Flash drive like hdd with Windows. Creating a multiboot USB HDD or flash drive

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Initially I thought of writing instructions, but in fact it turned out that it was a review of the use of the device. I did not correct it, because I think this option will also be useful to our dear readers.

How to make a homemade external HDD from a hard drive

Some time ago I got a 500GB laptop hard drive. But due to the lack of my own laptop, there was nowhere to install it, and just throwing such a volume “until better times” was a toad. And since the hard drive from a laptop is a box a little more than 5 centimeters wide and ~6-7 mm thick, a strong-willed decision was made, spending a minimum amount of money and time, to turn this drive into a kind of flash drive with a capacity of 500GB, putting it in special device called " External HDD pocket«.

To solve this problem, a pocket for a 2.5″ HDD was ordered from the online store SunBright (ME-945Q-TI) from a little-known Taiwanese company Welland priced at just 15 evergreen dollars.

Here are its characteristics:

Supported HDD types: 2.5″ SATA I/II HDD
Connecting to a computer: USB 2.0 at speeds up to 480 Mbps
System requirements: Windows 2000/XP/Vista/7 or MAC OS 9.0 or higher
One Touch Backup: For Windows in USB mode
Power supply: via USB cable
Size: 129 x 77 x 12 mm (L x W x H)
Material of manufacture: Aluminum

For a little thing that costs “three kopecks” you don’t need more.

I have long wanted to write this article, I think it will be very interesting to you. I received a question from a friend about how to make a hard drive from a flash drive. So, we will analyze two options: changing the flash drive to 64-bit Windows and to 86-bit.

If you decide to use programs such as or others to view the flash drive, then you will not see it there, because there is a so-called descriptor Removable Media Bit (RMB), which is found in any flash drive and forces Windows to identify such drives as removable, and not as a local drive. To fix this issue, we just need to delete this descriptor.

Why did I say there will be two options? Because on systems of different capacity this operation will be carried out differently. This will be quite simple to do, so let's get started.

How to make a flash drive a hard drive on Windows x86?

To do this work, we need to download a special driver Hitachi Microdrive. You can download it from here.

Now we find out the device instance code. In this case, we need to go to the device manager, there go to the tab disk devices. Look for your flash drive and right-click on it. In the window that opens, go to the tab "Intelligence", and select from the drop-down list "Path to device instance". In field "Meaning" select the entire line and copy.

Let's move on to the driver. First, unzip it to any location, and then, using any notepad, open the . Find the item there and in the very last line, starting with the word USBSTOR We replace everything with what we copied in the device manager. Here's how it will work out:

At the end of the line, after REV_ХХХ, you need to remove a small tail:

After everything is done, save the file.

Now go to the device manager again and open the properties of our flash drive again. Let's go to the tab "Driver" and press the button there "Update".

On Windows 7

Here we need to choose "Search for drivers on this computer" and select exactly the cfadisk.inf file that we changed.

On Windows XP

In this OS we choose "Install from a specified location", Then "Don't search" And "Install from disk". Again select the cfadisk.inf file as the driver.

After this, your flash drive should be recognized by the system as a hard drive.

INTERESTING:

How to make a flash drive a hard drive on Windows x64?

So, in this case, we download this archive.

Now go to Device Manager, open the properties of our flash drive and go to the tab "Intelligence". There, from the drop-down list you need to select "Equipment ID". In the “Value” field you will need to copy all lines except USBSTOR\GenDisk And GenDisk.

Open the F2Dx1.inf file that we downloaded with regular notepad. In general, it is advisable to use Notepad++. Having opened the file, we find the item in which we delete the first 5 lines, and then simply replace them with what we copied. The main thing is that each line begins with the phrase: %attach_drv% = f2d_install.

Next, we must again go to the properties of the flash drive and in the driver tab click on the button "Update". Here we do everything the same as in the first option, we just select the F2Dx1.inf file as the driver.

In addition, I want to say that the flash drive will be detected as a hard drive only on the system in which you performed this operation, since we just changed the driver in the Windows environment. If you insert a flash drive into another computer, it will be recognized there as a flash drive. That's all.

