What does the type of information mean by presentation form? Electronic newspaper_Serenkaya E.V.


Every day, every person is bombarded with a huge amount of information. We encounter new situations, objects, phenomena. Some people cope with this flow of knowledge without problems and successfully use it to their advantage. Others have difficulty remembering anything. This situation is largely explained by a person’s belonging to a certain type in terms of the way they perceive information. If it is served in a form that is inconvenient for humans, then its processing will be extremely difficult.

What is information?

The concept of “information” has an abstract meaning and its definition largely depends on the context. Translated from Latin, this word means “clarification”, “presentation”, “familiarization”. Most often, the term “information” refers to new facts that are perceived and understood by a person, and also found useful. In the process of processing this information received for the first time, people gain certain knowledge.

How is information received?

The perception of information by a person is an acquaintance with phenomena and objects through their impact on various senses. By analyzing the result of the impact of a particular object or situation on the organs of vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch, the individual receives a certain idea about them. Thus, the basis in the process of perceiving information is our five senses. In this case, a person’s past experience and previously acquired knowledge are actively involved. By referring to them, you can attribute the information received to already known phenomena or separate them from the general mass into a separate category. Methods of perceiving information are based on some processes associated with the human psyche:

  • thinking (having seen or heard an object or phenomenon, a person, starting to think, realizes what he is faced with);
  • speech (the ability to name the object of perception);
  • feelings (various types of reactions to objects of perception);
  • the will to organize the process of perception).

Presentation of information

According to this parameter, information can be divided into the following types:

  • Text. It is represented in the form of all kinds of symbols, which, when combined with each other, make it possible to obtain words, phrases, sentences in any language.
  • Numeric. This is information represented by numbers and signs that express a certain mathematical operation.
  • Sound. This is directly oral speech, thanks to which information from one person is transmitted to another, and various audio recordings.
  • Graphic. It includes diagrams, graphs, drawings and other images.

Perception and presentation of information are inextricably linked. Each person tries to choose exactly the option for presenting data that will ensure the best understanding of it.

Ways of human perception of information

A person has several such methods at his disposal. They are determined by the five senses: vision, hearing, touch, taste and smell. In this regard, there is a certain classification of information according to the method of perception:

  • visual;
  • sound;
  • tactile;
  • taste;
  • olfactory.

Visual information is perceived through the eyes. Thanks to them, various visual images enter the human brain, which are then processed there. Hearing is necessary for the perception of information coming in the form of sounds (speech, noise, music, signals). are responsible for the possibility of perception. Receptors located on the skin make it possible to estimate the temperature of the object under study, the type of its surface, and shape. Taste information enters the brain from receptors on the tongue and is converted into a signal by which a person understands what product it is: sour, sweet, bitter or salty. The sense of smell also helps us understand the world around us, allowing us to distinguish and identify all kinds of smells. Vision plays the main role in the perception of information. It accounts for about 90% of the knowledge gained. The sound way of perceiving information (radio broadcast, for example) makes up about 9%, and the other senses are responsible for only 1%.

Types of perception

The same information, obtained in any particular way, is perceived differently by each person. Someone, after reading one of the pages of a book for a minute, can easily retell its contents, while others will remember practically nothing. But if such a person reads the same text out loud, he will easily reproduce in his memory what he heard. Such differences determine the characteristics of people’s perception of information, each of which is inherent in a certain type. There are four in total:

  • Visuals.
  • Auditory learners.
  • Kinesthetics.
  • Discrete.

It is often very important to know what type of information perception is dominant for a person and how it is characterized. This significantly improves mutual understanding between people and makes it possible to convey the necessary information to your interlocutor as quickly and completely as possible.

Visuals

These are people for whom vision is the main sense organ in the process of learning about the world around them and perceiving information. They remember new material well if they see it in the form of text, pictures, diagrams and graphs. In the speech of visual learners, there are often words that are in one way or another connected with the characteristics of objects by their external features, the function of vision itself (“let’s see”, “light”, “bright”, “will be visible”, “it seems to me”). Such people usually speak loudly, quickly, and gesticulate actively. Visual people pay great attention to their appearance and surrounding environment.

Audials

For auditory learners, it is much easier to learn something that they have heard once, rather than seen a hundred times. The peculiarities of such people’s perception of information lie in their ability to listen and remember well what is said, both in a conversation with colleagues or relatives, and at a lecture at an institute or at a work seminar. Auditory learners have a large vocabulary and are pleasant to communicate with. Such people know how to perfectly convince their interlocutor in a conversation with him. They prefer quiet activities to active pastimes; they like to listen to music.

