GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF STATISTICAL DATA, a method of visually depicting and summarizing data on socio-economic phenomena through geometric images, drawings or schematic geographical maps and explanatory inscriptions to them. Graphic presentation of statistical data clearly and clearly displays the relationship between phenomena and processes of social life, the main trends in their development, the degree of their distribution in space; allows you to see both the totality of phenomena as a whole and its individual parts.

Various types of statistical graphs are used to present statistical data graphically. Each graph consists of a graphic image and auxiliary elements. These include: graph explication, spatial reference points, scale reference points, graph field. Supporting elements make the graph easy to read, understand, and use. Graphs can be classified according to a number of criteria: depending on the shape of the graphic image, they can be dotted, linear, planar, spatial and figured. According to the method of construction, graphs are divided into diagrams and statistical maps.

The most common method of graphic representation is a diagram. This is a drawing in which statistical data are presented as geometric figures or signs, and the territory to which these data relate is indicated only verbally. If the diagram is superimposed on a geographical map or on a plan of the territory to which statistical data relates, then the graph is called a map diagram. If statistical data is depicted by shading or coloring the corresponding territory on a geographical map or plan, then the graph is called a cartogram.

To compare statistical data of the same name characterizing different objects or territories, various types of diagrams can be used. The most visual are bar charts, in which statistical data is depicted as vertically elongated rectangles. Their clarity is achieved by comparing the heights of the columns (Fig. 1).

If the base line is vertical and the bars are horizontal, then the chart is called a strip chart. Figure 2 shows a comparison bar diagram characterizing the territory of the globe.

Diagrams intended for popularization are sometimes constructed in the form of standard figures - drawings characteristic of the statistical data depicted, which makes the diagram more expressive and attracts attention to it. Such diagrams are called figured or pictorial (Fig. 3).

A large group of representative graphs consists of structural diagrams. The method of graphically depicting the structure of statistical data is to compile structural pie or pie charts (Fig. 4).

To depict and analyze the development of phenomena over time, dynamics diagrams are constructed: bar, strip, square, circular, linear, radial, etc. The choice of the type of diagram depends on the characteristics of the source data and the purpose of the study. For example, if there is a series of dynamics with slightly unequally spaced levels in time (1913, 1940, 1950, 1980, 2000, 2005), then use bar, square or pie charts. They are visually impressive and well remembered, but are not suitable for depicting a large number of levels. If the number of levels in the dynamics series is large, then linear diagrams are used, which reproduce the development process in the form of a continuous broken line (Fig. 5).

Often, one linear graph shows several curves that provide a comparative description of the dynamics of various indicators or the same indicator in different countries (Fig. 6).

To display the dependence of one indicator on another, a relationship diagram is constructed. One indicator is taken as X, and the other as Y (i.e., a function of X). A rectangular coordinate system with scales for indicators is constructed, and a graph is drawn in it (Fig. 7).

The development of computer technology and application software has made it possible to create geographic information systems (GIS), representing a qualitatively new stage in the graphical representation of information. GIS provide collection, storage, processing, access, display and dissemination of spatially coordinated data; include a large number of graphic and thematic databases in combination with model and calculation functions that allow you to present information in spatial (cartographic) form and obtain multi-layer electronic maps of the region at various scales. Based on territorial coverage, global, subcontinental, state, regional and local types of GIS are distinguished. The subject orientation of GIS is determined by the tasks solved with its help, which may include resource inventory, analysis, assessment, monitoring, management and planning.

Lit.: Gerchuk Ya. P. Graphic methods in statistics. M., 1968; Theory of statistics / Edited by R. A. Shmoilova. 4th ed. M., 2005. P. 150-83.

Subject: Tools for graphical presentation of statistical data (business graphics). Presentation of the results of performing calculation tasks using business graphics

Number of hours: 2

Target

The report must contain:

1. Title of the work

2.Purpose of work

4. Conclusion on the work (

View document contents
“PR16 Means of graphical presentation of statistical data (business graphics).”