Introduction.
Most laptop owners sooner or later face the problem of running out of space. As a rule, laptops with screen sizes up to 15 inches inclusive do not have a free second slot for a 2.5-inch device. Therefore, owners are forced to think about either replacing the laptop itself or replacing its hard drive. After replacing the hard drive, there is always an old drive left, which can easily be turned into an external USB drive for transferring data.
Naturally, you can purchase a mobile 2.5-inch hard drive and turn it into an external drive. Fortunately, the cost of external drives allows this. For example, at the time of writing, for a 250 GB mobile hard drive they are asking $40, and for a 500 GB device from WD they are asking only $45.
We decide on the type of hard drive.
To be fair, it should be noted that an ordinary desktop 3.5-inch hard drive can also be turned into an external drive - you just can’t call it mobile. If you have an unused 2.5 or 3.5 inch hard drive, then first of all you need to decide on the type of its interface.
Today on the market there are the following types of interface: IDE (ATA) and various SATA options. As a rule, all SATA interfaces are backward compatible with each other, and we will not dwell on their variations. The situation is completely different between IDE and SATA interfaces, which are absolutely incompatible with each other and have different connectors.

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The figure shows two hard drives with different interfaces. Hard drives have a mobile format of 2.5 inches. On the left is a hard drive with a SATA interface, on the right is a hard drive with an IDE interface.

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In our hands was a 250 GB hard drive from Western Digital Scorpio Blue series with a SATA interface. This drive was used in an Acer laptop for a long time, but its capacity became insufficient, and it was replaced with a more capacious 500 GB solution.

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Despite long-term use, the performance of the hard drive did not cause any complaints, so it was decided to use it as an external mobile drive. To do this, we had to find an external case for it, which is what we did. External case AGESTAR for 2.5 inch mobile hard drive.
Computer hardware stores offer a wide variety of external cases for 2.5-inch hard drives. Their key difference is as follows:
- body material,
- type of external port (interface),
- cost.

As a rule, stores offer various cases with a USB 2.0 interface, a much smaller number of cases with an eSATA interface, and even fewer cases with a combination of USB 2.0&eSATA. Several cases with a modern USB 3.0 interface were found on sale, but their cost exceeded the cost of the hard drive itself, so we did not consider them.

The key difference between USB 2.0 and eSATA interfaces is data transfer speed. Using the USB 2.0 interface allows for maximum compatibility, since these ports are available on all computers. A significant disadvantage of the USB 2.0 interface is its low data transfer speed, which will not allow you to unlock the full speed potential of your hard drive.

The eSATA port is more promising, but it is not widespread and is found only in expensive versions of motherboards, cases and laptops. The eSATA interface allows you to fully unleash the potential of SATA devices.

The material used can also be very different. In a simple case, it is plastic. In more expensive variations, an aluminum case with a leather cover is included.
The cost of external cases also varies. The cheapest option will cost the user $3, expensive versions will cost more than $100.

Buying a $100 case for a hard drive that costs less than $40 when new and is half the price once it's in use is, to say the least, wasteful. Therefore, for testing we were provided with a case costing a symbolic 3 dollars - AgeStar SUB2P1. Equipment and external inspection of AgeStar SUB2P1.

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We didn't expect any miracles from a device that costs three dollars, both in terms of equipment and in terms of performance. The device comes modestly packaged in a package. The front wall of the device is covered with a cardboard listing the key characteristics of the device. This includes support for 2.5-inch mobile hard drives or solid-state drives with a SATA interface, the presence of a USB 2.0 data transfer interface and various color options.
To be fair, it should be noted that our suppliers confirmed that they had not seen any other color for this case other than black.

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After opening the package, we were pleasantly surprised by the fact that the kit included an instruction manual entirely in Russian.

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The case is completely made of plastic. There are paper stickers on the front wall indicating the model, which will be erased in any case, so we recommend immediately removing them from the surface of the device.

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The material used to make the case is soft black plastic, which does not smell of anything and is uniform throughout its structure.

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The covers of the device come off in two different directions, which ensures easy removal and installation of the hard drive in an external case.

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The two sides of the outer case are secured using a plastic latch made from the material of the case. Thanks to the recesses on the walls, the lids are securely fixed and spilling any glass of liquid, or leaving the device in the rain, is unlikely to lead to any problems.

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The device is designed for SATA hard drives, which we have repeatedly emphasized. Inside there are controllers with SATA ports for power and data transfer.

