Enterprise” and foreign SAP ERP, from SAP AG (Germany).



2. Dispatch systems

   Dispatch systems are part of management systems and are used for remote control over the use of production assets (equipment) of an enterprise and operational management of these assets. The peculiarities of such systems are that they must provide a centralized monitoring mode for all observed objects, through the rapid exchange of information with these objects and the consolidation of this information on central control input/output devices. Based on such data, the dispatcher makes decisions regarding the operational management of technological processes in which dispatch objects are involved.



3. Decision support systems or expert systems

   Expert systems belong to the class of artificial intelligence systems. They work with knowledge bases and are able to draw certain conclusions based on this knowledge. Decision support systems are capable of simulating real situations and predicting their development based on the mathematical models embedded in them. Such systems can also be part of, since they are an indispensable tool for solving planning problems.




4. Systems that allow organizing the collection, storage and visualization of spatial data. Spatial data are objects described not only by a set of attributes, but also by geometry. In GIS, point geometry is distinguished when only the location of the object is important (pillar, tree), linear geometry when the length and linear configuration of the object is also important (various overpasses) and areal geometry, which allows you to fully represent the object in the GIS context (forests, lakes , buildings). Visualization of spatial data in GIS is most often done in the form of two-dimensional graphic maps. Maps are usually created and configured for different scales and, as a result, with different degrees of detail, so the same objects on one scale can be represented by points, and on another - by area objects. Some GIS use their own file formats to store data, and some use . Geographic information systems allow you not only to edit and view spatial data, but also to perform spatial queries on it, for example, select all objects in a certain territory or select all intersecting objects of a particular class. These capabilities are classified as GIS spatial data analysis tools. The most famous, at least in Russia, are GIS offered by ESRI (ArcGIS), Intergraph (Geomedia) and MapInfo Corporation (MapInfo).



5. Computer-aided design (CAD) systems

   Systems designed to automate engineering design processes. In English, the abbreviation CAD (computer-aided design) is used to refer to these systems. Using CAD, electronic versions of various types of engineering documentation are created, most often represented by drawings of design objects in two or three dimensions. The most famous representative of CAD in Russia is the AutoCAD software product from Autodesk.



6. Database management systems (DBMS)

   Systems of this class most often act as database subsystems of other information systems. From their name everything is clear: they are used to manage large amounts of structured data, and their tasks include adding, deleting, editing data in the information warehouse and processing. There are desktop (Microsoft Access) and distributed, capable of managing large enterprise data volumes (Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle).



7. Content management systems (, Content management system)

   The purpose of these information systems is to provide the administrator with the ability to enter various information through predefined user forms, place (publish) this information in accordance with specified templates and organize user access to it in a free mode or with pre-registration. Quite a lot is created using a CMS. The most famous of them are WordPress, Joomla and Drupal. Often, users of such systems don’t even need to - the CMS will create the required Internet page for them, and they will only need to select the type of page (news, review, article, etc.), enter text and click something like “Publish” . Of course, the functionality of more or less serious information systems of this class is not limited to this. The most famous commercial CMS of domestic production is 1C-Bitrix.



8. Operating Systems

   System software representative. System and application software differ from each other in the way they use computer hardware resources: system software uses resources through firmware built into these same resources, and application software through software interfaces of the system software. Operating systems are designed to manage everything and plan the use of its resources by application programs. The most well-known representatives of operating systems are Microsoft Windows and UNIX-class systems and the like, such as Linux, Mac OS, Android and others.



9. Real-time systems

   Real-time systems are systems whose quality of operation is determined not only by the fact that their functions work correctly from the point of view of the logic embedded in them, but also complete their work within the established time frame. A real-time system cannot afford delays in responding to intended external influences. In other words, such a system can interrupt ongoing calculations if they cannot adequately process the signals coming to it in real time. In fact, this aspect of information systems already relates to operating modes, and not to their purpose, since a real-time system can be of various kinds, including. Dispatch systems operating in real time belong to the class of SCADA systems (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition), which are required to exchange data with dispatch objects strictly in accordance with established time limits.

If this article helped you understand what an information system is, and you are interested in where you can order the development and implementation of automated information systems to suit your requirements, then the site below should help you with this.


itconcord.ru - creation of information systems for your business.

The set of software, technical, organizational support and personnel, which is designed to provide the right people with the information they need in a timely manner, is called an information system. In this article we will talk in more detail about what an information system is and provide information about some types of existing systems.

Information system

The second article of the Law on Information provides the following definition of IP: an information system is a set of information contained in databases and the technical means and information technologies that ensure its processing.

Signs of IP:

• Performing one or more functions in relation to information;
• System unity, implying the presence of a common file base, common standards and protocols, unified management, etc.;
• The ability to create compositions and decompositions of system objects to perform specified functions.

Basic requirements for IP:

• Efficiency;
• Quality of operation: consistency with standards, accuracy, security;
• Reliability. The system should not fail at the following thresholds: information quality, access time, performance,
• Safety.

What is an automated information system

An automated information system is an interconnected set of software, data, standards, equipment, procedures and personnel, which is designed for processing and collecting, storing, distributing and issuing information and meets the requirements that arise from the goals of a particular organization.

In essence, AIS is a man-machine system based on automated technology for obtaining information used to optimize the management process and information support for personnel in specific activities.

Due to the formalization of processing processes and the complexity of structuring information, automation of information procedures is difficult. The degree of automation of information processes can range from ten to twenty percent.

What is an information retrieval system

The definition of an information retrieval system is as follows: an information retrieval system is an applied computer environment designed for searching, collecting, processing, sorting, storing and filtering large-scale arrays of information in a structured form.

IPS, information retrieval systems are designed to solve certain types of problems, characterized by their own set of objects and their characteristics.

IRS, information retrieval systems are divided into:

1. Documentographic. In such information retrieval systems, indexing of all stored documents is carried out in a special way. Each individual document is given an individual code, which constitutes the search image. That is, the search will be conducted based on search images, and not on the documents themselves. Thus, one usually searches for literature in large libraries. Using the number indicated on the catalog card, the required book is found.
2. Factual. These information retrieval systems store facts, not documents; these facts relate to a particular subject area. The search is carried out according to a sample fact.

Information retrieval systems, IRS include 2 parts of the database:

• The database is precisely the database itself;
• DBMS is a database management system.

A database is a collection of structured data that relates to a specific subject area.

DBMS is a set of language and software tools that are necessary to create databases, keep them up to date, and organize searches for the necessary information in them.

The most famous are such DBMS as Microsoft Access, Dbase, FoxPro, Clipper, Paradox.

What is a corporate information system

Any large company, and a fast-growing one at that, will sooner or later face the problem of systematizing information and automation processes that will be involved in processing this information.

At the beginning of the development of an organization, it is possible for employees to use standard office applications, but over time, the constant growth in volumes of information will pose the task of organizing a Corporate Information System (CIS) for the company.

CIS, Corporate Information System is a scalable system that is designed for comprehensive automation of the economic activities of organizations, corporations, and companies that require unified management.

The implementation of the CIS, Corporate Information System, will give the following results:

• Increased resistance to external influences, flexibility and internal control.
• Increasing the company's competitiveness and efficiency.
• Reducing the cost of goods and services.
• Reducing warehouse inventories.
• Increase in sales of goods and services.
• Improving interaction with suppliers.
• Reducing order fulfillment times.

All this will contribute to the implementation of the main goal of the CIS, corporate information system, which is to increase the profitability of the organization through the most efficient use of all company resources and improving the quality of management decisions made by management.

We hope that everyone who was interested in the question of what an information system is could find the answer to it in this article.