Why do you need a dictionary of computer terms? Computer terms, a brief description of the main symbols! The program and its installation on the computer

Graphics adapter- a device that controls the display and provides graphic output. Determines the display resolution (number of dots per unit screen area), number of colors.

LAN adapter(network adapter, network interface card - NIC) - an adapter for connecting a computer to a local network of computers. For example, to connect a personal computer to an Ethernet network, use the NE-2000 adapter.

Azo compounds- a class of organic compounds containing one (or more) azo group -N=N-. They are colored and many of them are used as dyes (azo dyes or azo dye). Can be used in recordable CD/DVD technologies.

Analog-to-digital converter(ADC) - a device that converts an analog signal into a digital signal and vice versa. For example, to transmit data over a digital telephone network using a modem, an analog-to-digital adapter is placed between the modem and the digital telephone channel.

Aperture- the actual opening of the optical system, determined by the dimensions of the lenses, mirrors or diaphragms. Angular aperture is the angle a between the outer rays of a conical light beam entering the system. The numerical aperture is equal to n sin α/2, where n is the refractive index of the medium. The illumination of the image is proportional to the square of the numerical aperture.

Open architecture- architecture developed by IBM for personal computers. Main features: the presence of a common information bus, to which it is possible to connect various additional devices via expansion connectors; modular construction of a computer; compatibility of all new devices and software with previous versions according to the “top-down” principle.

Von Neumann architecture- the architecture of a computer that has one arithmetic-logical unit through which the data flow passes, and one control device through which the command flow passes.

Asynchronous data transfer- a method of transmitting and a method of extracting data from a continuous stream of messages, in which the sending side enters start and stop bits into each data, indicating where the data begins and where it ends.

Audio adapter(Sound Blaster, sound card) is a board that allows you to record sound, play it back and generate it in software using a microphone, headphones, speakers, built-in synthesizer and other equipment.

Basic I/O System(Basic Input/Output System - BIOS) - programs designed to perform the following functions: testing the main computer devices; recognizing the types of devices installed on the computer; block call bootstrap operating system; servicing system interrupts. In most computers, the BIOS is written to a permanent storage device by the computer manufacturer and has no means for the user to change it.

Byte- a machine word of minimum size, addressed during data processing. The byte size - 8 bits - is adopted not only for representing data in most computers, but also as a standard for storing data on external media, for transmitting data over communication channels, and for presenting text information.

Bit(English Binary digiT - binary unit) - a unit of measurement of the amount of information, equal to the amount of information contained in an experience that has two equally probable outcomes. It is the smallest unit of information in digital computer, taking the values ​​“0” or “1”.

Baud(baud, bit/s, bps) - unit of measurement for data transfer speed.

Drive performance- speed of reading/writing data in the drive. It is determined by two parameters: average access time and data transfer rate.

Processor speed- speed of operations performed by the processor. Since the speed of individual operations of a processor is different, the speed of the entire processor is taken to be either the speed of executing register-to-register commands or the speed of executing commands on floating point numbers. The latter has a special name - flops (from Flops - FLoating point Operations Per Second).

Vector graphics- a method of representing an image as a set of graphic elements (graphic primitives - segments, arcs, etc.), described in any way, including graphic commands.

Video adapter- an electronic board that processes video data (text and graphics) and controls the operation of the display. Contains video memory, input/output registers and BIOS module. Sends ray brightness control signals and image scanning signals to the display.

Video memory- additional memory to provide high-quality image on display. It is part of the video adapter and has a capacity of up to several tens of MB. Images of one or more screens are formed in video memory, which are then sent to the display. On some computers, video memory is allocated from RAM.

External devices(VU) - input/output and information storage devices. The devices are connected to the system using interfaces that implement certain parallel or serial communication protocols. The VU includes a keyboard, monitor, external storage devices using floppy or hard magnetic disks, optical disks (CD-ROM), magnetic tapes and other types of storage media, sensors and information converters (analog-to-digital or digital-to-analog), actuators ( indicators, printers, electric motors, relays and others). Because they are typically much slower than others, the control device must pause the program to complete an I/O operation on the corresponding device.

Fiber Optic Cable- a cable that transmits data using light, which increases the speed and quality of transmission. In the simplest case, a light guide is a fiber (flexible) dielectric made of quartz glass and surrounded by a cladding with a refractive index lower than that of the core.

Octal number system- positional number system with base 8. For example, 123 8 is equal to 1 * 8 2 + 2 * 8 1 + 3 * 8 0 =64 + 16 + 3=83 10

computer network. A set of computers, auxiliary equipment, communication channels and special software for transmitting data between network elements. Depending on the tasks, type of equipment and communication lines, computer networks are divided into local, corporate, territorial and global. Networks are created for more full use resources or their redistribution, for fast and automatic communication with the transfer of large volumes of data.

Clock generator- a device for generating a sequence of pulses at equal intervals of time. The time between two successive pulses is called a clock cycle. Some processor instructions are executed in several clock cycles. Pulses passing through all elements of the computer force them to work in a single clock cycle - synchronously. The frequency at which clock pulses are generated determines the speed of the computer.

Flexible magnetic disk- a disk made of flexible plastic in a protective plastic package, in which holes are cut for access to magnetic I/O heads. The disk is coated with a magnetic compound. Often called a floppy disk or floppy disk. Disks with a diameter of 5.25 and 3.5 inches are used.

Gigabyte(GB) is a unit of measurement containing 1024 MB. As an alternative, the IEC proposed GiB (Gibibyte) in 1998; 1 GiB=1024 MiB (Mibibyte).

Main (internal, random access) memory (RAM) of the computer- an ordered sequence (array) of bytes or machine words (memory cells).

Global computer network- a set of individual computers and local networks located in different countries, connected by different communication channels and operating in different software environments. This set has agreed upon interaction protocols.

Plotter- a device for outputting information from a computer in the form of graphs and drawings onto stationary or rotating paper on a drum (plotter).

Binary number system- positional number system with base 2. Binary digits 0 and 1 are used to write numbers. For example, in the binary system 101101 2 =1 * 2 5 + 0 * 2 4 + 1 * 2 3 + 1 * 2 2 + 0 * 2 1 + 1 * 2 0 =45 10 . Derived number systems (degree 2) are also known - octal and hexadecimal.

Double precision- numeric data (fixed or floating point), located in two machine words, requires support for special arithmetic operations.

Joystick(from the English joy stick - cheerful stick) - a lever input device designed to control the movement of graphic objects on the display screen, widely used in computer games and training equipment. It is usually made in the form of a handle equipped with buttons, which can be used to make inclined and rotational movements. These movements are converted into control electrical signals proportional to the angles of deviation of the handle from the vertical. By pressing buttons, you can provide some information to the running program or issue some commands.

Digitizer(or digitizer, from the English digitizer - digitizer) - devices for entering graphic data into a computer, based on different technical principles. As a rule, when using any of them, the outline of the image is outlined with a special pen.

Dynamic RAM(Dynamic Random Access Memory - DRAM - dynamic memory random access) is a type of semiconductor random access memory. Each binary digit (bit) is stored in a circuit consisting of a transistor and a capacitor. If the capacitor is charged, then this corresponds to 1, a discharged capacitor corresponds to 0. The transistor controls access to the capacitor.

Disk- a data carrier in the form of a round plate on which recording is carried out in different ways. A device that writes (reads) data to/from a disk is called a data drive. Disks differ in the way they write/read data, the ability to replace them, and recording density. According to the method of writing/reading, disks are divided into magnetic, laser (optical), and magneto-optical. Magnetic disks, in turn, are divided into flexible and hard. Often a “disk” refers to several disks combined into a package.

Drive- a device that controls the rotation of a magnetic disk, reading and writing data on it.

Display(monitor) - a device for visually displaying information (in the form of text, table, picture, drawing, etc.) on the screen of a cathode-ray device.

Track- a concentric circle on the magnetic surface of the disk where information is located. Tracks are numbered starting from 0 (track with the largest radius).

Driver(driver) - a resident software module that controls an external device and communicates with the operating system and application programs.

Hard magnetic disk(ZhMD, HDD) - a disk for long-term data storage on computers. Unlike a floppy disk, which is removable, a hard disk is integral with the drive.

Memory device(Memory) - a device for recording, storing and issuing data. There are devices: long-term and operational data storage, they are also non-volatile and volatile; read-only data (read-only memory - ROM, CDs) and both read and write. Depending on the physical principles of data storage, magnetic, magneto-optical, optical and semiconductor (circuit) devices are distinguished.

Star- a method of connecting computers into a network, in which one computer is allocated and called the main one (head), and all the others are connected directly to it. Data can only be transferred from one peripheral computer to another through the host computer. If the main computer fails, the entire network becomes inoperable.

Integrated circuit(IC) - the implementation of an electronic circuit that performs a certain function in the form of a single semiconductor crystal in which all the components necessary to implement this function are manufactured. Includes a set of transistors, diodes, capacitors, resistors and more, interconnected by microconductors. The IC is manufactured using technology that ensures extremely small dimensions and high reliability. Based on the number of elements, ICs are conventionally divided into small (MIS) - with the number of elements in a chip up to 102, medium (SIS) - up to 103, large (LSI) - up to 104, extra-large (VLSI) - up to 106, ultra-large (ULSI) - up to 109 and giga-large (GBIS) - more than 109 elements in a crystal.

Cartridge(English cartrige - cartridge, cassette) - a replaceable part of the device. Typically this is a protective shell that stores ink ribbon for printers, toner for laser printers or duplicating machines, ink for inkjet printers, and other things. The cartridge is completely ready for use; all you have to do is insert it into place.

Kilobyte(KB) - a unit of measurement of the amount of data or memory capacity, equal to 10 3 = 1000 bytes. An alternative is the IEC proposed unit KiB (Kibibyte); 1 KiB=2 10 =1024 bytes. The discrepancy is 2.4%.

Keyboard- a device designed for manually entering data into a computer. Keyboards differ in the number of keys. Standard for IBM-like computers is a keyboard with 101 keys, where the following blocks are highlighted: function keys; letters, numbers and auxiliary symbols; cursor keys; numeric keypad (duplicated for ease of input).

Cluster(from the English cluster - group) - a unit of data storage on floppy and hard disks. A cluster contains several adjacent sectors.

Client(client) - a software and hardware complex that provides an interface with the user (another active party) when sending and receiving requests from the server.

Client server architecture(client-server) - distributed processing of requests on the network, implemented on two interacting software and hardware systems (client and server).

Coaxial cable(from Latin co - together and axis - axis). A cable consisting of two coaxial conductors with an insulator between them. Used in communication channels of computer networks. Used for transmitting signals with a carrier frequency of up to 3 * 10 10 Hz.

ASCII code(from English American Standard Code for Information Interchange - American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a standard for encoding Latin characters, numbers and auxiliary characters or actions in the form of a single-byte binary code (1 byte = 8 bits).

Unicode code- standard for representing characters using 16-bit codes (2 bytes). Allows 65,536 characters. The standard should in the future replace ASCII, since it is more convenient to use one code for different languages ​​than to change conversion tables in ASCII code.

Codec(from the English Codec - COmpress-DECompress - compress, restore) - a hardware and software complex that ensures the operation of a personal computer with video information. The codec allows you to achieve the quality of the VCR through the use of hardware and software methods data compression.

Coding(coding) - establishing an agreed (legalized) correspondence between a set of characters and signals or bit combinations representing each character for the purposes of transmitting, storing or processing data.

Amount of information- the following basic units are used for measurement: 1 kilobyte (KB, KB)=1024 bytes=2 10 bytes; 1 megabyte (MB, MB)=1024 KB=2 20 bytes and bytes; 1 yeargabyte (GB, GB)=1024 MB=2 30 bytes ~ bytes. IN Lately in connection with the increase in the volume of processed information, such derived units as 1 terabyte (TB, TV) = 1024 GB = 2 40 bytes ~ a byte are coming into use; 1 petabyte (PByte, PB)=1024 TB=2 50 bytes ~ byte; 1 exobyte=10 18 bytes and so on. These are the so-called decimal units. As an alternative, the IEC proposed binary units in 1998: 1 KiB (KibiByte) - 2 10 = 1024 bytes; 1 MiB (MibiByte)=1024 KiB; 1 GiB (GibiByte)=1024 MiB (MibiByte) and so on

Ring- a method of connecting computers into a network, when data on the network is transmitted sequentially from one station to another. As a rule, data is transmitted only in one direction, therefore, in order to transmit a message to a nearby computer, but located opposite the flow of data, you need to go through all the computers on the network.

Team is a binary number that consists of two parts (fields) - the operation code (OPC) and the address part (ADC). The operation code KOP specifies the type of operation performed by this command, and the ADC determines the choice of operands (addressing method) on which the specified operation is performed. Depending on the type of microprocessor, a command may contain a different number of bits (bytes). For example, commands Pentium processors contain from 1 to 15 bytes, and most RISC processors use a fixed 4-byte format for all instructions.

Modem command language(modem AT-command, Hayes AT command) - an element of the command language that controls the operation of a Hayes-compatible modem.

Switching- 1. The process of connecting or switching computing systems, including computers. 2. There is a distinction between message packet switching, which refers to the combination of some data and its transmission over communication channels.

Switched communication channels. General purpose communication channels that are used by a specific network only at the time of communication. In territorial and global computer networks, as a rule, general-purpose telephone channels are used, which are connected (switched) to this network upon call. Switched circuits are low-speed, unlike dedicated circuits.

CD- a disk for permanent data storage, which is a circle made of plastic or aluminum alloy, covered with a protective transparent film. Recording is done along one spiral-shaped, very long track so tightly that up to 700 MB of data can fit on a 5-inch disk. Recording is carried out in stationary conditions on special devices, and then read-only CDs (CD-ROM - Compact Disk Read Only Memory) are pressed for mass consumption.

Composite video(composite video) - video signals in which brightness and color signals are transmitted together (mixed). Home video devices typically use signals NTSC formats, PAL and SECAM. The carrier signal Y (luminance signal) and the color signal located in the color strip are superimposed on each other, forming one signal.

Component video(component video) - video signals in which, to improve the quality of image transmission, brightness and color signals are transmitted separately. On television high definition(HDTV) this refers to images that consist of three independent signals - Y (luminance signal) and Pb and Pr (chrominance signals).

Controller(from the English control - to manage) - a device that connects peripheral equipment or communication channels with the central processor, freeing the processor from direct control of operation of this equipment. The controller interprets processor commands for individual devices.

Cursor- a luminous area on the display screen indicating the position at which the next character entered from the keyboard will be displayed.