Kinesthetics

Touch, smell and taste play an important role in the process of kinesthetic perception of information. They strive to touch, feel, taste an object. Motor activity is also significant for kinesthetic learners. In the speech of such people there are often words that describe sensations (“soft”, “according to my feelings”, “grab”). A kinesthetic child needs physical contact with loved ones. Hugs and kisses, comfortable clothes, a soft and clean bed are important to him.

Discrete

The ways of perceiving information are directly related to the human senses. The majority of people use vision, hearing, touch, smell and taste. However, types of information perception include those that are primarily associated with thinking. People who perceive the world around them in this way are called discretes. There are quite a few of them, and they are found only among adults, since logic is not sufficiently developed in children. At a young age, the main ways of perceiving information in discretes are visual and auditory. And only with age do they begin to actively think about what they saw and heard, while discovering new knowledge for themselves.

Type of perception and learning ability

The ways people perceive information largely determine the form of learning that will be most effective for them. Of course, there are no people who would receive new knowledge entirely with the help of one sense organ or a group of them, for example, touch and smell. All of them act as means of perceiving information. However, knowing which sense organs are dominant in a particular person allows others to quickly convey the necessary information to him, and allows the person himself to effectively organize the process of self-education.

Visual learners, for example, need to present all new information in a readable form, in pictures and diagrams. In this case, they remember it much better. Visual people usually excel in the exact sciences. Even in childhood, they are excellent at putting together puzzles, know many geometric shapes, are good at drawing, sketching, and building with cubes or construction sets.

Auditory learners, on the contrary, more easily perceive information received from it. This could be a conversation with someone, a lecture, an audio recording. When teaching a foreign language for auditory learners, audio courses are preferable to a printed tutorial. If you still need to remember the written text, it is better to speak it out loud.

Kinesthetic learners are very mobile. They find it difficult to concentrate on anything for long periods of time. Such people find it difficult to learn material learned at a lecture or from a textbook. The memorization process will go faster if kinesthetic learners learn to connect theory and practice. It is easier for them to learn sciences such as physics, chemistry, biology, in which a specific scientific term or law can be represented as the result of an experiment carried out in a laboratory.

Discrete people take a little longer than other people to take new information into account. They must first comprehend it and relate it to their past experience. Such people can, for example, record a teacher’s lecture on a dictaphone and subsequently listen to it a second time. Among the discretes there are many people of science, since rationality and logic are above all else for them. Therefore, in the process of studying, they will be closest to those subjects in which accuracy determines the perception of information - computer science, for example.

Role in communication

The types of information perception also influence how you communicate with him so that he listens to you. For visual learners, the appearance of the interlocutor is very important. The slightest carelessness in clothing can turn him off, after which it will not matter at all what he says. When talking with a visual person, you need to pay attention to your facial expressions, speak quickly using gestures, and support the conversation with schematic drawings.

In a conversation with an auditory learner, there should be words that are close to him (“listen to me”, “sounds tempting”, “this says a lot”). The perception of information by an auditory person depends largely on how the interlocutor speaks. should be calm and pleasant. It is better to postpone an important conversation with an auditory person if you have a severe cold. Such people also cannot tolerate shrill notes in their voices.

Negotiations with a kinesthetic person should be carried out in a room with a comfortable air temperature and a pleasant smell. Such people sometimes need to touch the interlocutor, so they better understand what they heard or saw. You shouldn’t expect a kinesthetic learner to make a quick decision immediately after the conversation. He needs time to listen to his feelings and understand that he is doing everything right.

Dialogue with discrete people must be built on the principle of rationality. It is best to operate with strict rules. For discrete data, the language of numbers is more understandable.

Form of information presentation A computer that helps a person store and process information is primarily adapted for processing text, numeric, and graphic information. Let us consider only those types of information that are “understood” by technical devices (in particular, a computer).

Text information, for example, a text in a textbook, an essay in a notebook, a line from an actor in a play, a weather forecast broadcast on the radio. Note that in oral communication (personal conversation, telephone conversation, radio broadcast of a play) information can only be presented in verbal, text form.

Numerical information, for example, the multiplication table, an arithmetic example, the score in a hockey match, the time of train arrival, etc. Numerical information is rarely found in its pure form, except on math tests. Most often, a combined form of information presentation is used.

Let's look at an example. You received a telegram: “Meet the twelfth. The train arrives at eight in the evening." In this text, we understand the words “twelfth” and “eight” as numbers, although they are expressed in words.

Graphic information: drawings, diagrams, drawings, photographs. This form of information presentation is the most accessible, since it immediately conveys the necessary image (model), while verbal and numerical forms require mental reconstruction of the image. At the same time, the graphical form of presentation does not provide comprehensive explanations of the information being transmitted. Therefore, a combination of text, numbers and graphics is most effective. For example, when solving problems in geometry, we use a drawing (graphics + explanatory text (text) + numerical calculations (numbers).