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On the side wall there is a mini USB port for data transfer and power supply to the hard drive. There is no additional port to provide power to the drive, which may cause some problems for users. With a weak power supply that underestimates the voltage along the 5 volt line, you often have to deal with problems starting the hard drive. As a rule, connecting the drive directly to a port on the motherboard, and not on the system unit case, and using a high-quality USB cable allows you to forget about this problem.

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Sellers of computer components often, as an advantage of this or that external case, talk about the presence of a USB data cable in the kit or offer to purchase it separately if it is not there. We advise our users not to pay attention to this, since a mini-USB-USB cable, as a rule, is available in almost every family and is often supplied with mobile phones. In our case, we successfully used a stale data cable from a Nokia mobile phone.

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The next step was to install the hard drive into the case. This is done quite simply - by lightly pressing. The most important thing is to first correctly rotate the hard drive according to the power and SATA data ports located in the case.

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The absence of any protruding elements on the hard drive controller circuit allows you not to worry about its rear surface when transporting and using the device.

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Some users may argue that the plastic case does not provide adequate heat dissipation from the hard drive. Naturally, external cases made of aluminum cope with this task much more effectively. At the same time, we should not forget that mobile hard drives do not have such high power consumption that they suffer from overheating, and in laptops, as a rule, they are not additionally cooled with anything.

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After completing the assembly of the device, the stage of its testing and use begins. The supply of voltage to the device is accompanied by the glow of a blue LED, which also symbolizes the user about the process of data transfer. It should be noted that not everyone will have a smooth start when starting to work with the created external drive. If the hard drive has already been used, has been formatted and partitions have been created on it, you will not have any problems getting started. It works like a regular flash drive using the Plug&Play method. But those users who purchased a new hard drive without formatting and with no partitions will have a problem that will be associated with the absence of a drive letter in the “My Computer” tab.
To do this, you need to create partitions on the hard drive and format it. This can be done through various boot disks, but it’s better not to bother and do it in the Windows operating system itself.

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To do this, you need to go to the "Control Panel" through the "Start" section, then visit the "Administration" section. In this section, select “Computer Management”, where in the “Disk Management” tab you can partition and format the newly connected external drive. After creating partitions and formatting them, you will have access to them through the “My Computer” tab and you will be able to exchange with the drive as with a regular hard drive. Test configuration.
The assembled external drive was tested both on a desktop computer based on a modern Core i7 processor and an equally modern motherboard, and on an Acer Aspire 7730 laptop based on a Core 2 Duo processor. It should be noted that the level of performance on two different systems turned out to be comparable.

1. Data reading speed was tested in the HD Tach 3.0.4.0 program

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It is pleasant to note that the external drive we assembled shows a much higher level of performance than the WD My Passport Essential external hard drive we previously tested. The maximum data transfer speed was 34.3 Mb/s, and the average latency was about 17.9 ms.

2. Data reading speed in HD Tune 4.5.

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In the second synthetic test, we received data similar to the previous ones, which also turned out to be slightly better than that of the official external hard drive WD My Passport Essential.

3. Write speed of 64 MB files in HD Tune 4.5.

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Testing that is closer to practice is somewhat more valuable, by recording files of 64 MB in size. In this test, we received quite expected results, which were also limited only by the capabilities of the USB 2.0 interface.
Separately, I would like to note that throughout the entire testing, the temperature of the hard drive did not exceed 35 degrees Celsius, while a similar hard drive installed in the laptop had a temperature of about 43 degrees. Therefore, worrying about the operating conditions of the hard drive in this case on the part of users will be unnecessary.

4. Boot speed of the Windows 7 operating system.

During practical testing of the loading speed of the Windows 7 operating system image, we received results similar to other external drives with a USB 2.0 interface.

5. Assessing drive performance in Windows 7 environment.

We tested the performance of the external drive we assembled using the Windows 7 operating system. To do this, in the command line you need to call the command: “winsat disk -drive g -ran -write -count 10”, where “g” is the letter of the tested drive in the system.

From the test results it is clear that the drive we assembled received a much higher rating than the factory solution WD My Passport Essential. Conclusion.
Based on the materials in this article, it is clear that any mobile hard drive can be turned into a good external drive without any hassle. Especially for testing, we asked for the cheapest external case, costing $3. Three dollars allows you to get an excellent external drive from a mobile hard drive, at least for data storage. Not to mention the fact that the same external case makes it easier to recover data from the hard drive of “dead” laptops.