Guidelines for practical lesson No. 16

Subject:Tools for graphical presentation of statistical data(business graphics). Presentation of the results of performing calculation tasks using business graphics

Number of hours: 2

Target: consolidation of practical skills and abilities in working with technologies for working in MS EXCEL:

Form ideas about the possibilities of business graphics and their use;

Study business graphics systems;

Explore Excel's capabilities for creating business graphics

Assignment: Familiarize yourself with the theoretical principles on this topic, complete the tasks of the practical lesson, and formulate a conclusion.

The report must contain:

1. Title of the work

2.Purpose of work

3.Results of completing task 1, 2, 3

4. Conclusion on the work ( it is necessary to indicate the types of work performed, the goals achieved, what skills and abilities were acquired during its implementation)

Guidelines for implementation:

1 . Brief theoretical information

The term business graphics refers to graphs and diagrams that clearly represent the dynamics of development of a particular production, industry and any other numerical data

Objects for which illustrative materials are created using business graphics: planned indicators, reporting documentation, statistical reports. Business graphics software is included in spreadsheets.

The capabilities of business graphics pursue a single goal: to improve human perception of information, to make it more visual and expressive.

The main purpose of business graphics is the prompt delivery of information in graphical form in the process of analyzing a problem when solving it using a spreadsheet. The main criterion is the speed of preparation and display of graphic images corresponding to rapidly changing numerical information.

In the modern world, there is a large amount of information that is difficult for the average person to immediately assimilate. And if you need to process and analyze some data, then the task becomes doubly difficult. Currently, with the help of computer technology, it is possible to store and process any information.

Business graphics is a field of computer graphics. It is intended for constructing histograms, graphs, charts, diagrams based on reports, and various documentation. Provides the ability to present data more concisely and expressively, perform more complex tasks, improve data perception, and increase work efficiency.

To display graphic information, special software is used, which is called graphics programs or graphics packages.

The use of business graphics is varied and varied. For each type of task, different programs are used. Some are needed for rapid processing of digital data, others for creating high-quality drawings. With the help of special application tools, annual reports of companies, statistical directories are compiled, and analytical data is processed.

Properly designed charts or graphs turn boring numbers into visual images and help users navigate the “sea” of information and make the right decision. Business graphics allow you to compare various data in a convenient form, identify patterns and development trends. You can also use various graphics programs to solve problems in the field of information technology, architecture and engineering. Currently, business graphics have firmly entered our lives; now it is impossible to imagine any summary documents or presentations without tables, diagrams, diagrams, and various images.

Computer graphics are used by administrative and technical employees, students, as well as ordinary users of personal computers.

Using Excel's rich library of charts, you can create charts and graphs of different types: histograms, pie charts, column charts, graphs, etc., they can be provided with titles and explanations, you can set the color and type of shading in the charts, print them on paper, change the size and location on the sheet, and insert diagrams into the desired place on the sheet.

2.Task

Task No. 1. Create a table for selling shares of a brokerage firm. Carry out calculations according to the task.

TASK 2. Creating and processing a database in Excel. Linking workbook sheets

1.Create a table in a new file according to the example (see Fig. 1). The ? signs indicated in some cells mean that these indicators need to be calculated.

3 .Format the table.

4 .Follow the steps below:

3. On sheet 4, create the table shown in Fig. 4.

3.1.To add a Sheet, right-click on the Sheet shortcut and select the command from the context menu Insert. In the tab Are common choose Sheet and press Ok.

3.2.In cell B2, enter a formula for the total calculation of products sold for the months of January, February and March, namely

SHEET1!G4+SHEET2!G4+SHEET3!G4, where is the sign! means a connection between sheets.

To optimize formula entry, do the following:

1.Place the cursor in cell B2 and enter the = sign.

2.Click on the Sheet1 shortcut, click on cell G4.

3.Press the + key

4.Click on the Sheet 2 shortcut, cell G4, click +.

5.Click on the Sheet 3 shortcut, cell G4 and press Enter

6.Copy the entered formula to the remaining cells.