Cache memory- super-RAM, access to which is much faster than operational memory, and in which the most frequently used sections of the latter are stored. When accessing memory, the required data is first looked for in the memory cache. In the absence, the RAM is accessed, as a result, the total memory access time is reduced.

Laptop(laptop, “knee pad”) - a portable computer, similar in size to a briefcase. In terms of performance and memory, it is approximately equivalent to desktop personal computers.

Backbone-modular structure- a common computer structure in which individual devices (modules) included in the system exchange information via a common system bus - a highway.

Magneto-optical storage- drive for working with magneto-optical disks. The magneto-optical disk (MO disk) is made of aluminum alloy and enclosed in a plastic shell. Data recording technology: a laser beam heats a point on the disk, and an electromagnet changes the magnetic orientation of this point depending on what needs to be recorded - “0” or “1”. Reading is performed by a laser beam of lower power (than when writing), which, reflecting from this point, changes its polarity.

Manipulator(from Latin manus - hand) - a device that allows you to control the state of the computer, including entering data using your hands. Manipulators include joystick, mouse, trackball, touchpad, pen, trackpoint, J-key.

Router- an electronic device, sometimes with a software unit, that determines the optimal path (route) of a packet of messages in computer networks.

RAID disk array(from the English Redundant Arrays of Independent / Inexpensive Disks - an array of independent disks with redundancy) - a set of HDDs structurally combined into one unit with a common controller. Typically used in servers to ensure reliability by duplicating data.

Scalability- a property of a system or its individual parts, characterizing the ability of the system to adapt to a decrease or increase in its individual parameters. For example, Windows operating systems have a scalable user interface that provides a consistent look and feel across different display sizes.

Matrix printer- a printer in which the printing unit is a metal plate with holes (matrix) in which pins (needles) move freely. Pins, controlled by a magnet, strike an ink ribbon (the same as on a typewriter), and the dots create a character on the paper.

Machine word(MS) - an ordered set of binary bits used to store program commands and processed data. Each digit, called a bit, is a binary number that can only take the values ​​0 or 1. The bits in an MS are usually numbered from right to left, starting with 0. The number of bits in an MS is called the dimension of the MS or its bit depth. The typical length of the MS is 16 or 32 bits.

Machine language- a set of computer machine commands, distinguished by the number of addresses in the command, the purpose of the information specified in the addresses, the set of operations that the machine can perform, etc.

TIR structure- “metal-dielectric-semiconductor” structure used in the creation of electronic devices, including microprocessors, memory for computers. It is an ordered collection of very thin (less than 1 micron) layers of metal and dielectric deposited on a semiconductor wafer. If oxides (aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide) are used as a dielectric, then a MOS structure (“metal-oxide-semiconductor”) is formed. The method of creating devices based on such structures is called MIS technology or MOS technology.

Megabyte(MB) - a unit of measurement for the amount of data or memory capacity, equal to 10 ⁶=1,000,000 bytes. An alternative is the proposed IEC unit MiB (Mibibyte); 1 MiB=1024 Kibibyte. The discrepancy is more than 4.8%.

Slow connection- Connection via modem (speed from 9600 to 28,800 bps).

Microcommand- an elementary action that ensures the execution of a given operation; the processor control unit generates a sequence of microcommands in accordance with the code of the received command. Each microinstruction is executed within one machine cycle.

Micrometer(µm) - 10 -6 m, 1000 nanometers (nm).

Microprocessor- a device that processes data and controls this process, made in the form of one or several large (ultra-large) integrated circuits. Microprocessors are built into control devices and are the main part of the computer. For example, a BMW car has 54 integrated circuits that control anti-lock brakes and airbags. The microprocessor includes: an arithmetic-logical unit that performs arithmetic and logical operations; control and synchronization unit; input/output block; registers and so on.

Microsecond(ms) - 10 -6 s, 1000 nanoseconds (ns).

Modem(modulator-demodulator, modem) - a device for converting digital information into analog and back through modulation/demodulation of the carrier frequency for data transmission over telephone lines. Discrete (binary) data from the computer enters the modem, where it is encoded accordingly (modulated) and transmitted to the communication line.

MOS structure(“metal-oxide-semiconductor”) - the structure of the material from which transistors, capacitors and other electronic devices are made.

Multimedia- a collective concept for various computer technologies that use several information media, such as graphics, text, video, photography, moving images (animation), sound effects, high-quality sound.

Mouse(mouse, mice) - a manipulator that allows you to select data on the display and enter graphic data. The ball sensor makes the cursor move around the screen, and the buttons act as keys (input) and (exit).

Pulse/tone dialing(dialing pulse/tone) - connection establishment operations over dial-up telephone channels performed by a modem.

Storage device- a device for writing/reading data to/from a specific medium(s). Drives are classified as external storage devices. There are drives on disks (MD, CD), tapes (ML), cards. There are also drives: with removable media (in this case, the data carrier can be replaced, for example, floppy disks, magnetic tapes); with permanent media (in this case, the media is built into the drive and cannot be replaced, for example, a hard magnetic disk).

Nanometer(nm) - 1 nm=10 -9 m=0.001 micrometer (µm).

Nanosecond(ns) - 1 ns=10 -9 s=0.001 microseconds (ms).

Nanotechnology- integrated circuit manufacturing technology, which is based on quantities corresponding to nanometers and nanoseconds. For example, the expression “130 nanometers (or 0.13 microns) technology (process)” means that the dimensions of the structural elements of the microcircuit do not exceed 130 nm.

Hum- unit of brightness (candela per square meter, cd/m 2, cd/m 2).

Laptop(notebook) - a portable computer, similar in size to a large-format book. Fits in a briefcase. Usually equipped with a modem and a CD-ROM drive.

RAM(RAM, same as random access memory, RAM). Designed to store programs and the data they manipulate. Physically implemented in the form of a certain number of microcircuits. Logically, the OP can be represented as a linear collection of cells, each of which has its own number, called an address (or a matrix, the intersection of rows and columns of which determines a specific memory bit).

Open systems interoperability(OSI - Open system Interconnection reference model) - a set of ISO requirements for establishing the interaction of open systems in networks.

Palmtop(palmtop, “handheld”) is the smallest modern personal computer that fits in the palm of your hand. Magnetic disks are replaced by non-volatile electronic memory; information is exchanged with conventional computers via communication lines.

Device ports- electronic circuits containing one or more input-output registers and allowing you to connect computer peripheral devices to external buses of the microprocessor. The serial port exchanges data with the processor byte by byte, and with external devices - bit by bit. The parallel port receives and sends data byte by byte.

Read Only Memory(ROM). Used to store constants and standard (immutable) programs. ROM usually stores initialization (boot) programs for systems, test and diagnostic programs, and other service software that does not change during system operation.

Primitive(from the English primitive - primary, simple, basic) - one of the simplest elements that form vector images. Basic primitives are geometric objects such as points and line segments.

Printer- a printing device that converts the encoded information coming out of the processor into a form convenient for reading on paper.

Progressive scan(progressive scanning) - a method of scanning an image in which image data is scanned sequentially from top to bottom, rather than across a line, as occurs with interlaced scanning.

Translucent screen(transparent screen) - a screen used for rear projection. Translucent screens play a role opposite to reflective screens. If the purpose of the latter is to reflect the maximum amount of light, then the task of translucent screens is to transmit all the light without delaying it. Translucent screens have a glass or acrylic base.

Communication protocol- an agreed set of specific rules for the exchange of information between different data transfer devices. There are protocols for transmission speed, data formats, error control and more

CPU- a central device of a computer designed to control the operation of a computer according to a given program. The capabilities of a computer as a universal performer for working with information are determined by the processor command system. This command system is a machine command language (MCL). A separate command defines a separate operation (action) of the computer.

Display (projector) resolution- the physical number of elements (pixels, pixel - picture element) in the columns and rows of the image. There are standard resolution types - VGA (640 x 480), SVGA (800 x 600), XGA (1024 x 768), SXGA (1200 x 1024), UXGA (1600 x 1200), QXGA (2048 x 1536).

Register- a storage element of the processor that performs the functions of short-term storage of numbers or commands and performing certain operations on them.

Command register- register CU for storing the command code for the period of time necessary for its execution.

Status register SR (State Register, called EFLAGS on Pentium microprocessors). Determines the current state of the processor when the program is running. The register contains control bits that specify the operating mode of the processor, and attribute bits (flags) that indicate the characteristics of the result of the performed operation.

Sector- each track located on the disk is divided into sectors (blocks). For MS DOS, each sector is 512 bytes in size.

Server(server) - a network computer on which resources available to clients are located. Server resources can be files, printers, or application servers (such as multi-user databases).

Computer network- a set of computers connected via communication channels and switching means into a single system for messaging and user access to software, technical, information and organizational resources of the network. According to the degree of geographical distribution, networks are divided into local, city, corporate, global and others. A local network (LAN) connects a number of computers in an area limited by the boundaries of one room, building or enterprise. A wide area network (WAN) connects computers located geographically at great distances from each other. It differs from a local network in more extensive communications (satellite, cable, etc.). The urban network serves the information needs of a large city.

Data network(data transfer network) - a complex of communication equipment and control computers that provides data transfer for various applications.

Command system. Processors execute a set of commands that implement the following main groups of operations: transfers; arithmetic; brain teaser; shift; comparisons and testing; bit operations; program management; processor control.

Notation- a set of rules for naming and representing numbers using a set of symbols called numbers. Number systems are divided into positional and non-positional. An example of a non-positional number system is Roman; positional number systems include binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal.

System bus contains several dozen (in complex systems more than 100) conductors (lines), which, in accordance with their functional purpose, are divided into separate buses - address A, data D and control C.

Scanner- a device for entering documents into a computer - texts, drawings, graphs, drawings, photographs. Creates a digitized image of a document and places it in computer memory.

Standard machine word- a machine word, the dimension of which coincides with the processor bit capacity. Most processor instructions use standard machine words to process data.

Stack- a set of memory cells that are not available in random order, but only in a stack (“magazine”): LIFO - “last in, first out,” like cartridges in the clip (magazine) of a rifle (machine gun), for example, an environment for storing data for returns from subroutines, as well as their arguments.

Superparamagnetic effect- a state in which the magnetic domains in a magnetized material (as well as the spaces between them) are so small that their magnetic orientation can easily change under the influence of the thermal movement of molecules.

Superscalar processor structure. Provides increased processor performance by introducing several parallel operating devices into the processor structure, ensuring the simultaneous execution of several operations. In such processors, parallel operation of several execution pipelines is implemented, each of which receives one of the selected and decoded instructions for execution.

Command address counter(SchAK), command address register (PAK), program counter, Program Counter (PC), in x86 - Instruction Pointer (IP) - a processor register that is used to store the address of the next command and the contents of which are automatically increased by 1 after fetching the next command .

Terabyte(TB) - a unit of data amount equal to 1000 GB. As an alternative, the IEC proposed TiB (TibiByte) in 1998; 1 TiB=1024 GiB (GibiByte).

Terminal(terminal) - terminal device, a combination of data input and output devices in a computer.

Data type- form of data presentation, which is characterized by the way data is organized in memory; set of valid values; a set of operations. In other words, a data type is a scheme for a certain type of variable embedded in the translator. The integer data type (int, fixed, etc.) specifies the properties of an entire variable - it can only take integer values certain range, depending on the processor bit depth, for example, -32 767 ... +32 767. The REAL data type (double, FLOAT, etc.) specifies the properties of a floating-point variable.

Computer network topology- the logical and physical way of connecting computers, cables and other components that make up a network. Topology characterizes the properties of networks that do not depend on their size. This does not take into account the performance and operating principle of these objects, their types, and channel lengths, although these factors are very important when designing.

Trackball- cursor control device. A small box with a ball built into top part her body. The user rotates the ball with his hand and moves the cursor accordingly.

Control device(CU) - part of the processor that performs the functions of controlling computer devices.

File(file) is a named, organized set of data of a certain type and purpose, under the control of the operating system. This is a set of information, homogeneous in its composition and purpose, stored on a storage medium and having a name.

File system(file management system) is a dynamically maintained information structure on direct access devices (disks) that provides the function of managing data from operating systems through name-address communication.

Fixed point(fixed) - the simplest type of numeric data, when the number is placed in a machine word, and the range of values ​​​​depends only on the bit depth of the word.

Floppy Disk(floppy disk) - a removable flexible magnetic disk.

Host machine(host computer) - the main computer (online or offline) that supports information and computing resources and provides them to remote users.

Color difference signal(color differential signal) - signal transmission via three cables - Red-Bright (bright red, R-Y), Bright (bright, Y) and Blue-Bright (bright blue, B-Y). This allows composite signals to be projected more clearly (RGB and their luminance signals are carried over a single cable).

Cylinder- combining tracks with the same number located on different surfaces of the disk (for a floppy disk, a cylinder means two tracks).

Regeneration frequency(refresh rate). The luminous display element can maintain the same brightness and color for a very short time. Therefore, the image must be refreshed periodically, and the number of such cycles per second is called the “refresh rate” and is expressed in Hertz (Hz).

Interlace scanning(interlaced scanning) - a scanning method in which image data is divided into horizontal lines, which are played sequentially from left to right and from top to bottom across the screen. Even and odd lines are played alternately.

Floating point numbers(float) - a numeric data placed in a machine word in the form of a mantissa and order, which allows you to represent a wide range of values; assumes the presence of built-in or emulated arithmetic (floating point operations).

Sensitive screen. Allows you to communicate with the computer by touching your finger to a specific place on the monitor screen.

Tire(bus) - a device capable of controlling at least one other device. Adapter boards are connected to the bus. From the point of view of the Plug & Play subsystem, a bus is any device capable of providing resources.

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Common computer terms (professional, jargon, abbreviation)

API (API, or API in everyday life ) - a software specification designed for users. Describes ways to access the properties of software objects.

Anchor (Anko"r)- one or more words inside the hyperlink tag Anchor.

Applet- a small Java application that runs in the user's browser after downloading from the server. You can also view the applet's action in special programs that are not related to Web browsers.

Avatar (A "vatar)- an image associated with a user of a specific account. Serve to represent users in the Internet environment.

Account - Account user on forums, chats, games, etc.

ADSL (ADSL)- Format of digital subscriber Internet line. Derived from DSL technology. Advantages - outgoing data speed up to 1Mbit/s, incoming data speed up to 8Mbit/s.

Authorization ( from authorization)- connection to any system in order to use its resources. During authorization (usually using data about the account name and a special code (password)), the system determines which resources the user is allowed to access, whether he can connect to the system and what rights he has in it.