Musical (sound) information. Currently, the multimedia (multimedia, combined) form of information presentation in computer technology is becoming the main one. Color graphics are combined in these systems with sound and text, with moving video images and three-dimensional images.

There are two forms of information presentation - continuous and discrete. Since signals are carriers of information, physical processes of various natures can be used as the latter. For example, the process of electric current flowing in a circuit, the process of mechanical movement of a body, the process of light propagation, etc. Information is represented (reflected) by the value of one or more parameters of a physical process (signal), or a combination of several parameters.

A signal is called continuous if its parameter, within specified limits, can take on any intermediate values. A signal is called discrete if its parameter, within specified limits, can take on individual fixed values. It is necessary to distinguish between the continuity or discreteness of the signal in terms of level and time. a) continuous signal in level and time; b) signal Hdn, discrete in level and continuous in time; c) continuous in level and discrete in time signal HND; d) signal Hdd, discrete in level and time.

Main types of information

According to its form of representation, methods of encoding and storing it, what is of greatest importance for computer science is:

graphic or pictorial - the first type for which a method of storing information about the surrounding world was implemented in the form of rock paintings, and later in the form of paintings, photographs, diagrams, drawings on paper, canvas, marble and other materials depicting pictures of the real world;

sound - the world around us is full of sounds and the problem of storing and replicating them was solved with the invention of sound recording devices in 1877; its type is musical information - for this type, a coding method using special characters was invented, which makes it possible to store it similarly to graphic information;

text - a method of encoding human speech with special symbols - letters, and different nations have different languages ​​and use different sets of letters to display speech; This method became especially important after the invention of paper and printing;

numerical - a quantitative measure of objects and their properties in the surrounding world; acquired especially great importance with the development of trade, economics and monetary exchange; similar to text information, to display it, the method of encoding with special symbols - numbers is used, and the encoding (numeral) systems can be different;

video information is a way of preserving “living” pictures of the surrounding world, which appeared with the invention of cinema.

There are also types of information for which methods for encoding and storing them have not yet been invented - this is tactile information transmitted by sensations, organoleptic information transmitted by smells and tastes, etc.

To transmit information over long distances, coded light signals were initially used, with the invention of electricity - transmission of a signal encoded in a certain way through wires, and later using radio waves.

Claude Shannon is considered the creator of general information theory and the founder of digital communications. He became famous worldwide for his fundamental work of 1948, A Mathematical Theory of Communication, which for the first time substantiated the possibility of using binary code to transmit information.

With the advent of computers (or, as they were initially called in our country, computers - electronic computers), a means for processing numerical information first appeared. However, later, especially after the widespread use of personal computers (PCs), computers began to be used for storing, processing, transmitting and retrieving text, numeric, visual, sound and video information. Since the advent of the first personal computers - PCs (80s of the 20th century) - up to 80% of their working time is devoted to working with text information.

When using computers, information is stored on magnetic disks or tapes, on laser disks (CD and DVD), and special non-volatile memory devices (flash memory, etc.). These methods are constantly being improved, new devices and storage media are being invented. Information processing (reproduction, conversion, transmission, recording to external media) is performed by the computer processor. Using a computer, it is possible to create and store new information of any kind, for which special programs used on computers and information input devices are used.

Currently, a special type of information can be considered information presented on the global Internet. It uses special techniques for storing, processing, retrieving and transmitting large volumes of distributed information and special ways of working with various types of information. Software is constantly being improved to ensure collective work with information of all types.

Information concept

In concept "information"(from lat. informatio- information, explanation, presentation) has a different meaning according to the industry where this concept is considered: in science, technology, ordinary life, etc. Typically, information means any data or information that interests someone (a message about any events, about someone’s activities, etc.).

In the literature you can find a large number of definitions of the term "information", which reflect different approaches to its interpretation:

Definition 1

  • Information– information (messages, data) regardless of the form of their presentation (“Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated July 27, 2006, No. $149$-FZ On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection”);
  • Information– information about the surrounding world and the processes occurring in it, perceived by a person or a special device (Ozhegov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language).

When talking about computer data processing, information is understood as a certain sequence of symbols or signs (letters, numbers, encoded graphic images and sounds, etc.), which carries a semantic load and is presented in a form understandable to a computer.

In computer science, the following definition of this term is most often used:

Definition 2

Information– this is conscious information (knowledge expressed in signals, messages, news, notifications, etc.) about the world around us, which is the object of storage, transformation, transmission and use.