3.3.In cell C2, enter the formula to calculate the total revenue for the 1st quarter (i.e. the months January, February, March)

SHEET1!H4 + SHEET2!H4+SHEET3!H4

3.4. Rename sheet 4 to Sales results (products).

4.Create a table on Sheet5, pictured in Fig.5.

.

4.1.Independently enter formulas to calculate the final sale and total revenue for January, February and March.

4.2.Rename Sheet5 to Sales results (months).

4.3. Build diagrams:

Product Name and Sold

Product name and revenue

3. Control questions

1.What is meant by the term business graphics?

2.What is business graphics intended for?

3.Who uses business graphics?

4. Literature

1. https://superbotanik.net/referati/referaty-po-informatike/referat-delovaya-grafika

Criteria for assessing completed practical assignments

The first task is worth 2 points (maximum), and the second is worth 3 points (maximum)

In total, the completed practical work can be graded from 0 to 100%, and then the assessment of the student’s knowledge will be as follows:

“excellent” - 86 – 100%,

“good” - 66 – 85%,

“satisfactory” - 45 – 65%,

“unsatisfactory” - less than 45%.

Regional state budgetary professional educational institution

"Achinsk College of Industrial Technologies and Business"

Methodological development

practical lesson

by disciplineOUD.07 Computer Science

“Means for graphical presentation of statistical data in

MS Excel »

By topic " The concept of information systems and automation of information processes"

for 1st year students

specialties:

40.02.01 Law and organization of social security

Achinsk, 2016

Considered at the meeting

Cyclic methodological commission

_____________________________

Protocol No._______

Chairman of the cycle commission

_______________ /FULL NAME./

"____"__________ 20__

I approve

Deputy Director for MMR

G.V. Chasovskikh

"____"__________20____

Protocol No. ____________ dated “____”__________ 20___

Compiled by: Minhairova A.M. – teacher of computer science at Achinsk College of Industrial Technologies and Business

Methodological development is intended for 1st year students of the specialty40.02.01 Law and organization of social security.

The manual is compiled according to the “Informatics” course program in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standards of the specialty and is aimed at mastering general and professional competencies.

The work provides theoretical information, guidelines for its implementation, examples of implementation, as well as control questions in accordance with the work program.

LESSON PLAN

Section topic: Technology of creation and transformation of information objects.

Lesson topic: Tools for graphical presentation of statistical data inMSExcel.

Lesson objectives:

educational :

consolidation of theoretical knowledge about the concept, components and methods of constructing diagrams and graphs;

studying the construction of charts and graphs using the graphical tools of the Microsoft Excel 2010 spreadsheet processor.

acquiring practical skills in working with formulas, functions and charts in Microsoft Excel 2010.

developing :

developing the ability to operate with previously acquired knowledge and apply it in practice;

developing the ability to plan your activities;

development of cognitive activity techniques and analytical skills.

educational :

nurturing professionally important personal qualities, observation, listening skills, identifying patterns, drawing conclusions and generalizations.

Formed competencies :

P 5. Proficiency in computer tools for presenting and analyzing data in spreadsheets.

Type of activity : lesson to consolidate knowledge.

Type of activity : practical lesson.

Methodical techniques: reproductive, partially search, visual (demonstration of a computer presentation), practical.

List of used visual aids, technical means, methodological instructions, teaching materials, classroom equipment: screen, multimedia projector, personal computers, a set of educational visual aids, presentation on the topic of the lesson, guidelines for performing practical work on the topic “Means for graphical presentation of statistical data inMSExcel».

Forms of student work: group, individual, frontal.

Interdisciplinary connections : mathematics.

List of literature:

Main:

Additional:

Lesson plan indicating the approximate time frame for completing each item of the plan:

1. Indicative-motivational stage:

1.2 Introductory speech by the teacher (3 min): presentation of the topic and lesson plan, general description of practical work, its features and methods within the framework of interdisciplinary connections; the relevance of the topic of the lesson and the background knowledge of students, the motivation of students to successfully conduct the lesson.

Operational and execution stage :

1. Updating, summarizing and systematizing ZUN:

   1. Perception and secondary comprehension of the material, consolidation of knowledge on previously acquired material by performing small group work (12 min)

Assimilation of new knowledge:

1. MSExcel2010" (5 min).

   Completing tasks according to methodological recommendations (20 min).