(Startup)- the ability of Windows to launch some programs, applications, and more, immediately after loading. A large number of programs in startup can lead to microfreezes of the computer, reducing the speed of its loading and operation in general.

Archiving ( from Archiving)- software compression of data to reduce their weight (volume). Creates a kind of container around the file, when placed in which the original resource reduces its weight. Convenient for reducing the amount of data transmitted over the Internet and speeding up its transfer.

Archiver ( from Archive program)- a program that performs archiving functions. The most popular programs are WinRar, 7Zip, WinZip.

Archive (Archive)- a container with data processed using an archiver. To use data from an archive, you must first extract it (unarchive it). Archive formats: *.rar, *.zip, *.gzip, *.7z, *.tar, *.xz. In addition to these, there are other archive extensions, but they are less common.

Upgrade- physical renovation of any kind. Computer upgrade is the replacement of morally and physically obsolete parts with new ones. Car upgrade - replacing the bumper and side mirrors with chrome ones. Not to be confused with update.

Update (Update)- updating software or information versions; Software update - update from version 1.07 to version 1.11.

Administrator, admin (Administrator)- owner, chief manager of the Internet project. Sometimes the manager and the admin are different people, but almost always in the hierarchical ladder the administrator is at the top either first or after the project manager. Not to be confused with a system administrator who services networks of enterprises and companies.

Antivirus, antivir (Antivirus)- a program or utility that protects against virus attacks, and can also eliminate the consequences of a missed attack or remove a virus from any media (supporting quick removal)

Abortion- has nothing to do with medical topics - a crude slang word meaning force termination operation of a program or system. By force we mean terminating the process through the task manager, forcefully closing the program using a key combination, or using the computer restart function (reset).

Attach- a file attached to any message. Often used to send viruses through mailers. For example, the message: "Hi, is your photo?" and the attached file "Foto.jpg".

IP (IP)- IP address. Subscriber number issued by the provider for its network. It can be static, that is, constant, or dynamic - periodically change in the range designated by the provider. Example IP 192. 168. 29. 12

Alpha version- the first, usually poorly tested version of something (games, programs, systems). Issued to help troubleshoot problems and inaccuracies.

Ban- punishment of the user of varying severity: from a ban on writing on the forum to a ban on posting data on your website. In the first case, the ban is imposed by the forum administrator, in the second - by the site hoster.

Bit- the minimum unit of measurement of digital information. Almost synonymous with binary code digit. Bit in computer computer technology can take the value 1 or 0, that is, yes/no, on/off.

Byte- a unit of storage and measurement of digital information. 1 Byte is equal to 8 Bits. A byte is essentially the smallest addressable block of data.

Browser- a program that can read hypertext language. Modern language hypertext (WWW) can be read by any of the existing browsers. Used to view web pages. The most famous browsers are Internet Explorer, Opera, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome etc.

Bot- an abbreviation for the English word Robot - a program that works according to an algorithm written for it. Designed to perform complex operations, for example, scanning the pages of all sites on the entire Internet, sending letters a large number of people. Can be used to imitate human actions in any game or application, for example, respond to everyone who wrote to you on ICQ - client.

BIOS (BIOS)- basic input/output system for computer devices. Provides interaction between the hardware and the utility software.

Clipboard, CLP (CLiPboard)- area of ​​​​the computer's fast RAM. Serves for short-term storage of copied data of any format. Data copied to the clipboard is replaced during the second and subsequent copy operations with the latest data. Short-term saving means saving until the next copying, or until the computer is rebooted.

Blank- CD (CD, DVD). Initially, this was the name given to empty disks; now there is no difference between an empty and a full disk.

Bug- an error, improper behavior of a program, game or anything else.

Database, DB (Database)- a file containing all the data entered into it in the form of tables. For example, a database about company employees - tables with names, positions, personal data, and the like.

Beta- the version immediately following the alpha version. Features fewer errors (bugs). Sometimes beta refers to a product that is finally released but does not meet public requirements. For example, a perfectly working vacuum cleaner with square wheels.

White- a common noun for a product, a method of action - means legal, honest, high quality. There are also concepts of gray and black. For example, the white way to promote a website is to create high-quality content; the gray method is buying links, or selling articles with links; black promotion - spam in comments, abuse of tags, hidden links, etc.

Crap- a common name for the internal magnetic disk located in a hard drive.

Beech ( by Note Book)- abbreviated name for laptops. The word Book, borrowed from English, is a book used as an abbreviation.

Boost- in computer slang means increasing characteristics, providing additional benefits and advantages. For example, boosting a system unit means filling it with high-quality and powerful components.

Bad- a word denoting bad condition. For example, a bad sector is a part of a hard or magnetic disk that has problems reading or simply does not work.

Backup- a newly borrowed word, means a backup version (backup copy) of data. For example, a database backup is a copy of the database for a rainy day.

Varese (product of pirate activity)- paid programs distributed on the Internet for free. Punishable type of activity.

Warning- colloquially means a program warning. For example, WARNING this programm danger! (Warning, this program is dangerous!)

Virus- a program that is dangerous for your computer, created for the purpose of stealing data, destroying data, spamming, combining your computer into a virus network, etc. As a rule, viruses enter your computer through files downloaded from the Internet or from someone else’s disk/flash card. It is impossible to protect yourself 100% from viruses, but antivirus programs and utilities help reduce the risk of infection.

Winchester drive- another name for a hard drive. The hard drive serves as a long-term storage memory device. Full name: Hard Drive Magnetic Discs. Located inside the system unit, it can be divided into logical partitions, while physically remaining intact.

Windows - operating system Windows, regardless of family (2000, NT, Server, XP, Vista, 7).

Webcam ( from Webcam)- Web camera. A device for transmitting video signals to the Internet.

Validation (from Validation)- checking for correctness. For example, software code validation - checking for errors and inaccuracies.

Virtual- a program for creating and burning disk images. Capable of mounting a virtual drive that works similar to your optical drive (CD/DVD drive), only not with optical discs, but with disc images.

Vidyukha, video card - graphics adapter Your computer. Used to process video content and display it on the monitor screen.

Glitch- uncharacteristic behavior of computer software or hardware. For example, a video card glitch is the appearance of various colored dots, lines and patterns on the screen.

Hectare- slang name for 1 gigabyte of information.

GIF ( from GIF)- animated image in *.gif format

Grabbing- illegal interception of Internet traffic of users. Grabbing also refers to the automatic copying of content from copyright holder sites for the purpose of posting it on your resource.

Gamer ( Gamer) - a person who plays computer games.

Gama, game (Game)- actually the computer game itself. Borrowed from English.

Driver- a set of software products connecting the operating system and computer hardware. That is, the driver tells the system how specific equipment should work, what it should do, and what conditions it needs to operate. Some drivers are installed in the operating system initially; without them, the system would not be able to install on the computer. And some drivers are provided by the equipment manufacturer (video cards, printers, web cameras).

Down- termination of the server or station. In other words, the remote server “crashed”.

Device- in computer slang, a device of any type and purpose, used when working with a computer or capable of connecting to it (player, bluetooth, mouse).

Firewood- the same as the driver.

Download, Sometimes Download)- downloading any data from the network or simply downloading, for example, a game or program.

Debugger- a debugger program that finds and eliminates software bugs, right down to the operating system kernel.

Distribution(from Distribute- distribute) - an installation package in the form of which any program or system is distributed. For example, the KMP player distribution looks like this: kmplayer_version_number.exe. They may have extensions *.exe, *.msi, and when downloaded from the Internet they are often packaged in archives. Distributions and archives should be treated very carefully, because they are most often subject to special infection with viruses for the subsequent introduction of the virus into your system. When downloading, check these files with an antivirus program.

Drink- send multiple copies of a message to the same place.

Zvukovuha (sound card)- hardware for processing and outputting an audio signal in a computer. Sound output devices - headphones, speakers, subwoofers, etc. - are connected to the sound card connectors.

Sticky keys- a mode that allows you to track function key presses (Ctrl, Shift, Alt, Windows).

Freeze- the inability of a computer or program to continue operating or respond to your commands and requests. It may manifest itself in the appearance of a non-moving image, lack of response to the Caps Lock, Num Lock, Scroll Lock keys, or mouse movements.

Installation ( from Installation)- installing something, usually software or an operating system.

Injection- a method of introducing special code using an SQL query to subsequently change database data or their complete removal. Borrowed from medicine due to a similar method of action.

Kilobyte (Kb)- unit of measurement of information. 1KB is equal to 1024 bytes.

Stone(processor, processor, CPU) - designation of the central processing unit.

Klava- keyboard designation.

Click- pressing any mouse button.

Controller- a device that controls various processes. For example, a processor temperature controller or an I/O controller, a keyboard controller, and so on.

Local ( from Local Network) - a local network of 2 or more computers.

Logical drive- part of the hard drive (hard drive) virtually separated from the rest of the space. For example, drive C is a logical system drive where the operating system and software are installed. Disk D is a simple logical drive - a partition of a hard drive used to store information of any kind. In addition to logical drives, the hard drive has reserved disk space, usually no more than 100MB. You shouldn't touch him.

Lager ( from Lag- delay, slowdown ) - a person who has constant problems with the stability or speed of the Internet connection. The term comes from online games, where laggers “freeze” for different times and slow down, delaying the game for all other players.

Leecher ( from Leech- leech ) - a person downloading a file via a p2p network, for example, a torrent site. Usually, leechers are called not just those who download, but those who download much more than they distribute.

Linux- a family of operating systems that are not related to Microsoft and operate on a different architecture.

LMB- abbreviation for Left Mouse Button. Accordingly, you can come across a recommendation like “...do the LMB”, which means “...do a click with the left mouse button.”

Car- in computer slang a synonym for the word "computer".

Meter- designation of one megabyte.

Mini hover- short-term freezes of the computer or program associated with the inability to quickly process a command or request. For example, when scanning your computer with an antivirus, micro freezes may appear in the operation of other programs or games. They appear due to insufficient computer power or overload with current processes.

Moderator, moderator (Moderator)- a person who maintains order on a forum, website, conference. The hierarchical ladder is usually divided into: administrator, chief moderator, section moderators, and so on.

Soap(from Mail) is a slang word meaning email, that is, e-mail.

Mouse, rat- computer mouse.

muscle, MySQL (MySQL)- one of the management systems for databases. It is a leader among database management systems for developing Web applications.

Nurse, mother, mother ( from motherboard)- computer motherboard. The main board of a computer, containing many devices and capable of connecting more more devices, depending on the configuration. It is on the motherboard that the central processor, video card, RAM, sound card, network card and other devices are installed. Often many of the devices are already integrated into the motherboard, which partly determines its cost.

Donkey(donkey, IE) - Internet Explorer browser.

Axis- operating system, an abbreviation that has become a slang term.

OS- see "Axis".

Operating system, OS ( Operating System) - a set of programs connecting computer hardware (equipment) and application software. In other words, an operating system is an interface for managing computer devices and computing processes occurring in the computer at different times.

Offtopic- going beyond the topic under discussion. For example, in a discussion topic about the new generation of AMD processors, a message about dog breeds will be considered off-topic.

Office- software package Microsoft Office(Word, Excel, Point, etc.)

RAM- abbreviation for Random Access Memory. That is, RAM is a device that acts as random access memory. Most often identified with a dynamic memory module.

RMB- abbreviation for Right Mouse Button. See explanation on LMB.

Drive unit- optical drive. Recently, the term floppy drive, that is, a floppy disk drive, has fallen out of use, as floppy disks are going out of circulation.

Firmware- built-in subsystem of the device. In mobile phones, e-readers and other devices, the firmware is similar in meaning to the operating system of a computer.

Plug-in– a mini program that is built into larger software products and expands the functionality of this product. It is impossible to use the plugin separately from the program for which it was written. You can call the plugin interface from the program into which it was integrated.

Peer- a client that downloads a file and at the same time participates in distributing files on the torrent network.

Png (PNG)- graphic image format. It features high quality and support for transparent images. Designed to replace the gif format, it also has a higher quality image compression method compared to gif images.

Task bar- as a rule, an area of ​​a certain size containing shortcuts to the most important programs, components, etc. In operating systems Windows panel tasks is located at the bottom of the screen by default. In various applications it can be called a quick access panel or a functional panel.

- restarting the computer, program, game. When installing drivers or an operating system, the reboot occurs automatically. For a computer, you can also force a reboot using a small button, usually located next to the computer start button. May be required if your computer freezes.

Peripherals- additional equipment to the computer, usually connected via USB interface or COM ports. For example, printer, copier, scanner, plotter, etc.

Reinstallation- replacing the current version of the operating system or software with the same version. May be required if Windows, programs, or games are not working correctly. Usually occurs against the background of uninstalling the old version.

Software- application programs that you need to perform any tasks. Typically, programs are accompanied by documentation regarding ownership rights, terms of operation of the program, and your responsibilities when using the product. Derivatives: programs, software.

Picca ( from Picture)- a slang word for an image or picture.

Crash- unexpected stop of the program, system, remote station (server). The word " Crush"Usually falls are accompanied various errors, about which the system will inform you.

Desktop- area of ​​the screen displayed by the operating system on the monitor. Desktop elements are: taskbar, Start button, shortcuts.

Runet- a general designation of the Internet space containing materials in Russian. Websites, blogs, conferences, regardless of the domain name (.ru, .com, .info) intended for Russian speakers belong to the RuNet.

Router(router, modem) - a device designed to transmit and distribute Internet traffic between clients of a specific provider’s network.

Registry- a kind of database in the form of keys and their values, which stores all data about the computer, starting from the version of the installed system and ending with the settings of your Internet connection. When working with the registry, you must be careful and careful, since any incorrect action can lead to the crash of the operating system.

Editor- a program for working with a specific type of data. Text editor helps to work with texts, graphic - with images, etc.

Reader- a program designed to read specific files. For example, Adobe Reader reads files with the *.pdf extension, DJVU Reader reads files with the *.djvu extension.

scatter- in computer slang it means to take it apart piece by piece for further work. For example, scatter the video card - disassemble the video card into a fan, radiator, motherboard, casing for cleaning or changing thermal paste.

Cutter- this is sometimes called a recording optical drive. In my opinion, the name is too far-fetched.

Software, Soft (Software, Software)- software.

Sid, cider ( from Seed)- a client that deals not with downloading, but with returning completely previously downloaded files. Used in torrent networks. A seeder can be not only someone who downloaded the entire file and left it for distribution, but also the one who originally uploaded the file to the torrent network. The word "Seed" means "source, grain", which corresponds to the functions of the seeder in the torrent network.