Despite the fact that many people criticize AgeStar's products for their low quality, after many years of using them I have only a positive impression of them. First of all, it is at an affordable price. Defects occur in all manufacturers, although AgeStar has a slightly higher rate than Thermaltake. But the latter has no analogue to the presented external case for three dollars and with a 6-month warranty. We award AgeStar products with a gold medal of honor for their optimal performance/price ratio.

A new window should open. In it, enter the “List disks” command and wait until the list of disks connected to the computer is displayed. Now enter the command "Select disk" followed by the disk number. Once the drive is selected, enter the "Empty" command. So go ahead if you're confident in what you're doing.

Run the Create Primary Partition command to create a new primary partition. After receiving information about the success of the operation, enter “Asset” to activate the newly created partition. Type "Exit" to close Command Prompt.

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Other download sites

Very good and very user-friendly free software. A word of caution, partition software can sometimes cause problems. This allows you to create, format, rename and delete partitions on your computer without shutting down the system. Configuration changes will take effect immediately. Finally, you can get an idea of the properties of a partition, logical drive, or hard drive.

Figure 1-2 Click on the image to enlarge it in a new window. When prompted, click Yes. . Figure 1-3. Click on the image to enlarge it in a new window. Click Close if you do not need more than one copy of this hot spare. Figure 1-4 Click on the image to enlarge it in a new window.

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Analyzing and cleaning your system

Starting with removable media

Most computers are set up to look for bootable media, such as your rescue disk, and ask if you want to boot from that bootable media. For more information, contact your system manufacturer.

Figure 2-1 Click on the image to enlarge it in a new window. Figure 2-2 Click on the image to enlarge it in a new window. Click Update → Update Virus Signature Database. . Figure 2-3 Click on the image to enlarge it in a new window.

Click On Demand → Custom Scan. . Figure 2-4 Click on the image to enlarge it in a new window. Select Deep Scan from the Scan Profile drop-down menu, in the Scan Targets box, select Nearby next to Computer, and click Scan. If infected files are found that cannot be cleaned, you will be prompted to take action on those files. Figure 2-5 Click on the image to enlarge it in a new window.

Figure 3-1 Click on the image to enlarge it in a new window. Figure 3-2 Click on the image to enlarge it in a new window. Instead, it is a copy of the code that makes up the files themselves. For example, you won't be able to save changes to your system or install updates or new applications.

It is highly recommended that you select the lowest available speed when writing to disk to minimize the chance of errors during the writing process. Which one you choose is entirely a personal choice. Click the Select Disc Image to Burn button to open the file manager.

If not, click the button to manually select it. Click the properties button to open the properties window, and then click the button below the write speed item. Again, it is highly recommended to select the lowest speed available. Once selected, click the “Close” button.

Click the "Record" button to begin the recording process. Follow the onscreen instructions if necessary. It is recommended to read reviews to make your software selection. Please note that this is a device, not a partition number. To find the drives, enter the following command into the terminal.

Through alternative applications

Click the center icon. Click the "Record" button. Once the recording process is complete, restart the system. Radiation exposure to radiation. Absorbed Dose Metric Prefixes Data Communication Printing and Digital Imaging Devices Wood Volume Measurement Molar Mass Calculator Periodic Table.

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Learn more about information and data storage

The data may consist of any falsified basic operation instruction instruction for user data, such as text and video, for example. They can be in different formats, although usually in the case of binary computers. Some data is temporary, used for the duration of a set of operations. They are deleted when these operations are completed. They use temporary storage devices such as random access memory. Other data needs to be archived longer, on persistent storage devices such as hard drives or solid state drives.

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After opening the package, we were pleasantly surprised by the fact that the kit included an instruction manual entirely in Russian.

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Data is information stored in the form of characters that can be read by a device or humans. Most data is read by computers where it is stored in files. Some of the files may be computer-executed and contain computer programs. They usually differ from the data, but not always.

To prevent data loss, some storage methods include data redundancy, duplicate parts, or all data in multiple storage locations so that if you are lost or damaged in one location, you can still access it in another location. A data redundancy solution uses a redundant disk array of independent disks that stores duplicate data or spreads data across disks or disks that function as a "logical drive."

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The material used to make the case is soft black plastic, which does not smell of anything and is uniform throughout its structure.