   Formulating a conclusion on the work completed (2 min)

1. Checking the completed task (5 min)

Reflective-evaluative stage :

1. Summing up the lesson (3 min):

3.1.1 Assessment of students’ activities and assessment of the degree to which the overall goal of the lesson has been achieved;

3.1.2 Grading;

3.1.3 Opinion of students about the practical lesson.

1. Formulation of homework (1 min).

Description of the lesson:

1. Indicative and motivational stage:

1.1 Organizational moment (1 min):

Hello! Before we start working, let's mark those who are absent. (Roll call according to the log, absent ones are noted).

1.2 Introductory speech by the teacher (3 min):

In the last lesson, we already examined theoretical aspects related to the concept and functionality of the programMSExcel. What do you think we will do in class today, and what impact does it have on your professional activities? That's right, today we will review what business graphics are, the main types of charts, their features, and learn how to create and edit charts using a spreadsheet processor. So, the topic of the lesson: Means of graphical presentation of statistical data (business graphics).(Slide 1) The purpose of the lesson is to develop practical skills in selecting and structuring data for constructing charts in MS Excel.(Slide 2)

2. Operational and execution stage:

2.1 Updating, summarizing and systematizing ZUNs:

2.1.1 Perception and secondary comprehension of the material, consolidation of knowledge on previously acquired material by performing small group work (12 min)

Now I suggest you do a little test work in order to remember the basic concepts of business graphics in a spreadsheet processor. To do this you will work in groups. Each group will have its own individual task, which you will be given 5 minutes to complete. Once completed, each group must present and defend their work.

(Slide 3-5 – work of group 1, slide 6-7 – work of group 2, slide 8-10 – work of group 3)

1st group: Find the concept of a diagram in the text and write it down in your notebook. Select chart types. Match the diagram images with their names.

Text. Graphics tools such as charts are used to visually present numerical data. The method of conventionally depicting numerical quantities and their relationships, using geometric means, is calleddiagram . The spreadsheet uses 14 standard chart types and 20 custom chart types. There are histograms, bar charts, pie charts, scatter charts, etc. Chart types are set depending on the data being processed and/or the level of clarity of the presentation of numerical data. The chart type can be selected after creating a specific chart.

Ruled

bar chart

Pie chart

Schedule

Spot

Group 2: Find answers to the questions posed in the text (answers must be complete).

Text. The construction of a diagram is carried out only if numerical data is available. After entering the data, you need to select it and set the function for constructing a diagram, or with the commandInsert/Diagram,

To build diagrams, use the diagram wizard, which spells out all the necessary steps, the sequential execution of which leads to the desired result. The final version of the diagram, if necessary, can be edited, both as a whole, the entire object, and each element separately.

Question	Answer
1. Under what conditions is the diagram constructed?	The diagram is constructed only if numerical data is available
2. In what ways can we define a charting function?	We can set the function for constructing a diagram either with the commandInsert/Diagram, or using the icon: .
3. Which editor is used to create diagrams?	The Chart Wizard is used to create charts.
4. What can we do with the diagram after its final construction?	The final version of the diagram, if necessary, can be edited, both as a whole, the entire object, and each element separately.
5. What are the main elements of a diagram?	The main elements of the diagram are:data series; legend; data signatures; titles (chart title, axis titles); coordinate axes.

Group 3: Find the definition of the concept “legend” in the text and identify in the picture where the legend is depicted.

Text. The main elements of the diagram are:data series; legend; data signatures; titles (chart title, axis titles); coordinate axes.

Each of the elements, except for a number of data, may be missing from the diagram, which significantly affects the perception of the data obtained. The concept of “legend” is new to us.Legend is a label that identifies the category of data in a chart, using different patterns or colors.

Group performance (2 minute performance for each group) – 8 min.

I see that you have mastered the material well. Well done!

1. Assimilation of new knowledge:

   1. Consolidating the acquired knowledge on the topic “Means for graphical representation of statistical data in MS Excel " (5 minutes).