Smile- designation of emotions through special symbols, for example:-) The word “Smile” itself is translated as “Smile”.

SEO (SEO)- an abbreviation meaning search engine optimization work.

Spoiler- part or all of the text hidden from the eyes of readers, usually by paired tags, such as Text, tearing off content when clicked or hovered with the mouse. Used on various forums and websites.

Screenshot- sometimes abbreviated as screen - a screenshot at any point in time. As a standard, you can take a screenshot by pressing the PrintScreen key, and then open the Paint editor and press the key combination Ctrl+V or Edit-Paste.

Script– mini program, script created on JavaScript, PHP, Perl, Assembler and others like that.

Server- the word can be used in two meanings. The first is a computer program on a network that allows this computer to provide any services for another computer. The computer requesting the service uses a client program, and the computer providing the service uses a server program. Secondly, a server is a high-power computer connected to a network to process requests from working client computers. For example, a server with the 1C software package allows working computers on the network to use 1C without completely installing it on each computer; only the client shell is used for work.

Socket- a special communication interface between application software and network levels. Using a socket, processes can communicate at a specific endpoint (the socket itself). In relation to the central processing unit, a socket is a processor socket on the motherboard.

SSL- specially developed transport level of high security. It is used to encrypt the entire communication channel, ensuring its security and secrecy. Does not support digital signatures.

TCP/IP (TCP/IP)- Internet protocols that provide a stable connection to the Internet even when networks are heterogeneous.

Traffic- flow of data transmitted/received on the network. The second value is the number of site visitors.

Torrent- a special network protocol for data exchange. Works using Peer2Peer (p2p) technology.

Translit- use of the Latin alphabet to write Russian words. For example, glossariy - reads like "glossary". It spread thanks to games and applications without Russian language support. Now it makes sense only in certain cases (failure of the Russian layout or its complete absence in the system or on the keyboard).

Trolls(trolling) - individuals in a network who prefer to “tease” and annoy everyone else. An action aimed at provoking an opponent in order to piss him off. Typically, trolls have no direct connection to the original subject of discussion and try to create controversy wherever possible for the sake of controversy. I advise you to ignore such people (or rather trolls).

Topic, top (Topic)- a topic for discussing something on forums and websites.

Thermal paste- a special plastic, odorless substance reminiscent of toothpaste. Necessary for improved heat exchange between processors and radiators of cooling devices. Without thermal paste, the processor can work for a while, but eventually it will overheat and burn out.

Tag, tag (Tag)- a special functional text combination used in programming languages. For example, HTML tag Document body means that the main content of the HTML page is contained within it.

Utility ( from Utility)- a utility program responsible for the functions of setting up, protecting, restoring, limiting, and monitoring software, in particular operating systems.

Upload- the process of uploading files to a remote computer (or server).

URL- Internet address of any Internet page, unique only to this instance of the page.

File- a certain set of information that has its own address, name and digital signature. A file is the minimum unit of information storage on a computer. Programs, documents, images, drivers - all these are files or consist of files in the aggregate.

FAQ- a list of frequently asked questions and their answers. Such lists are created to facilitate the search for information that interests users most often.

Flame- previously used to refer to a heated, unrestrained discussion of something on the Internet. Currently, the term is used to name the process of rough argument with profanity or simply swearing. Flaming is often a reaction to trolling, which is what trolling is used for.

Flood- excessive, uninformative communication on forums, in guest books and chats.

Forum- a place for online communication on thematic issues, for example, a forum for winter fishing enthusiasts.

Formatting- usually applies to disks of any type (hard, flash, floppy) and means the process of marking the file system of a disk. This always destroys all data on the partition being formatted or the entire disk (depending on the media).

Flopik, floppy (Foppy)- a storage medium, in simple terms - a magnetic floppy disk. Currently almost out of use.

Photoshop- practically the most popular graphics editor of our time. Used to work with images of almost all formats.

Freeware, Freeware- a method of distribution in which the software can be freely used for one’s own benefit.

Hard ( from Hard disc)- the same as the hard drive.

Hacker- a person who specializes in in-depth study of a certain topic, and not only computer science. A hacker is not only someone who hacks systems and writes viruses, but also someone who fanatically studies all the intricacies of various programs and systems in order to improve them or transform them into other products.

Hardware- computer hardware devices. That is, its equipment and physical components, for example, processor, video card, motherboard.

Host- the one who created the server. For example, in the popular game WarCraft, a host is someone who has created a game on a specific map and is waiting for other players to connect. A host is also any device on a network that operates using the TCP/IP protocol and communicates with other equipment.

Hosting- a service for placing your Internet project on the network on payment terms. There are also free hosting services, but their quality is often not ideal.

VGA (VGA) abbreviation for Video Graphic Adapter, the same as the video card.

HTML (HTL)- a hypertext markup language used to write Internet pages. Based on the html syntax, not only Internet pages can be written, but also PHP scripts and so on.

Kettle- a synonym for the word "newbie". Usually applied to inexperienced users of anything other than a computer. For example, you can call a person who bought a car, but does not know how to drive it or what to do with it, a teapot.

Chat- a way to communicate online using special programs. Chat communication must take place in real time.

Chipset- a specially designed sequence of microcircuits that perform specific tasks and functions. IN computer technology A chipset is a set of system logic chips.

ChangeLog– means a list or log of changes. Applies to software products. For example, the beta version changelog describes the changes compared to the alpha version.

Sharo - vars (Shareware)- free transliteration of the English word meaning shareware rules for the distribution of a software product.

Executioner ( from Exe)- file with *.exe extension. Typically, this extension is for executable files, that is, programs.

User- user.

Usability- convenience and clarity of use.

Use ( from Use)- use.

Unix (UNIX)- a group of alternative operating systems. It has its advantages and disadvantages compared to Windows.

I hope this glossary will help you bridge the knowledge gap regarding computer topics. I advise you to use only professional terms in your speech, without polluting it with jargon and teenage slang!

It is not news that most of all slang words came to us from English. Those people who are far from the IT industry, but know English well, will be able to understand about half of these words. For a novice programmer, this dictionary will be especially useful, as it will allow you to plunge a little into the world of IT.

Note:190+ words collected here. Please - if you have not found a word that, in your opinion, is used in everyday life by programmers and just people from the IT field, or I have misinterpreted some word - please let me know in the comments, I will be very grateful to you.

Ava(or more " avatar", from English. " avatar") – a graphical representation (picture/photo/image) of a person on the Internet/social networks/messengers/games, etc.

Admin(from English " admin") – administrator.

ID(from English " identifier") – identifier.

IP(or more " IP address», « IP address", from English. " I internet P rotocol Address") is a unique address of a computer on the Internet. This address is assigned to each computer by the provider, which provides the device with Internet access.

IT(or more " IT", from English. " IT» = « I information T echnologies") – information technologies.

IT evangelist(or more " IT preacher/propagandist") is a person who engages in propaganda (often professionally) in the IT field.

IT specialist(aka " IT News», « otishneg», « IT specialist") – specialist in information technology. Often, IT specialists refer to all programmers and simply advanced users of computers and the Internet.

Aka(more precisely a.k.a, from English " a lso k nown a s") – if literally, then “also known as.” In other words, a nickname, a pseudonym.

Anonymous(or more " anonymous», « anon", from English. " anonymous/anonymous") - a person hiding his real name.

Upgrade(from English " upgrade") - updating/upgrading hardware (hardware).

Update(from English " update") - updating/upgrading software.

Aplikuha(from English " application") – application software. For example: computer program, mobile application.

Outsource(from English " outsource") - the transfer by an enterprise/company of certain work to specialists outside the staff (freelancers or employees of other companies). For example, there are specialized accounting offices that serve dozens of other companies outsourced, I am not an employee of these companies.

Bug(from English " bug") is an error in the program/code due to which the program execution results are incorrect.

Ban(from English " ban") – deprivation or restriction of any user rights (for example: leave comments, view certain pages, etc.). Lifetime ban— exclusion of a user from the system/game/site/group, etc.

Body shirt– a command file with the extension .bat. Used to work with the command line in Windows.

Accordion– a joke/information that has already been published/known.

Bitcoin(from English " bitcoin") - cryptocurrency, electronic currency, a generation of digital money that is not controlled by anyone and exists only on the Internet.

Beaten– not working. For example, broken links= links that lead to non-existent pages. When the user lands on such a page, an error 404 will be displayed.

Blockchain(from English " blockchain") is a system for recording transactions with cryptocurrency.

Blank– a blank, unburned CD.

Browser(from English " browser") is a program with which you can browse web pages or, in other words, access the Internet.

Burzhunet– foreign (non-Russian-speaking) part of the Internet. Very often this term refers to English-language sites from Europe and the USA.

Backup(from English " backup») – backup. Creating a backup copy of the project/site/data so that in case of unforeseen circumstances/failure the entire system can be returned to its previous state. It is good practice to regularly update and store backups in several places (not just on your work computer).

Backend(from English " back-end) – development of the “internal part” of websites/programs/applications. The part that we don't see (what's going on under the hood). More details.

Valid(from English " valid") – correct/valid. One that meets the requirements/conditions/rules.

Varese(from English " warez") - any intellectual property or software that is freely distributed on the Internet, while violating the rights of the copyright holder.

Vareznik – a site that distributes warez (pirated software, pirated movies/music, etc.). Typically, the term “vareznik” is applied to file-sharing sites.

Webinar(from English " web based sem inar") is a seminar, presentation or lecture on a specific topic that takes place online, in real time, on the Internet. This term also refers to the recording of a webinar that took place earlier.

Vidyukha(or more " Vidyakha") – video card.

Windows(or more " Windows") – Windows operating system.

Vinduzyatnik– user of the Windows operating system (see sarcasm).

Screw(or more " hard") – hard drive, also known as “hard drive”, also known as “HDD”.

Workshop(from English " workshop") is a training event for workers from a certain field of activity (programmers, photographers, designers, etc.). There is a main “lead” worker who provides training to others. There is a task and all the workers, together with the “leader,” complete it, while communicating and helping each other.

Fucker - a person who works in IT/programming with an overestimated self-esteem, who always expresses his expert opinion, often in inappropriate cases, and does not respect the opinions of others (very often does not even bother to listen to them). In other words, a show-off.

Galley– the company/enterprise/organization in which the programmer works. Galley is mainly applied to companies where poor treatment of employees is practiced.

Gamedev(from English " game dev elopment”) – development/creation of games.

Gamer(from English " gamer") - player.

Gig(or more " hectare") – gigabyte.

Geek(from English " geek") - a person who is well versed in a certain field of activity, being a fanatic of his business. Nowadays, geeks often mean programmers.

Glitch– an incomprehensible glitch, delay, slowdown of processes in a program/game.

Shit code– bad code that is difficult to understand and difficult to maintain/modify/change.

Bad coder- a person who writes shitty code.

Rowers– employees of the galley (company).

Google– look for information in the Google search engine.

Debug(from English " debug/debugging") - find and correct errors in the program.

Device(from English " device") – technical device (laptop/smartphone/tablet/smartwatch, etc.).

Developer(from English " developer") - developer.

Development(from English " development") - development of something: programs, applications, games, etc.

Deadline(from English " deadline") – deadline for completing or submitting a project/task/work.

Designer(from English " designer") - designer.

Demo(from English " demo") is a demo version of something, usually with reduced functionality or with a trial period of use.

Deploy(or more " deploy", from English. " deploy") is the deployment (transfer) of software (executable code) to a server or device where it will work.

Default(or more " by default", from English. " default") – the one that is used by default, standard.

Junior(or more " June», « June", from English. " Junior Developer") – entry-level programmer. A person with minimal experience and skills.

Domain(from English " domain") – a unique address/name of a website on the Internet. For example, a website is a domain that consists of the domain name ravesli and the top-level domain.com.

Firewood– drivers.

Iron– hardware (components) of computers/laptops/smartphones, etc.

Nerd– a person who spends too much time on virtual reality (be it games, programming or anything else). Also, sometimes this term refers to fanatics in their field (regardless of their specialty), who are not always well adapted to the conditions of real life.

Connect(or more " connect», « connect", from English. " connect") - to join something.

File down– upload, put on public display. For example, made a video on YouTube= uploaded a video to YouTube.

Fuck it- fail to complete the assigned task, ruin the task.

Zashkvar- disgrace, vile behavior.

IMHO(from English " IMHO» = « I n M y H umble O pinion”) – in my humble opinion.

Internet- Internet.

Install(from English " install") - install. For example, install Windows= install Windows.

IT– AND informational T technology.

Case(from English " case") is a real situation/incident that happened to the author.

Kilobucks- thousands of dollars. Console kilo= k ( from English means "thousand").

Klava- keyboard.

Coworking(from English " coworking") is a place for organizing work by specialists in one or several fields of activity, freelancers. In other words, a modern rented office for the work of specialists.

Encoder(or more " coder", from English. " coder")- programmer.

Code– program.

Commit(or more " commit», « make a commit", from English. " commit") – save/commit code changes in the code repository (storage).

Compilation– converting code written in a high-level language into an executable program that the processor understands directly. More details about this.

Compiler– a program that performs compilation.

Computer(or more " compudachter», « computer") - computer.

Conf.– conference, group communication. Second meaning— a software configuration file in which you can change the settings of the same software.

Copy-paste(from English " copy/paste") – copy and paste. “copy” – copy, “paste” – paste.

Crutch– fixing serious bugs/holes/errors without properly fixing the entire system. Those. decision on the knee as soon as possible at the expense of efficiency and good programming practices.

Krakozyabry(or more " kryakozyabry") is a set of incomprehensible symbols, nonsense. Occurs as a result of incorrect encoding. Sometimes krakozyabrs can be seen on sites with incorrect encoding: Привет! RњРµРСЏ .

Crosses– C++ programming language.

Crack(or more " tablet", from English. " crack") is a special program or add-on to a program for hacking other software. Mainly used to turn a licensed (paid) version of something (program/game) into a free one.

Kulkhatsker(from English " cool hacker") - a person who considers himself a hacker or an experienced programmer, but is not one in real life.

Lag(or more " lags") – delay in program/game execution, lack of response to user actions. Synonym for the word glitch.

Lifehack(from English " lifehack") - useful advice that helps solve some problem while saving time/effort.

Lamer(from English " lamer") - an inexperienced user, a person who does not understand something, but thinks that he does. Not to be confused with "teapot".

Level(from English " level") - level.

Educational program– face vision without literacy. Teaching the basics, the basics.

Link(from English " link") – a link to a resource.