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The covers of the device come off in two different directions, which ensures easy removal and installation of the hard drive in an external case.

This access speed also depends on the type of storage you use. These speeds are constantly improving due to technological developments in this area. These are more affordable memory drives. Main memory is also part of the main storage, main memory includes RAM, it is much slower than journals but has a larger capacity and is actively used while the computer is running. data that is constantly accessible by current programs.

Secondary storage includes network-attached storage devices, which means that all devices are located inside the computer as a hard drive. It is used to store data that does not need to be accessed frequently. Secondary storage is more permanent than primary storage.

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This type of storage, unlike others, requires an operator to manually insert and remove storage media. Removable offline storage devices are often used for backup purposes or for transferring information between individuals.

Tertiary storage or bulk offline storage typically refers to significantly slower storage that may rely on various media stored in the library. Data can be accessed on demand from the computer: the robotic arm retrieves and assembles the data required, and then returns to its original position.

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The device is designed for SATA hard drives, which we have repeatedly emphasized. Inside there are controllers with SATA ports for power and data transfer.

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Device type and media type

During practical testing of the loading speed of the Windows 7 operating system image, we received results similar to other external drives with a USB 2.0 interface.

5. Assessing drive performance in Windows 7 environment.

Many users may have noticed that any programmer who comes to fix system-related problems has with him. This trick is very useful, because in case of any problem with the system or hard drive, the user will always be able to restore access to the computer and understand what the problem with the computer is. In this case, not everyone wants to have a system in their computer, since it is much easier to carry around a small system disk with additional files. Therefore, anyone should know how to make a hard drive from a flash drive.

But how to turn a flash drive into a hard drive? It would seem that such a process should be difficult and resource-intensive, but in fact everything is done quite simply, and the size and “age” of the flash drive does not matter. The main condition for a flash drive is that it works properly. Also, not only a USB flash drive, but also an SD card is suitable for this role; the process of changing properties is identical.

It is worth knowing that multi-partitioning should not be applied to such external media, since many operating systems support only the first partition in disks that are not HDD-type. HDDs are non-removable media that are installed in a computer. You can remove them, but it takes a lot of time and effort, so people use cards and external drives to make the whole process of transferring information or an operating system directly with them easier.

First, you need to make Windows recognize the USB flash drive as a non-removable device. In this case, any flash card standardly has the opposite parameter, then you need to start making changes. Some people don’t think at all about the security of their equipment, so they simply modify the flash drive. But this method is dangerous because many flash drives simply cannot be changed to the selected parameter, which is why they will break and will have to be taken to a service center. It is much easier and safer to replace the response from the device with the desired result. A special driver is installed for this. A flash drive instead of a hard drive on Windows 7 will work the same as with any other operating system.

Before turning a flash drive into a hard drive, the device must be connected to the computer, and then determine the type of flash drive.

First option

Open Media Manager. You can find it using the “Run” button, enter “diskmgmt.msc” here and press “Enter”. Now you can see what type of drive it is, removable or non-removable.

Second option

You can also view the device type by opening the Volumes tab in the properties of the flash drive.

Third option

You can also enter the command diskpart.

So, now the user knows whether the flash drive is a removable or non-removable device in this case.

Second step

If the device is defined as “non-removable”, then it can already be used as a hard drive. Otherwise, before using a flash drive instead of a hard drive, its type must be changed to “non-removable”. For this, a special filter driver is used, which can easily change the incoming information, changing it to the necessary one. One of the most common and simple filters is the Hitachi Microdrive driver. Thus, the user does not invade the microclimate of the flash drive, while simply deceiving his system by giving it a false answer.

After the media becomes non-removable, the computer will consider it a full-fledged hard drive that can be divided into partitions, each of which will function simultaneously. The main thing at this point is to download a program that is suitable for the bit size of your operating system.

Third stage

After the user has been able to deceive the computer, the device code can be identified. You can find the code in the “Details”, “Device Instance Path” tab.

As a result, it is necessary to copy the information; it will then be manipulated in the Hitachi Microdrive program. When copying, you must remove all information after the second “\”.

On a 64 bit system

Now you need to find the cfadisk file in the Hitachi Microdrive folder, where we find the cfadisk_device and cfadisk_device.NTamd64 sections.

In the sections, instead of information after “\”, we insert the code of our device.