From the theoretical material, we remember that using the rich library of Excel charts, you can create different types of charts and graphs(Slide 11): histograms - columnar(Slide 12), to compare values,(Slide 13) pie charts - to display parts of a whole,(Slide 14) graphics -to display changes in values ​​over time. They can be provided with headings and explanations, you can set the color and type of shading in the diagrams, print them on paper, changing the size and location on the sheet, and insert the diagrams into the desired place on the sheet.(Slide 15).

The technology for constructing charts and graphs is the same: you need to select a range of cells of a given table, then go to the Main Menu, select the Insert tab and select the desired chart type, then use the Format tab to perform the necessary chart formatting: add a chart title, a legend, you can specify color and type of shading, data signatures, etc.(Slide 16-17)

1. 1. Completing tasks according to methodological recommendations (20 min).

Now let's move on to the practical work. Using the guidelines for performing practical work, we draw up a report and draw conclusions on the work done.

Please note that in tasks 1-3 you are given tables. And according to the data from these tables, you will need to make calculations and build a diagram based on the sample.(Slide 18-23)

In task 4 you will need to plot a function graph. And in the task there are 5 p perform calculations and build histogram, pie and bar charts (Slide 24-29).

1. 1. Preparation of a report on practical work (8 min)

The time allotted for completing the task has expired. Now you need to go to your workbook and draw up a report on the work done.

2.2.4 Formulation of a conclusion on the work performed (2 min)

When formulating a conclusion, rely on the goals set in the work.

2.3 Checking the completed task (5 min)

The report is completed, the tasks are completed, the conclusion is formulated. It remains to check that the task was completed correctly. Anyone can use the key to independently check the correctness of the solution and, if necessary, find their own mistakes or comment on their work for the entire subgroup. I invite anyone to come to the screen to defend their work.(The student’s work is being designed, he comments)

3. Reflective-evaluative stage:

3.1 Summing up the lesson (3 min):

3.1.1 Assessment of students’ activities and assessment of the degree to which the overall goal of the lesson is achieved:

Today’s work in class showed that you have mastered not only the theoretical, but also the practical part of the topic “Means for graphical presentation of statistical data inMSExcel(Business Graphics)”, despite the fact that some students had difficulties performing calculations. When forming the assessment, the work at the stage of updating, generalization and systematization of knowledge bases was taken into account, namely, work in a group, practical work done, with a completed report. As a result, we received an assessment...

In general, I think that the set goals of practical work have been achieved. You all worked productively.

3.1.2 Grading:

All grades you received today are included in the journal as final grades for the material “Means for graphical presentation of statistical data inMSExcel(Business graphics).”

3.1.3 Students’ opinions about the practical lesson:

I would like to hear your opinion about the lesson. What new did you learn? What was helpful? What did you find difficult? (Students' opinions are heard).

3.2 Formulation of homework (1 min):

In order for you to successfully master and consolidate today’s material, I propose, in the form of homework, to construct graphs of functions according to the options. This is similar to task 4 of the practical work task.

Thanks for the activity! Goodbye!

Annex 1

Practical work

Tools for graphical presentation of statistical data (business graphics). Presentation of the results of performing calculation tasks using business graphics

Topic 4.1. The concept of information systems and automation of information processes.

Goal of the work: study the technology of constructing diagrams in ET, learn to correctly indicate all the necessary parameters when constructing graphs of functions and diagrams, use graphic objects for data analysis.

Formed competencies :

L4. the ability to use the achievements of modern computer science to improve one’s own intellectual development in the chosen professional activity, to independently form new knowledge in the professional field, using available sources of information for this;

M 2. the use of various types of cognitive activity to solve information problems, the use of basic methods of cognition (observation, description, measurement, experiment) to organize educational, research and project activities using information and communication technologies;

M 5. ability to analyze and present information given in electronic formats on a computer in various forms;

P 3. use of ready-made application computer programs according to the training profile;

P 4. knowledge of methods of presenting, storing and processing data on a computer;

P 5. proficiency in computer tools for presenting and analyzing data in spreadsheets;

Equipment, devices, equipment, materials: screen, projector, personal computers, local computer network, application softwareMS Excel, presentation on the topic of the lesson, electronic test.