Linux(Linux) is a free operating system that is used by many programmers and institutions (where this operating system is installed on servers).

Linuxoid– a person who uses the Linux operating system.

Log(from English " log") is a log in which all actions performed in something (in a program, on a server) are recorded in chronological order. For example: time of occurrence of errors, failures, user actions, etc.

Local– a local network of computers connected by cables.

Location(from English " location") – location.

Laptop(from English " laptop") - laptop.

Mining(from English " mining") – extraction of something. Nowadays, mining is associated with the extraction of cryptocurrency by performing complex mathematical operations on a computer.

Nurse(or more " mother», « motherboard», « motherboard") - motherboard.

Manager(from English " manager") – manager, leader.

Manual(from English " manual") - a manual, instructions for using something.

Middle(from English " Middle Developer") - the average level of knowledge and skills of a programmer.

Meetup(from English " meetup") - a meeting/meeting of specialists in a certain field of activity to exchange experiences, for educational purposes, or simply for communication in an informal setting.

Monique– monitor.

Soap– email address, user email.

Native(from English " native")- native. The phrase is often used native code = the original code (not modified later) written by the developers.

Networking(from English " networking") - an environment of specialists in a certain field of activity, where, using connections between these people, you can solve specific problems/tasks or simply get to know each other for joint cooperation.

Nolifer – a person who spends most of his time on a computer/laptop/smartphone in the virtual world (Internet/social networks/games). A person who has no personal life, hobbies or any other activities in the real world.

Laptop – laptop.

Noob(or more " nubchik», « noubas», « Nubar», « nubuck", from English " newbie") - a beginner or a person who can’t do anything, or doesn’t know how to do something correctly. Inexperienced.

Overtime(from English " overtime") - processing after the end of the working day. Overtime.

IT specialist(from Russian " soccer player") - a person who is not an IT specialist/programmer, but works in the IT/programming field. For example, a human resources specialist (HR), an accountant, a financier.

OOP(abbreviated from " ABOUT object- ABOUT oriented P Programming" is a programming methodology/paradigm in which the main concepts are objects and classes. More details about this.

Open source(from English " open source software") is open source software/software that can be used/added/modified by anyone. In most cases, this software is a non-commercial project.

Openspace(from English " open space") is an open office where employees work in one room (relatively large) without any partitions/walls.

RAM– RAM, aka “ RAM" = "Random A access M emory", aka " RAM» = « ABOUT operative Z reminiscent U construction."

OS(or more " OS", abbr. from English " O perating S ystem") – ABOUT operating room WITH system – software that allows you to control the hardware of computers/laptops/smartphones, etc.

Rollback– return to the original position from the backup.

Disconnect(from English " disconnect") – disconnect.

Debugging– a stage in software development in which errors are found and corrected. More details about this.

Debugger(or more " debugger", from English. " debugger") is a program with which debugging is performed.

Offtopic(or more " offtopic", from English. " off topic") – any message that is off-topic (i.e. off-topic).

Ochepyatka– a typo, a mistake in a word.

Patch(from English " patch") – an addition or update that fixes errors/bugs/glitches. Applying a patch to a program is called patching.

Sandbox(from English " sandbox") is a special area/environment for safe execution of a program. The “Sandbox” section on the site designates a category for newcomers’ posts (a kind of filter for newcomers).

Buns– bonuses. Very often they relate to working conditions: flexible hours, availability of a gym, kitchen, rest room, etc.

pros– C++ programming language.

BY - software.

Podcast(from English " podcast») – video or audio lessons, stories on a specific topic, most often of an educational nature. Interview podcasts or TED podcasts are very popular these days.

Fast(from English " post") – post/article/informational note.

Prog- program.

Proger- programmer.

Layman– a person who has no experience in a certain field or does not understand something.

Profit(from English " profit") – profit/benefit/benefit.

Push(or more " push", from English. " push") – publishing to the server using the command push.

Developed– developer.

Guys- Guys.

Reboot(or more " reboot", from English. " reboot") – reboot. For example, reboot Windows= restart Windows.

Redesign(from English " redesign") – external update/modernization of the system/website/interface. Sometimes this term also means internal renewal/modernization.

Release(from English " release") - presentation of the finished version of the product (game/program/song/album), release for public viewing. For example: game release= release of a game to start sales.

Runet– Russian-language Internet. A set of sites with content in Russian.

Subject(or more " subject", from English. " subject") is a topic for discussion between people on a certain resource (most often, on a forum). A topic to start a conversation.

Support(from English " support") - Support service.

Switcher(from English " switcher") - a person who switched to work in IT/programming from another profession. For example, if a person previously worked as a teacher or cook, and then became a programmer, then he is considered a switcher.

Senior(or more " senor tomato», « senior», « senior", from English. " Senior Developer”) – a high level of knowledge and skills of a specialist. Experienced programmer.

Server– server.

Sizhka– C programming language.

Sysadmin- System Administrator.

System engineer- system unit.

Skill(or more " skills», « skills", from English. " skill") - skills, the ability to do something well.

Screen(or more " screenshot", from English. " screenshot") - screenshot.

Slowpoke– slow, brake. The name comes from the pink Pokemon Slowpoke.

Smoothie– a favorite drink of programmers/IT specialists (see sarcasm).

Smoothiebread- programmer-fucker.

Software(from English " soft ware") - software, program.

Soft skills(from English " soft skills") – social/communication/personal skills/qualities necessary, first of all, for adaptation and work in a team.

Spam(from English " spam") – emails/messages of advertising and other nature to users who do not want and have not agreed to receive them.

Spam– send spam.

Stream(from English " stream") - broadcasting of actions taking place on a computer (or in real life) in real time.

Stream- make a stream.

Streamer- the one who makes the stream.

Techie– a person with special technical education or an employee who works in the backend ( backend developer).

Team lead(or more " team leader", from English. " team lead er") – lead developer, leader of the programming team.

Trainee(from English " trainee") - a trainee, an employee who does not reach the level of a Junior specialist.

TS(or more " T opic With tarter", from English. " topic starter") - a person who brought up a certain topic for discussion. The one who started the conversation/discussion.

Toolza(from English " tools") – auxiliary software designed to perform specific tasks. Synonym for the word utility.

Tutorial(from English " tutorial") - a collection of lessons for teaching something, a textbook.

Tian- friend, girl.

Utility(or more " utility", from English. " utility") – auxiliary software designed to perform auxiliary works, settings of system equipment, operating systems and other things. In other words, a program that helps you do something.

Firewall(from English " firewall") is an antivirus that protects your computer from viruses. In English it means “burning wall” - here it should be understood as a wall that protects other buildings from the spread of fire. Another name is Brandmauer (translated from German also means “burning wall”).

Fakap(from English " fuck up") - failure, failure, bummer. Often more or less serious errors are implied.

Feedback(from English " feedback") - Feedback. For example, user feedback= feedback from users. Feedback means any mentions, reviews, comments, messages about the brand/company/site.

Fix(from English " fix") - correct mistakes.

Feature(from English " feature") – feature, unique opportunity, property. Popular expression: “It’s not a bug, it’s a feature.”

Flame(or more " flaming", from English. " flame") - an argument for the sake of an argument, when users start communicating off topic of conversation/discussion and move on to personal and mutual insults.

Flecha(or more " flash», « flash drive") is a storage device connected to a computer via USB.

Flood(from English " flood") – messages/comments are off topic.

Flood– leave non-topic messages/comments.

Shape slap- a person who engages in form spanking. Very often, those who develop website templates or are involved in their layout are called form-slappers.

Form spanking– any low-skilled job in programming and IT for which the requirements for experience and knowledge are minimal.

Framework(from English " framework") is a software product/system/platform, the main purpose of which is to facilitate/simplify the creation and support of various kinds of projects/applications/services/sites.

Freelancing(from English " freelance") - work from home, out of state, sometimes for yourself, which brings money and in which there is no permanent customer/boss.

Freelancer(from English " freelancer") is a person who does freelance work.

Frontend(from English " front-end) – development of the “appearance” of the site, the client part. What we see from the outside. More details.

Hackathon(from English " hack mar athon") is an event where specialists from different areas of software development gather (most often programmers, but there may also be designers, testers) to develop a specific solution/project/application/program. In other words, programming marathons in which programmers gather to code.

Hard skills(from English " hard skills") - technical knowledge and skills.

Holivar(from English " holy war") - disputes between people who have opposing views and try to impose them on each other.

Piggy(or more " HR", from English. " H uman R esources") – HR specialist, recruiter. A person who looks for workers for vacancies, conducts initial interviews with them, onboards them into the team, and carries out a number of other related issues.

CPU– central processor.

Kettle– newbie, inexperienced user.

ChSV – H feeling WITH public IN importance.

Share(or more " share", from English. " share") - share, give access to certain data.

Fumble –

Authorization— a procedure for verifying the authenticity of a password or combination of logical identification name and password entered by the user in any interactive form.
Admin- administrator, leadership position in computer world. Network, database, website administrator:
Account— account, username (login or login) and password (password).
Alternative text— text that is displayed instead of a graphic object in browsers that do not support graphics, as well as in browsers in which graphics support is disabled by the user.
Alpha channel— a picture transparency mask, saved on disk along with the graphic file and defining transparent areas of the image.
Animation— watch GIF animation.
Antivirus- a program that detects and removes viruses, Trojan horses, worms, etc.
Apache— watch Apache.
Upgrade- modernization of computer hardware, expansion of capabilities, improvement of its functional characteristics, as well as improvement of software (to a lesser extent).
Upload— (from English upload) the process of uploading files to a remote computer.
Applet is an independent application written in Java and intended to be included in an HTML document as an element of a web page.
Archiver- a program that allows you to compress information by eliminating redundancy (spaces, repetitions, etc.). Compression can be with or without losses. You can compress anything: text, music, video, photos, etc. Moreover, the more homogeneous the information, the better it is compressed.
Assembler— low-level programming language (see PL). There is a direct correspondence between assembler and machine codes (see Disassembler), however, assembler has already been somewhat humanized, machine codes have been replaced by mnemonics (words). It is used for writing drivers when you need to achieve maximum speed and at the same time take into account the specifics of a particular processor.
ICQ— (from the English abbreviation ICQ) a communication program for the Internet that allows you to exchange short messages (analogous to a pager), as well as send files, photos, etc. One of the means of communication on the Internet.
Tag attribute— a parameter corresponding to each specific tag.
Attach- file attached to e-mail.

Bugs- (from the English bug = bug), errors, defects. According to legend, the vacuum tubes of large and ancient computers often burned out due to moths flying into the light and heat, and the machine failed.
Byte— 8 bits, a unit of measurement of the amount of information. There are also units of measurement: kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, terabyte, petabyte, exabyte.
Ban- deny access to something.
Banner network- a specialized Internet server that advertises a user’s web resource in exchange for placing advertisements for other network participants.
Banner- an advertising image of a fixed size, usually containing animation, which acts as a hyperlink to a particular Internet resource.
DB— database, structured information storage. In relational databases, information is stored in tables that are linked to each other.
BASIC- watch 'BASIC'.
Beeper— (from the English beeper) a computer device that produces simple sounds. More complex sounds and music can be obtained using a sound card (sound blaster).
Bit— (English binary digit) binary digit, 0 or 1, the minimum unit of measurement of the amount of information.
Browser is a special client program designed to view the content of web sites and display HTML documents. Browsers have a built-in hypertext markup language translator that compiles html code when opening a web page.
Boolean variables- variables, each of which can take the value 'TRUE' or 'FALSE'.
Bullet style— appearance and shape of labels indicating occurrences of numbered and bulleted lists.

Vendor— (from the English vendor) a wholesale company offering goods.
Breaking- illegal (unauthorized) penetration into a computer system, usually for the purpose of stealing information, compromising, causing damage, etc.
Windows— (from English windows = ‘windows’) a very common operating system from Microsoft.
Winchester- computer hard drive (HDD, hard disk drive), the main storage of information. Retains data when power is turned off.
Virtual channel- a connection between two computers connected to a network, between which data is transferred.
Virtual store- a complex automated electronic system designed for the sale of goods and services of commercial enterprises using network technologies.
Virus
Word- (from the English word = word), a computer program from Microsoft. A very common, powerful text editor.
World Wide Web— watch the Internet.

Gamma correction— an algorithm for controlling image brightness, which makes it possible to achieve identical display of graphics on computer screens from different manufacturers.
Gamer- (from the English game - game) player, a person who constantly plays computer games. Gamers, fixated on games, stop further understanding the computer and degrade in the computer sense.
General Public License- the license under which almost all free software is distributed on the Internet (the General Public License, GNU).
Hyperlink— organizing a dynamic connection between two Internet resource objects through a hyperlink.
Hyperlink— (English Hyperlink) a basic functional element of HTML documents, which is the implementation of a dynamic connection of any object of a given web page with the contextual content of another document or file object.
Hypertext— hypertext markup language, see HTML.
Glitch- show signs of error, make mistakes. Computer programs are usually glitchy, but hardware or people can be glitchy. Apparently, it comes from the word ‘hallucination’.
Voice interface— interaction with the program (hardware) carried out by voice. To do this, the program must be able to recognize human speech and highlight words.
Guest book— a section of a website equipped with a special interactive form, with the help of which visitors to this resource can leave their wishes and suggestions to the developers or owners of the resource.
Bang- erase, destroy, spoil (for example, a database, program, document) purposefully or by mistake.

Daonload— (from English download) the process of copying files from a remote network computer (server) to the calling computer (client). In common technical jargon, this procedure is sometimes called ‘downloading’.
Debugger- a tool (program) for eliminating errors in a program, helps the programmer find an error in the program text - localize it.
Deza— disinformation, deliberately false information published with the aim of misleading, defaming, and testing reactions.
Datagram- a packet of information transmitted through the network independently of other packets, without the formation of a virtual channel and confirmation of reception.
Disassembler- a program that translates machine codes into assembly language. This is possible because there is a direct correspondence between them. It is impossible to translate machine codes into a high-level programming language (BASIC, Pascal).
Conversational mode— a type of interface in which interaction is organized in the form of a dialogue (question-answer). Typically implemented in the form of screen forms.
Dynamic design- a method of website layout in which its elements change their position depending on screen settings user.
Homepage- an Internet resource, usually a story about a person, his family, lifestyle, hobbies and interests.
Domain- the logical level of the Internet, that is, a group of network resources that has its own name and is managed by its own network station.
Access— the ability to perform some actions with an object. Access to the network, access to a document, website, database, etc. Read access, write access, launch access, etc.
Driver- a program that controls any external or internal device of a computer (scanner, mouse, keyboard, disk drive:). A driver is an intermediate link between the hardware (device) and the operating system. After changing or adding a device, you need to change or install its driver and the operating system and programs will be able to work with this device. There is no need to change the program or operating system.