On the system 32 bits

The process is similar, only in the file for the 32-bit version you need to find the “cfadisk_device” section.

Here you need to replace “DISK&VEN_&PROD_USB_DISK_2.0&REV_P” with the device code.

If you want to set your own name for the device, then you need to replace “Microdrive_devdesc” with the desired name, for example “USB_hard”.

Fourth stage

The last stage is replacing drivers. On 64-bit operating systems, before this action, you must disable driver digital signature verification so that it does not update on its own due to third-party intervention.

You need to open the “Drivers” => “Update Drivers” tab. Next is the folder with the Hitachi Microdrive driver. This driver is selected, all that remains is to ignore the message about the absence of a digital signature, then restart the computer and see the result of the work. The drive has become non-removable.

The driver is removed using the “Update drivers” button.

Here's how to easily make a hard drive from a flash drive. This procedure can be carried out by anyone if you follow the instructions, and the computer and the drive system cannot be damaged at all. If you use a high-quality, voluminous external drive with good performance, then there is no question whether a flash drive can be used instead of a hard drive. In this case, it will cope with the task no worse than hard drives.

This happened a little less than two...

Have you purchased a new, fast solid state drive (SSD) and your old one is sitting around? Give it a new task and use it as an external data storage device. To do this, you only need a case with a SATA controller; it is available for both 2.5-inch and 3.5-inch models. The latter require a power supply, while compact drives have enough power supply via a USB port.

Labor intensity: average, costs: 600 rubles.

Mini NAS on the router

Do you need access to the same data across your entire home network? To do this, you don't need expensive and bulky network attached storage (NAS) - a USB drive can do this task if it's connected to your router. Newer devices are equipped with a corresponding port.

First you need to format the USB drive from Windows OS in the NTFS file system and then simply connect it to the router. Moreover, the latter must have a USB port and support the corresponding functionality. Now, typing 192.168.1.1 (or similar) into your browser's address bar will take you to the router's user interface.

Go to the USB Settings | Sharing a storage device" (for TP-Link routers; for other devices the names of menu items may differ) and make sure that the disk starts.

To access data on your home network, you will only need to type an address like “\\192.168.1.1\Volume1” in Windows Explorer. A permanent connection is achieved by right-clicking on the folder to which you plan to allow access and selecting “Map network drive.”

Labor intensity: low, costs: no

Flash drive instead of password

A small USB flash drive also has practical applications. For example, when you log into Windows, you can unlock your computer without entering a password. To do this, you will need the Rohos Logon Key tool (1450 rubles), Predator (650 rubles) or the free USBLogon (http://www.rohos.ru/products/rohos-logon-free/).

After installation, you need to select the connected USB drive and configure security settings. After entering the Windows password, the flash drive is ready for use. Unfortunately, working with USBLogon is complicated by the German-language interface, but even without knowledge of German it is easy to understand.

Labor intensity: average, costs: no

Flash drive for emergencies

When your computer no longer works the way it should, a bootable USB flash drive comes to the rescue. The Sardu tool (http://www.sarducd.it/) installs up to 20 different antivirus programs on the drive, and also provides various versions of Linux and other “first aid” software.

> Preparation: in the left sidebar the selected software is listed by category. Check the boxes next to the required programs. We recommend choosing several antiviruses and a version of Linux (for example, Ubuntu).

> Creating a flash drive: On the right sidebar, click on the USB drive symbol. You can start creating a bootable USB flash drive.

> Emergency use: To use a bootable flash drive in the event of an “accident”, you need to change the boot sequence from drives in BIOS Setup.

In this case, you should set the boot priority from USB to HDD. Then select the required program from the list. Don't forget to undo changes to the BIOS after "repairing" your computer.

Photo: manufacturing companies, racum/Flickr.com

Flash drive like hdd with Windows. Creating a multiboot USB HDD or flash drive

How to make a homemade external HDD from a hard drive

How to make a flash drive a hard drive on Windows x86?

On Windows 7

On Windows XP

How to make a flash drive a hard drive on Windows x64?

Other download sites

Analyzing and cleaning your system

Starting with removable media

Through alternative applications

Learn more about information and data storage

Device type and media type

First option

Second option

Third option

Second step

Third stage

On a 64 bit system

On the system 32 bits

Fourth stage

Post navigation

Mini NAS on the router

Flash drive instead of password

Flash drive for emergencies

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