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Diagram– a convenient means of graphical presentation of data. Allows you to evaluate the available values. To visually present the data, it is necessary to define Type And View diagrams.

bar chart– illustrates the relationship between individual data values. Categories are arranged horizontally and values ​​vertically. 1st column – allows you to compare indicators of quantities with each other. Column 2 – shows the numerical share of an individual indicator in the total volume. Column 3 – allows you to compare the percentage of shares of each indicator in the total volume.

Pie chart– shows the element’s contribution to the total. Always built on one data series.

Schedule– shows the dependence of one quantity on another.

Radar chart – allows you to compare common values ​​from multiple data sets. Each category has its own coordinate axis, starting from the origin.

Cone, pyramid, surface diagrams - allow you to diversify the types of diagrams.

TASK TO COMPLETE

Exercise 1. Fill out and set up a table to calculate the time spent by different animals moving a given distance. Construct a histogram based on the sample.

Initial data – set from the keyboard:

Column B is the animal's speed value (in km/h).

Column C is the distance to be covered (in km).

Calculated values – are calculated according to the formula:

Column D is time.

Cell C11 – maximum speed (MAX function).

Cell C12 – minimum speed (MIN function).

Task 2. Fill out and configure the table to calculate the main characteristicsWorld Ocean . Construct a pie chart using the example.

Task execution technology

Initial data – set from the keyboard:

Range A1:E5.

Calculated values – are calculated according to the formula:

Cell B6 – total area of ​​the World Ocean (SUMM function).

Cell C6 – total volume of the World Ocean (SUMM function).

Cell D6 – average depth of the World Ocean (AVERAGE function).

Cell E6 is the deepest depression in the World Ocean (MAX function).

Task 3 . Fill out and customize the tableRating of the highest mountains by continent . Construct a graph according to the example.

Task execution technology

Initial data – set from the keyboard:

Range A1:C8.

Calculated values – are calculated according to the formula:

Cell B11 – the average height of the given vertices (AVERAGE function).

Cell B12 is the highest mountain in the world (MAX function).

Cell B13 is the lowest of the highest mountains (MIN function).

Task 4 . Graph functionsy=sin(x) Andy=sin(2x) on the interval[- 180; 160] in increments20.

Task execution technology

1. Fill out the table of values:

2. Select the table and specify the chart type: Graph.
3. Select a graph format with smooth curves.
4. In the Layout, specify the name of the chart according to the sample, place the legend on the right, and apply the chart format according to the sample.

Task 5 . Perform calculations and build histograms, pie and bar charts.

Task execution technology

Initial data – set from the keyboard:

Range A3:A10, B3:B10.

Calculated values – are calculated according to the formula:

CellD5 – calculate the regional coefficient. in the amount of 15% of the salary according to the formula = B5*$D$4 and autofill to cellD11.

Compare the results with the original table.

Construct charts for the data range of the Full Name and Payable columns according to the sample.

CONTENTS OF THE REPORT

generate a report file inMSWord 2010;

title and purpose of the work;

exercise;

results of the task;

conclusion about the work.

Control questions

What is business graphics?

List the main types of diagrams?

What is the difference between a pie chart and a bar chart?

How to create charts using numerical data?

List of sources used

Tsvetkova M.S. Computer science and ICT: a textbook for beginners. and Wednesday prof. education / M.S. Tsvetkova, L.S. Velikovich. – 3rd ed., erased. – M.: Publishing Center “Academy”, 2012. – 352 p.

Astafieva N. E., Gavrilova S. A., Tsvetkova M. S. Informatics and ICT: Workshop for professions and specialties of technical and socio-economic profiles: textbook. aid for students institutions prof. education / ed. M. S. Tsvetkova. - M., 2014

Tsvetkova M.S., Khlobystova I.Yu. Informatics and ICT: workshop for professions and specialties in the natural sciences and humanities: textbook. aid for students institutions prof. education. - M., 2014.