Iron- (aka HARD) computer hardware, its physical embodiment (processor, hard drive, memory).
Burn- do something very well, not usually.

Hang out— do not respond to actions (key presses, mouse movements, etc.) Programs freeze. The program may freeze if there is an error in it or this situation was not foreseen by the programmer (which is also a kind of error), or due to heavy loads or insufficient memory. - when you turn on the computer, the operating system initially starts, which prepares the computer for operation and for launching other programs.
To come in— launch the program, start working with the program. But you can also go to the website on the Internet.
Record— row of a relational database table.

UPS- Uninterruptable power source. Watch 'UPS'.
Identifier— denoted by the letters ID. 1.) A cascading style sheets program element that allows you to assign a different set of properties to the same physical HTML objects without using classes (see Class). 2.) Identifiers are also found in JavaScript and other programming languages. Computers also have their own ID. IP is also an identifier.
Ignore- an abbreviation for the word ‘ignore’, a special programmatic procedure for treating individual chatlans, in which his appeals do not go through. Ignoring can be private or general (total).
IMHO- (from the English 'IMHO' - In my humble opinion), in my humble opinion.
Indexing- the process of including a link to any Internet resource in a search engine database.
Indexed color palette— a palette that uses no more than 256 colors of fixed shades, described in a special service file.
Internet— Abbreviation for Internet, came from chat rooms.
Installation— installation of the program on the computer. Programs are distributed in a distribution kit - a kind of packaging. Most programs require installation before starting work. At the same time, they copy the necessary files to the computer’s hard drive and are registered in the operating system.
Interactive banner— an advertising banner created using Macromedia Flash technologies, Java or VBScript scripts, CGI, and HTML elements.
Internet- a complex electronic information structure, which is a global network that allows you to connect computers located anywhere in the world and exchange information between them.
Interface- this is the appearance of the system, behind which its internal structure is hidden. They say: ‘friendly interface’, ‘complex interface’, ‘ergonomic interface’.
Intranet— according to the generally accepted definition, an intranet or intranet is a closed internal network of an organization operating using the TCP/IP Internet protocol. From the above it follows that this category of networks does not have territorial characteristics; main characteristic the one that an intranet is the internal network of a company, institute, etc.
Info- short for information, came from chats.

Image Map— (English image map) a graphic image, certain areas of which are active zones and perform the functions of hyperlinks.
Upload, download- from the word 'download' - copy information (files) to your computer from a remote location (for example, from the Internet).
Quoting- Russian pronunciation quoting - quotation. Overquoting is excessive quoting.
Klava- keyboard, came from programmers.
Class- an element of program code that allows you to assign a different set of properties to the same physical objects of the program.
Client- a computer (or program) that is served by a server. Client-server technology.
Client-server- a mechanism for transferring information between a remote computer that makes its resources available to users and the user computer that exploits these resources. In this case, the one providing access to its own resources is called a ‘server’, and the one receiving such access is called a ‘client’.
Cyrillic encoding is a generally accepted standard that includes a character set that allows characters of the Russian alphabet to be displayed in HTML documents.
Running title- the top or bottom repeating part of the page where page numbering, etc. is placed. A permanent or partially changeable part of the page (bottom, top, below the text, left, right, etc.). Constant - lines, patterns, book title, author, and partially variable - page number, chapter number, title of the current chapter, etc.
Command line— an interface in which interaction with the system is carried out by entering commands and parameters to them, and in response, some action is performed. It is less visually understandable than the icons of programs similar to Windows. In the case of the command line, a line hangs on the monitor against a black screen, which is not understandable to the average user without some preparation.
Computer- computer, came from gamers and chat rooms.
Compression of graphic files— the process of removing unused data from a graphic file.
Connect- connection.
Connect— connect, establish a connection, call your provider (usually a modem connection).
Content— semantic content of an Internet resource.
Cookies- (from the English ‘cookies’ = cookies). This is confidential information regarding your IP, your settings on a particular site. On the one hand, this is very convenient, because, for example, you don’t have to constantly enter a password on your provider’s website. However, these cookies can be used for bad purposes.
Cooler- (from the word ‘cooler’ = fan). There are coolers that cool the processor, power supply and other devices: graphics accelerator, etc. That is, a computer can have several coolers (usually two).
Caching- the process of saving HTML documents and graphic files downloaded from the Internet into a special folder on the hard drive of the user’s computer. When you access the site again, browsers open this web page from the hard drive, which can significantly reduce the time it takes to read it.

Lamer- 'kettle' (from the word 'lame' - 'lame', 'crippled', 'unsuccessful') - a person who is poorly versed in computers, a novice user.
Login— a logical account identifying the user, used in combination with a password during the authorization process (see Authorization).
Logical structure of the site— a set of thematic headings with documents distributed into sections and designed hyperlinks between all pages of the resource.
The local network- a structure consisting of several computers connected to each other by a special cable, between which data is transferred.

Bulleted list— a list of data designed to display unordered information presented to the reader in the form of entries positioned according to meaning.
Routers— specialized servers that perform routing (see Routing).
Routing- the process of sending a data packet to the network node to which this packet is addressed.
Mastday- a swear word, from the English ‘must die’ - ‘let him die’, an exclamation that escapes from people at the next Windows error that leads to unpleasant consequences. Will soon become a common word for other programs that have bugs. The masterpiece is often called Windows 95 or 98.
Motherboard- the main device of a computer into which other devices are connected: processor, memory, boards, hard drive, floppy drive, etc.
Mother- abbreviation for 'Motherboard'. The main device of a computer into which other devices are connected: processor, memory, boards, hard drive, floppy drive, etc.
Mainframe — big computer, having greater computing power, memory, etc. They are used in banks, for reserving tickets, places in hotels, airports, and in military systems.
Menu— a type of interface that allows you to select an action from several points.
Messaga- from English ‘message’ - message or letter.
Metalanguage is a programming language designed to describe other lower-level languages.
Modem— a bidirectional analog-to-digital data converter that uses the principle of superimposing a modulated analog signal on the carrier frequency in the process of information transmission.
Modem pool- a telephone number where you can call your provider and establish a connection between your modem and the provider.
Moderator- a search server employee tasked with monitoring compliance of registered resources with the general rules for using this interactive service.
Soap- (from the English ‘mail’ = letter, mail). They say: send me some soap (soap), give me some soap, soap has arrived, send me some soap.
Mouse- Mouse, a computer pointing device that moves around the table and has 2 or 3 buttons, and sometimes a wheel. The main device for working in Windows. Invented in the USA. It was found that a person works better with a computer (or rather, with a monitor screen) if he can, as it were, move a pointer across the image, ‘point his finger’ at the right place on the screen. A device was invented that moved a pointer across the screen. Then all that remained was to write the appropriate program (mouse driver) so that the location indicated on the screen would react in the proper, necessary way.

Navigator— Netscape Navigator, a browser (a program for viewing Internet pages) from Netscape. Historically, the first one once competed with the Internet Explorer browser from Microsoft.
Lather the message— send an email.
Uncreature— (English Netware) network operating system from Novell.
Nick- (from the English nickname = nickname), pseudonym (came from chats where everyone talks under their nicknames).
Laptop- a computer that allows you to work with it on the road. Performed in the form of a diplomat. Has an independent power source.
Numbered list- a list of data designed to display ordered information, which is displayed on the screen in the form of a numerical listing of the various occurrences.

Reset— set to zero, reset, reset. It came from programmers.
Shell— (English shell) a basic element of the operating system that determines the interpretation of commands and user actions.
RAM- computer RAM, random access memory; when the power is turned off, the data in RAM disappears. Not to be confused with a hard drive or hard drive.
OS
Selector Definition— parameters that determine the visual display properties of an html element in the CSS macro language. They are written to the right of the selector and are enclosed in curly braces.
Graphics Optimizer- a special program that compresses graphic files.
OS- an operating system, a program (system of programs) that allows you to work with a computer and run other programs. Without an operating system, a computer is a pile of hardware. The operating system loads when you turn on the computer and performs thousands of small operations necessary to bring the computer into working order. Examples of operating systems: DOS, Windows, UNIX.
Digitization— transferring information into digital form so that you can work with such information using a computer and other digital devices. You can digitize text, sound, music, images, etc. When digitizing, something is lost and something is gained. It is lost due to the fact that digitization is carried out with a certain step (the figure is discrete, discontinuous in the computer sense, which results in some error), but what is gained is the ability to copy, ease of use, etc.

Memory- an analogue of human memory, a computer device that allows you to store information. Memory can be long-term (hard drives, floppy disks, CD-ROM) and short-term (RAM). In long-term memory, information is retained when the power is turned off, while in short-term memory it is lost.
affiliate program- a special scheme for obtaining financial profit on the Internet, according to which the participant is paid for each unique visitor who comes to the advertiser’s website with advertising banner, posted on the participant’s page.
Patch- (from the English patch = patch), program fix package. Usually it is done by the developer after discovering several errors in the program, some time after the release of a new version of the program.
Forwarding, redirect— redirecting the client browser from the current web page to another Internet resource or replacing the URL of this page with a www alias.
Cyrillic transcoders- special programs that allow you to change current encoding HTML documents and text files.
Variable- in a programming language and in mathematics, a cell that stores a specific value. Variables come in different types: numeric, text, dates, and variables can also store other objects.
Personal— PC (Russian), PC (English), pi-si, pisyuk, personal computer, differs from large computers and mainframes in that it allows you to work individually and is designed for the work of one person.
Pixel— conventional point, unit of measurement various objects hypertext markup language and other programming languages. One pixel is equal to one conventional point that makes up the image on the monitor screen.
Ping- (from English ping = whistle), buzzing. Ping (packet internet groper) is a program used to check the availability of a destination by sending it a special signal (ICMP echo request) and waiting for a response. The term is used as a verb: ‘Ping host X to see if it is up!’
Piracy— illegal copying and distribution of programs, databases, music. Programs can be distributed over the network or on disks (CD-ROM). You can copy music, films, books - this is also piracy. Copying someone else's work with a slight change in order to pass it off as your own creation is plagiarism.
Pisyuk- PC, personal computer, from the English PC - Personal Computer.
Plugin- an add-on to a program that expands its capabilities.
Pay- a computer device that is inserted into the motherboard and expands its capabilities. For example, sound card, graphics accelerator, etc.
BY- software, computer programs, software.
Website support— a special set of procedures to ensure the functionality of the Internet resource.
Search engines— specialized servers designed to search and accumulate information based on user requests.
Field— a table column in a relational (i.e. tabular) database or a small window for entering information in on-screen forms.
Half shaft- OS/2 (oes in two, axis in two, half axis, axis in half) is an operating system from IBM. Windows NT lost out in the competition.
Port— a connector where computer devices (mouse, keyboard, monitor, printer) are connected.
Portal- a fairly large virtual array of information, including many different thematic sections of a smaller size, or a number of independent projects.
Send to three buttons— press Ctrl + Alt + Delete to reboot the system. By analogy, “send to three well-known letters” in the Russian swear language.
Preview— (English preview) a way to display graphic elements in HTML document, in which a reduced copy of the image is published on a web page, accompanied by a hyperlink to the drawing presented in full scale.
Private- a form of chat communication when the phrases of only two interlocutors are visible, and not all. Closer relationships.
Printer- a peripheral computer output device that prints texts and graphics. These are, so to speak, the external senses of the computer, through which it, transforming information from digital form into a human-perceivable form, brings it to him. Other peripheral devices are scanner, plotter, keyboard, monitor, microphone, speakers, etc.
Principle of inheritance- a principle used in programming according to which 'child' elements of a language inherit the properties specified for 'parent' elements.
Provider- an organization or company that provides Internet access. From the word provide - to provide. To carry out this function, this company must own an Internet access channel (cable, fiber optic, radio channel, satellite, telephone network, etc.).
Prog- an abbreviation for the word 'program'.
Programmer- programmer, a person who writes computer programs.
Protocol- a set of specifications that allow data exchange between two computers connected to a network, that is, a standard containing a description of the rules for receiving and transmitting commands, text, graphics and other data between two computers, which serves to synchronize the operation of several computers on the network.
Direct Internet access- one of the types of Internet access. It involves connecting a computer or local network to a dedicated high-bandwidth information highway.

Desktop — Windows interface organized in the form of a desktop, on it are located the main, frequently used things, programs, documents, folders (in the form of pictograms, i.e. icons). The user has the opportunity to arrange them the way he likes.
Radio button— an interactive form element, used in the case when a logical variable can take only one value out of many possible ones.
Overclocking— speaking funny, this is an opportunity to get something out of nothing. That is, measures that allow you to achieve greater performance from hardware than it currently provides.
Extension is part of the file name that indicates its format. Previously, in MS DOS, the file extension was no more than three characters. Now it can be any length, but traditions are maintained for compatibility purposes.
Real- reality, physical life, came from chats.
Reset— (English RESET) a button on the computer case that causes it to completely reboot. The so-called ‘cold boot’. There is also a warm reboot (partial), starting from some intermediate boot stage.
Search relevance— the degree of comparison of the report created by the search server to the query entered by the user.
RosNIIROS— Russian Research Institute for the Development of Public Networks, manages the distribution of the first-level domain of the Russian Internet zone (.ru).
Roaming— provision of information services (telephone, Internet) in other cities and regions telephone operators, Internet providers (for example, a banking service for servicing your account anywhere in the world).
Router— a specialized server that performs routing (see Routing).
Runet- Russian Internet, i.e. all sites located in the Russian Internet zone.

Website— (English Site) an Internet resource that, unlike a server, does not have a dedicated server program. As a rule, a site is an integrated part of the server, a directory on the server computer, even though most sites have their own domain name.
Subject- (from English subj = topic). Very often used in postal correspondence.
Subs- (from English sub) substitution.
Supgrade- upgrade, watch 'Upgrade'.
Swaping— caching to disk of data that does not fit in RAM, carried out by the operating system.
Selector is a CSS directive that allows you to assign various visual display properties to certain elements of an HTML document.
Internet server- a computer on which a special program is installed (also called a server, web server or http server, server). A computer that serves clients, providing them with some resources for use: disk space, computing power, Internet connection, documents, databases, website. A server can be either a regular computer or a specialized one, with large memory and disks, network channels, and unique resources (printer, modem, database). There is a physical concept of a server (computer), and there is a logical concept of a server (a software process used in client-server technology).
Network protocol— watch the Protocol.
Network node- a computer connected to the Internet that connects several local networks that use the same network protocol.
Network workstation- a local network node that is the main computer in it.
Setiket — netiquette, rules of conduct online, in chat, in email correspondence.
Net— local (limited) network.
Compression— reduction in the amount of information. Compression can be lossy or lossless. Information is compressed using special programs—archivers. Compression can be done by software or by hardware (for example, modems). Watch 'Archiver'.
Sidyuk- a computer device that allows you to read CDs with information; CD-ROMs are also the disks themselves.
Sysadmin- System Administrator.
End-to-end protocol- a protocol that ensures the smooth passage of IP packets through a non-IP network.
Throw off- send by email, over the Internet. They say ‘send it to me via email, over the network, on a floppy disk’.
Skriplet- a simple script prepared using an interpreted macro language that is processed by the browser in conjunction with HTML code.
Script— A set of commands of a language, integrated into the code of a web page like a subroutine. A script is also a program written, for example, in the PERL language.
Redirect service— see Forwarding.
Slang- jargon.
Emoticons- smiles, facial expressions made up of special characters. They look like faces if you look at them with your head tilted to the left. For example, 🙂 is a smile, 🙁 is sadness, etc. Emoticons are used in chats and letters to compensate for the lack of verbal communication. The strength of a smile can be expressed by the number of parentheses, for example, :-))) - very cheerful, :-((((- very sad.
Dog- symbol @. Part of an email address. Means 'near', 'at'. For example, [email protected]. User online_fsb on the MAIL.RU website. After the dog the site or provider is indicated.
Impression ratio- a value used in banner networks and determining the size of the commission percentage retained by the network from the volume of advertising shown by a network member.
Software- programs, software, software. As opposed to hard - hardware, hardware.
SPAM— (jarg) sending unsolicited advertising correspondence via e-mail channels. This clogs your mailbox.
start page- the so-called index file displayed in the browser when accessing an Internet resource or any section of the site. Typically contains content and navigation elements.
Static design- a method of arranging elements of a web page, in which its elements are placed in a special invisible table of a fixed width.
Page- watch 'Site'.
Struynik- a printer using technology inkjet printing(droplets of ink fly out of the print head - nozzles). There are also matrix printers (the impact principle through a tape, like in typewriters) and laser printers (the laser beam magnetizes the print drum, attracting particles of ink powder to it in certain places and transferring them to paper).
Knocking on the windows- work in Windows.
DBMS— database management system. A special program that allows you to create and maintain a database.
Hit counter- an interactive graphic element of a web page design, controlled by an appropriate CGI script from its own or from a remote server. Records the number of page openings in visitors' browsers.

Routing tables- electronic databases that contain instructions on where exactly to send this or that package of information if it is sent to a particular address.
Tag— command (directive, instruction) of the HTML language.
Thematic catalog- a specialized server that includes an extensive list of links to other sites, classified into several categories according to thematic focus.
Trample loaves- press buttons, button - button.
Transaction— an operation, for example, transfer money from an account to the seller, make changes to the database. A transaction can be executed or canceled (rolled back).
Translit— pseudo-encoding of the Cyrillic alphabet (see Encoding), involves writing Russian words in characters of the Latin alphabet.
Translator— a special browser module (see Browser) that processes the html code of web pages to convert it into a visual representation form.
Traffic— The flow of messages or the amount of information transmitted. Typically measured in kilobytes (MB, etc.). Also used as the number of visitors to a website or any of its pages per unit of time (day, month, year). Sometimes traffic is understood not as the number of visitors, but as the number of hits per unit of time.
Trainer— (from English trainer = instructor) Very often used in games. Helps the player to complete the game. Also used in programs to help the user understand the program.
Trend- a graph showing a trend.
Trojan- a malicious program that quietly hides in the computer and may someday perform some harmful action. The Trojan horse is triggered by certain actions, periodically, on certain dates or upon request. An action is usually the transfer of information to another computer over a network (the Internet).

UPNR- US Advanced Research Projects Authority, see ARPA.
Utility- an auxiliary program that performs some action, for example, an archiver, an image viewer, a disk check utility, etc. The Windows operating system contains many utilities.

Firewall- (from the English firewall = wall of fire). This is a program that protects your computer from uninvited guests while you are on the Internet. Now the best firewalls are Agnitum Outpost Firewall, AtGuard, Zone Alarm and others.
File- a named piece of information on a disk that has a name by which it can be accessed. All information on the disk is stored in the form of files. Derived from the English file - folder. Now folders are called directories, i.e. groups of files.
FIDO is a free analogue of the Internet that is extremely popular. This network originated a long time ago when modems were 2400 bytes per second. were immensely steep, and the network as such was harassed by telephone operators to the users beyond measure :).
Fidoshnik- a person who uses the services of the FIDO network (see FIDO).
Physical structure of the site— a layout of physical files by subdirectory of the folder in which the site is located.
Fixed color palette— see ‘Indexed colors’.
Feature— There is something unusual in the program, the operating system. For example, Easter eggs in Windows are a feature or feature.
Flame is a process that sometimes occurs when communicating on the Internet, a ‘verbal war’. This is an unexpectedly heated discussion, during which participants usually forget about the original topic, get personal and cannot stop. Typically, flames arise spontaneously, develop very quickly and end only with the intervention of a moderator or when all participants are completely tired. This is the same type of dispute in which the truth is not born - at the end of the flame, all the disputants feel uncomfortable and the flame does not give any constructive result. If it happens that you become an involuntary participant in a flame, the most reasonable behavior in this situation is to express your position once as clearly, constructively and kindly as possible, and not enter into the discussion again. Then it will most likely go out on its own. If you try to prove that ‘you are not a camel’, the flame will only get hotter and your position and image will only worsen.
Flop- floppy disk, floppy disk, from the English floppy. It came from programmers.
Form is a special HTML object used to transfer data from an HTML document to interactive website elements, such as CGI scripts.
Format— a method of storing and presenting information. There are file formats and field formats. There are the following file formats: graphic (BMP, JPG, GIF), music (WAV, MP3, MIDI), text (TXT, DOC), databases (MDB, DBF), Internet pages (HTML) and others.
Forum- a means of communication between people, when everyone’s messages are posted on a common bulletin board. Messages are usually requests or detailed answers to questions. There is a lot of useful information in the forums.
Photo- photo, came from chats.
Graphics fragmenter is a special utility that allows you to divide a graphic image into several independent sections.
Frames- a method of organizing the structure of a site, in which a web page is divided into a number of components and ‘assembled’ in the main browser window from several separate or sub-windows.
Fekha— from File-Echo. This term comes from Fido and means ‘conference’.

Hub- this is a device in the form of a box with light bulbs, from which wires come out that go to the network cards of computers connected to the network (you might have seen it in computer clubs).
Hacker- a person who hacks a computer system for the purpose of the hacking process itself, in order to find weak, vulnerable spots, and receives satisfaction from the hacking process itself. A hacker is a network vampire, he drinks the blood of networks - information. Not to be confused with a cracker, which hacks a system for criminal purposes: stealing information, compromising, ransoming. Usually confused. The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation contains articles that provide for punishment for hacking and writing viruses: up to 7 years in prison.
Hard- iron, hard. Hardware, computer equipment, as opposed to software - programs.
Help- help, help, help. Needed by those users who have not yet mastered the system. Usually called by the F1 key or through the menu. Help can be general and context-specific. In the latter case, the program immediately shows you the required help section based on your last actions and the current situation. General help shows the contents of all help, organized by sections and in the form of hypertext (links to other sections).
Hit— (from the English hit = click) one visit (opening in a browser) of any page of a website.
Hamster— see ‘Home page’.
Host— any computer connected to the Internet, regardless of its purpose.
Hosting- watch 'Web hosting'.

Kettle- a category of users who do not understand programs. Like 'lamer'. A novice user who gets confused with the keys.
Charset— hard installation of custom encoding of an HTML document with a special META qualifier (see META qualifiers).
Chatlan— chat participants.
Worm- a malicious program that multiplies and fills the computer’s memory, thereby interfering with work.

Web page template- an html document containing an invisible table, header, all graphic objects and navigation elements, that is, almost everything, except for the immediate information content.
Gateway- a program with which you can transfer information between two local networks using different data exchange protocols (see Protocol).

Executor- file with EXE extension(see: extension, format). These files store programs that can be run. Such files may contain viruses, so it is better not to run unfamiliar files or scan them with an antivirus before launching (see: virus, antivirus, Trojan horse, worm).
Screen forms- these are windows that appear on the screen to carry out a dialogue with the user: message about an event, enter information:
Excel— Excel, a program that allows you to work with spreadsheets. In such a table, cells can contain text, numbers, and formulas that refer to other cells. Formulas can be mathematical, statistical, search and any other. All formulas are quickly recalculated.
Access— Access, a DBMS from Microsoft as part of MS Office. Allows you to work with simple and small databases. Allows some networking capabilities.
Explorer- program, browser from Microsoft. Program for working on the Internet.
Email— transmission channel text messages and attachments between two Internet-connected computers.

User- from English ‘use’ (use) - a category of computer users who work with programs, but do not write them. Advanced users do a little programming.
Unix is an operating system used primarily on servers.

Yandex- a popular search engine on the RuNet.
YAP- programming languages ​​in which all programs are written. There are high-level languages: BASIC, Pascal, C and low-level: Assembly. A program from any programming language is translated into machine language that a specific processor understands. The program can only be translated back into assembler, because there is a direct correspondence between assembler and machine codes (see Disassembler).

ADPCM— Addptive Differential Pulse Code Modulationb adaptive differential (difference) pulse-code modulation (ADCM). Audio coding standard adopted by ITU-TS. Describes the technology of converting an analog signal and a digital format that takes up less space in computer memory than conventional PCM, used, for example, by audio CDs. It is used in Sony mini-discs, as well as in CD-ROMs, which contain images and other data in addition to sound.
Aka- from English ‘Also-Known-As’, which means ‘Also-Known-As’. Used if a node has two or more different addresses, if a person has pseudonyms, etc.: Ivan Petrov aka Terminator. Used in letters as an abbreviation.
Apache- one of the implementations of http servers intended for use under the UNIX operating system. The program is a virtual server that you can install on your computer and with its help you can simulate a real Internet server.
ARPA- Advanced Research Project Agency, US Advanced Scientific Research Projects Agency.
ARPAnet- first computer network, which used the IP protocol in the data transfer process.
A.S.P.— Active Server Pages (active server pages), a technology similar to JavaScript and PHP (see PHP). In order to make a web page interactive using ASP technology, it is necessary to embed into its code an appropriate script written in a macro language vaguely reminiscent of Java and C (see Script).

BASIC- Beginners All-purpose Simbolic Instruction Code (symbolic universal programming language for beginners) 'basic', 'basic' programming language for beginners and professionals. Invented in 1962 J. Kemeny and T. Kurtz, Dartmouth College, USA. Later it had many modifications.
bps— bit per secund, a unit of measurement of communication speed between two computers, determined by the number of bits transmitted information per second.
BSD— Berkeley Software Distribution, a term used to describe different versions Berkeley UNIX operating system (for example, 4.3BSD UNIX).
BUGS- errors, defects. According to legend, the vacuum tubes of large and ancient computers often burned out due to moths flying into the light and heat, and the machine failed.

CallBack- literally: callback. Those. If you use this function from your provider, then the provider itself will call you and connect to your modem. Used if the provider is very often busy.
CGI— Common Gateway Interface, a technology that involves the use of interactive elements within an Internet resource based on applications that ensure the transfer of data flow from object to object.
Coax at a home- technology for organizing a remote connection, involves gaining access to the Internet using channels of a cable television network.
Cookies— This is confidential information regarding your IP, your settings on a particular site. On the one hand, this is very convenient, because, for example, you don’t have to constantly enter a password on your provider’s website. However, these cookies can be used for bad purposes.
Сooler— There are coolers that cool the processor, power supply and other devices: graphics accelerator, etc. That is, a computer can have several coolers (usually two).
CPU- computer central processing unit.
CSLIP- data transfer protocol, is a modification of SLIP, significantly improves speed thanks to the universal algorithm for compressing IP packet headers (see Protocol, IP, SLIP).
CSS— Cascading Style Sheets (cascading style sheets) is a technology thanks to which, using a special macro language, you can rigidly set the formatting of a web page once.
CTR— Click/Through Ratio, a unit of measurement of the effectiveness of an advertising banner, defined as the ratio of the number of clicks on the banner to the number of its impressions.

DHTML— Dynamic Hyper Text Markup Language (dynamic hypertext markup language), an extension of the HTML language that allows you to create web pages with such interactive elements as a moving background located under static document content, moving objects, drop-down menus, buttons that highlight when you hover over the cursor mice, animation, rolling titles and much more.
dial-up— communication with an Internet service provider via dial-up telephone channels using a modem.
DNS— Domain Name System, domain name system, a standard for recording Internet addresses in the form of a multi-level domain structure (see Domain).
DNS servers- programs that, when accessed, look for the desired IP address using the entered URL (see IP, URL).
DOS— watch MS DOS.
Download— the process of copying files from a remote network computer (server) to the calling computer (client). In common technical jargon, this procedure is sometimes called ‘downloading’.
Drag&Drop- Pronounced 'Drag'n'Drop'. This is a kind of Windows technology that allows you to take elements and move them. The literal translation is ‘take it and throw it’. For example, you use this technology when dragging and dropping icons on your desktop.
DSP— Digital Signal Processing, digital signal processing. Converting signals from various sound sources into digitized form and processing them using certain algorithms (using programming).

Enter- 'enter', a key on the keyboard. Confirms the entry of information, starts the program, moves the cursor to new line and etc.
Error— ‘error’, an erroneous situation in a program or hardware.
ESC, Escape— key on the keyboard ‘to escape’, ‘to run away’. Cancels an action, goes back, closes a window.
Escape sequence is a set of notations that display the characters reserved to represent elements of HTML code.
Ethernet- a standard for organizing local area networks (LANs), described in the specifications of the IEEE and other organizations. IEEE 802.3. Ethernet uses a 10 Mbps bandwidth and a CSMA/CD media access method. The most popular implementation of Ethernet is 10Base-T. A development of Ethernet technology is Fast Ethernet (100 Mbit/s).