Appendix 2

Independent extracurricular work

Options

OPTION 1
Graph functionsy1= x 2 -1, y2= x 2 +1 and y=К·(y1/ y2) on the interval[- 3 ; 3] in increments0,3.

OPTION 2
Graph functionsy1= and y2= 2 Xon the interval[- 3 ; 3] in increments0,5.

OPTION 3
Graph functionsy1= , y2= on the interval[- 0,5 ; 9] in increments0,5.

OPTION 4
Graph functionsy1=, y2= on the interval[- 5 ; -0,5] in increments0,5.

OPTION 5
Graph functionsy1= , y2= on the interval in increments0,5.

Appendix 3

Additional reinforcement task

Knowledge model

Main types of charts:

Matches

Comparison types:

Chart elements

Chart area

Heading

Construction area

Data Signatures

Data series

Legend

Category axis

Value axis

Working with charts in MSExcel

ToolkitWorking with charts :

1)

2)

3)

Knowledge model

(model answer)

Main types of charts:

1 Circular

2 Ruled

3 bar chart

4 Schedule

5 Spot

Matches

Comparison types:

1 Component-by-component

2 Positional

3 Temporary

4 Frequency

5 Correlation

Algorithm for choosing a chart type:

1) Formulate an idea for a diagram

2) Select comparison type

3) Select chart type

Chart elements

Chart area

Heading

Construction area

Data Signatures

Data series

Legend

Category axis

Value axis

Working with charts in MSExcel

ToolkitWorking with charts :

1) Constructor

2) Layout

3) Format

>>Informatics: Business graphics in planning and management problems

Business graphics in planning and management tasks

When solving planning and management problems, it is very important form display the results. The more visual this display is, the easier it is for a person to perceive the results. The most visual form of presenting information is drawings, graphs and diagrams.

This gave rise to a whole direction in computer science called computer graphics. Computer graphics is divided into several types: illustrative, business, engineering and scientific. Business graphics consists of visualization, that is, the presentation in a visual form of large arrays of numerical information.

Imagine a huge annual work report enterprises, consisting of many numerical tables, the content of which is very difficult for a person as a whole to perceive. But if this same information is presented in the form of diagrams, as it becomes visible, the nature of changes in quantities is better understood, and their comparison is easier. Spreadsheet processors contain advanced business graphics tools. Let's get acquainted with the basic concepts of business graphics.

This is a means of graphically presenting quantitative information, designed to compare the values ​​of quantities or several values ​​of one quantity, monitor changes in their values, and so on.

As a rule, they are constructed in a rectangular coordinate system, where the values ​​of the independent variable (argument) are plotted along the horizontal OX axis, and the values ​​of the dependent variable (function) are plotted along the vertical OY axis. Several diagrams can be displayed simultaneously on one drawing.

When processing numerical information graphically using table processor follows:

1) indicate the data area (block of cells) on which the diagram will be built;

2) determine the sequence of data selection (by rows or columns) from the selected block.

When selecting by column, the x-coordinates are taken from the leftmost column of the selected block. The remaining columns contain the y-coordinates of the diagrams. The number of columns determines the number of diagrams being built. When selecting by row, the topmost row of the selected block is the x-coordinate row, the remaining rows contain the y-coordinates. Let's look at the types of diagrams and how to construct them using a specific example.

Example. Three friends Andrei, Ilya and Sergei decided to work as distributors of the popular newspaper “Gardener-Ogorodnik” during school holidays. Friends worked in a week. The number of newspapers sold by each of the guys for each day is entered into a spreadsheet in the form presented in the table. 2.1.

bar chart(bar graph) is used to reflect discrete changes in one or more quantities. In Fig. Figure 2.5 shows a histogram reflecting Andrey’s trading results on each day of the week.

Rice. 2.5. Histogram in Excel

The second chart (Figure 2.6) is a multiple histogram. It makes it possible to visually compare three values: the trading results of Andrey, Ilya and Sergey.