FidoNet- a non-commercial postal network using a line-switched communication algorithm (see FIDO).
Firewall— watch Firewall.
Flash- a technology for creating high-quality interactive animation that can be presented on a web page with a relatively small final file size (the standard was developed by Macromedia in 1996).
FPS- This is an abbreviation for the English ‘Frame Per Second’ - i.e. ‘number of frames per second’. Most often this abbreviation is used when talking about games. The higher the FPS, the better.
FTP— File Transfer Protocol, protocol for transferring files over the network. There are thousands of places on the Internet that support this method. Sometimes the only way to have a file is to use the FTP protocol (see Protocol).
FTP client is an application designed to upload files to a remote server using the FTP protocol (see FTP).

GIF— Graphic Interchange Format, a graphic format that uses the LZW lossy data compression algorithm and operates with an indexed color table. Mainly used for displaying business graphics (see LZW).
GIF animation- one of the ways to present moving images on the Internet.
GSM— Global System for Mobile Communication, global systems for mobile communications(GSM) GSM. Digital standard for mobile communication devices. The use of digital signal coding allows you to avoid interference and ensure confidentiality of negotiations. Among the main advantages is automatic roaming. Main disadvantages: it requires a larger number of base stations than other standards, subscriber capacity and a data transfer rate of less than 9.6 kbit/s.

HARD— computer hardware, its physical embodiment (processor, hard drive, memory).
HDD- hard disk drive, watch 'Winchester'.
Home— directory name in UNIX-compatible operating systems; used on web servers, designed to host user files.
HTML- Hyper Text Markup Language, a language used to create documents on the Internet.
HTML document- a file containing HTML code.
HTTP- Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, hypertext transfer protocol.
Hyperlink- a basic functional element of HTML documents, which represents the implementation of a dynamic connection of any object of a given web page with the contextual content of another document or file object.

IBM- International Business Machines Corporation, a computer company founded in 1924 by Herman Hollerith. Mainly produces computers and equipment, but also produces software. Producer of the chess program Deep Blue, which beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov in a series of matches. In addition, IBM came up with the principle of open architecture, when computers can be assembled like children's construction sets. IBM PC computers have become the standard for personal computers in general.
ICMP— Internet Control Message Protocol, one of the data routing protocols.
ICQ- a communication program for the Internet that allows you to exchange short messages (analogous to a pager), as well as send files, photos, etc. One of the means of communication on the Internet.
ID- see 'Identifier'.
IMHO— In my humble opinion, in my humble opinion.
Interlace— the ability of graphic files of some formats (in particular, GIF) during the loading process to be displayed on the monitor screen in the form of sequentially drawn non-adjacent lines of pixels that make up the image.
Internet Information Server- one of the implementations of http servers intended for use under the Windows NT operating system.
Internet Service Provider- a company that has a special license and provides individuals and organizations with Internet access for a fee using the resources of its own server or local network.
Internic- an organization that manages the distribution of first-level domains (see Domain, DNS).
IP— Internet Protocol (IP), a universal cross-platform standard that allows you to connect heterogeneous computers running different operating systems into a network. This protocol provides a direct connection to the Internet.
IP address— Internet host address, consists of four ten-digit identifiers or octets (one byte each), separated by a dot.
ISO— Organization for International Standardization, International Organization for Standardization.
ISO-8859-5— one of the common Cyrillic encodings (see Encoding); developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) and used primarily in UNIX-compatible operating systems.
ISDN- an international standard developed by the ITU-T committee. Allows you to transmit data, as well as digitized video images and speech, over a single digital network.

Java— a programming language that allows you to develop applications for use in web resources. The Java module is not integrated into the page that uses it, but exists as standalone application with a .class extension called 'applet'. In this case, the applet is also called from the HTML file by the corresponding command, is not loaded and launched for execution as a separate program, in the background.
JavaScript is a programming language that is an add-on to the HTML standard. Significantly expands the capabilities of a document created in this format. The module, written in JavaScript, is integrated into the HTML file as a subroutine. Called for execution from the corresponding line of HTML code standard command. May exist as a separate file.
JPEG— Join Photographic Experts Group, a graphics standard created based on the lossy image compression algorithm of the same name. Encodes the interpixel intervals of a pattern.

Keyboard- computer keyboard, main pointing device for PC
KOI8— eight-bit information exchange code, Cyrillic encoding (see Encoding), corresponding to the GOST 19768-74 standard.

LAB— a color image of an image, in which the pattern is presented in the form of three independent data arrays (channels) that determine the intensity and color content of different areas of the image.
Linux is a free implementation of an operating system based on the UNIX architecture. Developed by Linus Torvalds. Often used as the base operating system on web servers.
Lisp- an algorithmic language focused on list processing (from LISt Processing). It is a function language. A Lisp program is a recursive function of symbolic expressions, which is built from elementary functions using a conditional operator and a superposition operator. Data processing comes down to combining, dividing and regrouping information. Developed by J. McCarthy in 1960. It is widely used in programming artificial intelligence systems.
LOL- Laughing Out Loud, ‘laughing out loud’. An abbreviation used when corresponding by email (e-mail), in teleconferences (Use-net) or in chat (Chat).
LZW is a data compression algorithm used in a number of graphic formats. Developed in 1978.

Macintosh CP— Cyrillic encoding (see Encoding), intended for use on Apple Macintosh personal computers equipped with the MacOS operating system.
Mac OS- operating system for Macintosh machines.
Flash Player- a special add-on to the browser (plug-in) that allows it to display files of the Macromedia Flash standard.
MainBoard- motherboard.
META Qualifiers— header elements of HTML documents that carry service functions. They do not affect the display of web pages in the browser and cannot change their content in any way.
Microsoft CP 1251— Cyrillic encoding (see Encoding), developed by Microsoft. Is the basic coding in the operating room Microsoft system Windows.
Microsoft CP 866— an alternative DOS encoding, Cyrillic encoding (see Encoding), serves as the base encoding in the MS-DOS and OS/2 operating systems.
mp3- music file compression format. It is the most common among other music compression formats.
MS DOS- Microsoft operating system with a command line interface and a black screen. There are DOSs from other companies (for example, PTS-DOS, Dnepropetrovsk).

OSPF— Open Shortest Path First, one of the data routing protocols.

PCI— Protocol Control Information, protocol information added by the OSI entity (Seven-layer hierarchical model developed by the International Committee for Standardization (ISO) to define, specify and communicate network protocols.) to serve data modules passed down from the upper layer. This information, together with the user data, forms the Protocol Data Unit (PDU).
PERL— Practical Extraction and Report Language, one of the interpreted programming languages ​​on which CGI technology is based (see CGI).
PHP is an interpreted language similar to JavaScript. Designed to add elements of interactivity to web pages.
Ping- packet internet groper is a program used to check the availability of the recipient by sending it a special signal (ICMP echo request - ICMP response request) and waiting for a response. The term is used as a verb: ‘Ping host X to see if it is up!’
Plug&play— connection technology computer equipment to the computer itself. The literal translation is ‘plug and play’. Now used by all computer hardware manufacturers.
PNG— Portable Network Graphics, a graphics format developed in the mid-nineties and intended for presenting graphic images on the Internet.
POP3- a protocol designed for transmitting messages via email.
PPP- an improved version of a network protocol similar to SLIP (see SLIP).

Quoting— watch Quoting.

RESET- a button on the computer case that causes it to completely reboot. The so-called ‘cold boot’. There is also a warm reboot (partial), starting from some intermediate boot stage.
RGB— Red, Green, Blue, a three-color palette used to display color images on a computer screen.
R.I.P.— Routing Internet Protocol, one of the data routing protocols.
robots.txt— a file that defines the rules for indexing pages by search servers.
root account— a logical account in the server database that allows the user to work with the server computer as an administrator.
RTFM— Read The File Manual, Read the instructions...

SDH— Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, hierarchy of synchronous digital transmission (ISTS), synchronous digital hierarchy. European Standard for Fiber Optics Data Communications in Wide Area Networks - a Digital transmission hierarchy that provides a means for managing the multiplexing and access of various forms of digital traffic using a synchronous transmission format. various types environment. The format is based on the synchronous transmission transport module defined by CCITT recommendations G.703, G.709, G.798 and others. The first level in the hierarchy of synchronous digital transmission is 155.52 Mbit/s. Gradually replacing PDH plesiochronous digital hierarchy technology.
SHELL— a basic element of the operating system that determines the interpretation of user commands and actions.
SITE- an Internet resource that, unlike a server, does not have a dedicated server program. As a rule, a site is an integrated part of the server, a directory on the server computer, even though most sites have their own domain name.
SLIP— Serial Line Internet Protocol, a network protocol that allows you to use a regular telephone line and modem for direct access to the Internet. Requires special software and works in conjunction with the TCP/IP protocol as a lower-level protocol (see Protocol).
SMTP— Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, a protocol designed for transmitting messages via email.
Splash- an html document that does not contain any meaningful information and navigation elements. It is displayed first in the window when accessing the site. As a rule, splash includes the logo of the company that owns the resource, a menu for selecting an encoding, or a menu for choosing between the Russian and English versions of the site.
SQL— a query language for relational (tabular, as opposed to hierarchical and network) databases, which allows you to obtain the necessary information from the database or perform some action.
SSH— Secure Shell, a type of terminal access to a server computer using Telnet technology, characterized by a greater degree of security of the communication session (see Telnet).
SSI— Server Side Includes, a technology closely intertwined with CGI technology. Using a macro language reminiscent of C, SSI allows you to implement such features as displaying text in a document depending on previously defined conditions or according to a given algorithm, generating an HTML file from dynamically changing fragments, or embedding the result of CGI work in any part of the document HTML.
SUBJ- subject. Very often used in postal correspondence.

TCP— Transmission Control Protocol, a protocol that controls the transfer of information. Relies on the capabilities of the IP protocol.
Telnet— a mechanism for remote administrative access to the server computer.
Tip- a hint in some program, for example, in MS Office...
Traffic— flow of messages or volume of information transmitted. Typically measured in kilobytes (MB, etc.). Second value: the number of visitors to a website or any of its pages per unit of time (day, month, year). Sometimes traffic is understood not as the number of visitors, but as the number of hits per unit of time.
Trainer— watch Trainer.
Transparency— the ability of graphic files of some formats (in particular, GIF) to include a so-called alpha channel in the image, which allows you to make the background of the image transparent (see Alpha channel).

UDP— User Datagram Protocol, a data transfer protocol, is used on slow lines and implements data transmission in the form of datagrams (see Datagram).
UNIX is one of the most common server operating systems on the Internet.
Unicode— universal Cyrillic encoding. Created with the goal of combining all existing national encodings into one.
Upgrade— watch ‘Upgrade’.
Upload— the process of downloading files to a remote computer.
UPS— an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), protects the computer from failures in the electrical network and from unexpected power outages. It is a rechargeable battery, designed to operate from 10 minutes to several hours when the main (220 volt) mains voltage is turned off.
URL— Uniform Resource Locator, a form of recording the address of a particular Internet resource.
UUCP- Unix-to-Unix CoPy, data transfer protocol. Designed for exchanging files between two computers. Using this type of access, you can receive and send email and, as a variation of the latter, news from the corresponding servers. Used on computers running the UNIX operating system.

VAS- Voice Activated System, voice control: system automatic switching on any function (for example, a tape recorder to record or a radio station to transmit) at the beginning of the speaker’s phrase.
VBScript— Visual BASIC Script, one of the implementations of the Basic language, embedded in an HTML document to include interactive elements in web pages.
Vendor- a wholesale company offering goods.
VIRUS- a program that reproduces itself and thereby spreads (infects other programs and documents), assigns itself to them. Usually produces harmful actions, interferes with work, destroys, distorts data.

Web animation— watch GIF animation and Flash.
Web design— the process of creating a web page.
Webmaster- a specialist developing the content of a future Internet resource.
Web hosting— placement of web pages on the Internet on a rented disk space any server.
Windows is a very common operating system from Microsoft.
Word is a computer program from Microsoft. A very common, powerful text editor.
WWW— World Wide Web, the World Wide Web, the most saturated segment of the Internet.
WWW-alias- a short standard URL address assigned by special servers to a page or site with a longer address of the same format.
WYSIWYG— What You See Is What You Get, a class of visual HTML editors that automatically generate HTML code in parallel with the user creating a web page on the monitor screen from standard elements.
W3C— World Wide Wed Consortium, HTML standard development company.

XHTML- Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (extensible hypertext markup language), an intermediate option between the XML and HTML 4.0 standards.
XML— Extensible Markup Language (extensible markup language), a fundamentally new standard proposed in 2000 by the creator of the HTML language, the World Wide Web Consortium (see W3C).

Sooner or later, almost every modern person begins to master the computer. There is nowhere without him now. And if anyone wants to have a normal job with a decent salary, then computer literacy is one of the conditions for this. We don’t talk about young people at all, since already from school, most of them are PC users. Where should you start? The answer is simple - learn computer terms, the basis of all subsequent learning.

Presenting information is impossible without special expressions, phrases, and phrases, even when explaining it to “dummies.” And therefore you need to slowly study and memorize them. Let's look at some common computer terms as examples.

For general development, more specific computer terms are presented below.

1. Subscriber digital Internet line format, ADSL - data is transmitted up to 1 Mbit/s, received - up to 8 Mbit/s.
2. Advanced Technology Attachment, ATA - this is the name given to the bus for connecting various storage devices, such as hard drives.
3. Basic Input/Output System, BIOS - a set of programs for checking the operation of PC hardware at startup.

You shouldn’t be afraid of incomprehensible names; as you learn, computer terms will gradually become memorized, and over time you will no longer be confused by them.

Actually, all this is not a matter of one day, and in order to successfully master this task, you will need: the computer/laptop itself, a tutorial on how to use it, and the Internet. Unless, of course, you sign up for specialized courses, but continue to master the computer on your own.

Initially, it is advisable to at least read the tutorial, or even part of it, and you can start your device. After downloading, open the Help and Support section and pay attention to it. Put what you read into practice. So things will go slowly. Over time, you will notice that you no longer need to look at the prompts every time to perform some action.

As you master the computer, you can purchase more complex literature or a self-instruction CD; also, do not hesitate to ask friends or work colleagues. You can learn the basics without a device, but it will be more difficult. And remember that theory without practice is quickly forgotten.

In conclusion, I would like to note: despite the fact that the bulk of computer equipment in our country is still imported, companies producing Russian computers are gaining momentum. This could be seen at recent exhibitions in the Expocentre complex, where visitors were shown domestic personal computers, new processors, laptops, and other various electronics that run on components and software of their own production. All this is intended not only for military departments and the civilian production industry, but also for business and civilians, that is, for you and me. And, frankly, there is a lot to see. So master the computer and enjoy all the benefits of civilization!