In Fig. Figure 2.7 shows a tier diagram. Another name is a stacked histogram. Here, each column is the sum of three values. The diagram gives an idea of ​​the contribution of each value to the total.

"
Fig, 2.7. Tier chart (stacked bar chart)

The graph allows you to reflect changes in one or more quantities in the form of continuous lines. In Fig. 2.8 in the form of a graph reflects the same information as shown in Fig. 2.5 in the form of a histogram. Similar to Fig. 2.9 displays the same information as Fig. 2.6

Rice. 2.8 Graph in Excel Fig. 2.9 Display multiple
graphs in Excel

A pie chart is used to compare the values ​​of several quantities at one point. The use of a pie chart is especially clear if the values ​​add up to some single whole (100%).

MS Excel contains a number of other types and types of charts that you can get acquainted with experimentally.

Briefly about the main thing

Business graphics are a means of visualization, that is, presentation in a visual form, of arrays of numerical data.

The data for the chart is selected from the selected table block. You can select data by columns and rows.

Column charts are called histograms and reflect a discrete distribution of values. You can build both single and multiple histograms.

A graph is considered a type of diagram. The graph reflects the continuous process of changing the value.

A pie chart is used to represent the contribution of several quantities to a whole.

Questions and tasks

1. What is the purpose of diagrams?

2. How is the area for selecting data from the table for constructing a chart and the order of selection determined? What quantities are plotted along the horizontal (OX) axis and vertical (OU) axis?

3. In what situations is it preferable to use: histograms; graphics; pie charts?

4. Construct a table showing the number of lessons in your class and in two or three other classes each day of the week. Based on these data, provide sketches of the various types of diagrams discussed in this paragraph.

Semakin I.G., Henner E.K., Computer Science and ICT, 11

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2. Statistical graphs.

The results of the summary and grouping of statistical observation materials are usually presented in the form of tables. A table is the most rational, visual and compact form of presenting statistical material. The importance of tables is determined by the fact that they allow isolated statistical data to be considered together, sufficiently fully and accurately covering the complex nature of phenomena. However, not every table is statistical. A multiplication table or a sociological survey questionnaire can be in tabular form, but are not statistical tables.

A statistical table differs from other tabular forms in the following ways:

is the summary of the initial information.

Thus, statistical table– a method of rational presentation and generalization of data on socio-economic phenomena using numbers arranged in a certain order.

The main elements of the statistical table, presented in Fig. 5.1., form its basis.

Table name(general title)

Rice. 4.1. The skeleton (base) of a statistical table.

Tabular form of presenting numerical information- this is one in which the number is located at the intersection of a clearly defined heading along a vertical column, called count, and the formulated name along the corresponding horizontal stripe - line.

The statistical table contains three types of headings:

general– reflects the contents of the entire table (what place and time it refers to), is located above its layout in the center and is an external header.;

upper headings characterize the content of the graph;

lateral characterize the contents of the lines.

The skeleton of the table, filled with headings, forms its layout. Drawing up table layouts is an important area of ​​processing statistical materials. In order to get a complete table, it is enough to enter the statistical summary data at the intersection of each row and column. The interaction of the main elements of the statistical table is shown schematically in Figure 4.2.

If necessary, the tables may be accompanied by a note used to explain the headings, the methodology for calculating certain indicators, sources of information, etc.

A statistical table, like a sentence in grammar, has a subject and a predicate. Subject of the table characterizes the object of study, it provides a list of units of the population or groups of the object under study according to essential characteristics. Predicate tables are digital data characterizing the subject. Usually the subject is located on the left in the form of line titles, the predicate is located on top in the form of column titles.

Statistical table

Full statistical table

title

Digital statistical data by columns and rows

interior

Rice. 4.2. The main constituent elements of a statistical table.

In the practice of economic-statistical analysis, various types of statistical tables are used, differing in the different structure of the subject and predicate, the structure and correlation of the features that form them.

According to the construction of the subject of the table, there can be:

simple,

group,

combinational.

Simple This is a statistical table whose subject has no groupings. Simple tables are:

monographic characterize not the entire set of units, but only one group from it, identified according to a certain characteristic (example table 4.1);