The same information message (magazine article, advertisement, story, letter, certificate, photograph, television program, etc.) can carry different amounts and contents of information for different people, depending on their accumulated knowledge and the level of accessibility of this message and on the level of interest in it. For example, news written in Chinese does not convey any information to a person who does not know this language, but may be useful to a person who knows Chinese. News presented in a familiar language will not contain any new information if its content is unclear or already known.

Information is considered as a characteristic not of a message, but of the relationship between the message and its recipient.

Types of information

Information can exist in different types:

  • text, drawings, drawings, photographs;
  • light or sound signals;
  • radio waves;
  • electrical and nerve impulses;
  • magnetic recordings;
  • gestures and facial expressions;
  • smells and taste sensations;
  • chromosomes through which the characteristics and properties of organisms are inherited, etc.

Distinguish main types of information, which are classified according to its form of representation, methods of encoding and storage:

  • graphic- one of the oldest types, with the help of which information about the surrounding world was stored in the form of rock paintings, and then in the form of paintings, photographs, diagrams, drawings on various materials (paper, canvas, marble, etc.), which depict pictures of the real world;
  • sound(acoustic) - to store sound information, a sound recording device was invented in $1877, and for musical information, an encoding method was developed using special characters, which makes it possible to store it as graphic information;
  • text– encodes a person’s speech using special symbols – letters (different for each nation); paper is used for storage (writing in notebooks, printing, etc.);
  • numeric– encodes the quantitative measure of objects and their properties in the surrounding world using special symbols - numbers (each coding system has its own); became especially important with the development of trade, economics and monetary exchange;
  • video information- a method of storing “living” pictures of the surrounding world, which appeared with the invention of cinema.

There are also types of information for which encoding and storage methods have not yet been invented - tactile information, organoleptic and etc.

Initially, information was transmitted over long distances using coded light signals, after the invention of electricity - transmitting a signal encoded in a certain way through wires, and later using radio waves.

Note 1

Claude Shannon is considered the founder of the general theory of information, who also laid the foundation for digital communications by writing the book “Mathematical Theory of Communications” in 1948, in which he first substantiated the possibility of using binary code to transmit information.

The first computers were a means for processing numerical information. With the development of computer technology, PCs began to be used for storing, processing, and transmitting various types of information (text, numeric, graphic, sound and video information).

You can store information using a PC on magnetic disks or tapes, on laser disks (CD and DVD), and special non-volatile memory devices (flash memory, etc.). These methods are constantly being improved, and information carriers are also being invented. All actions with information are performed by the PC's central processor.

Objects, processes, phenomena of the material or immaterial world, if considered from the point of view of their information properties, are called information objects.

A huge number of different information processes can be performed on information, including:

  • Creation;
  • reception;
  • combination;
  • storage;
  • broadcast;
  • copying;
  • treatment;
  • search;
  • perception;
  • formalization;
  • division into parts;
  • measurement;
  • usage;
  • spreading;
  • simplification;
  • destruction;
  • memorization;
  • transformation;

Information properties

Information, like any object, has properties, the most important among which, from the point of view of computer science, are:

  • Objectivity. Objective information – existing independently of human consciousness, methods of recording it, someone’s opinion or attitude.
  • Credibility. Information reflecting the true state of affairs is reliable. Inaccurate information most often leads to misunderstandings or wrong decisions. Obsolescence of information can turn reliable information into unreliable information, because it will no longer reflect the true state of affairs.
  • Completeness. Information is complete if it is sufficient for understanding and decision-making. Incomplete or redundant information can lead to a delay in decision making or an error.
  • Accuracy of information – the degree of its proximity to the real state of an object, process, phenomenon, etc.
  • The value of information depends on its importance for decision making, problem solving and further applicability in any type of human activity.
  • Relevance. Only timely receipt of information can lead to the expected result.
  • Clarity. If valuable and timely information is not clearly expressed, it will likely become useless. Information will be understandable when it is, at a minimum, expressed in language that the recipient can understand.
  • Availability. Information must correspond to the level of perception of the recipient. For example, the same questions are presented differently in textbooks for school and university.
  • Brevity. Information is perceived much better if it is presented not in detail and verbosely, but with an acceptable degree of conciseness, without unnecessary details. Conciseness of information is indispensable in reference books, encyclopedias, and instructions. Logicality, compactness, convenient form of presentation facilitates understanding and assimilation of information.

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Types of information

It is pointless to talk about information in general, and not in relation to any specific type (genus, type, class).

What types or kinds of information can be distinguished?

Firstly, according to the way information is perceived .

Humans have five senses:

    vision; with the help of their eyes, people distinguish colors and perceive visual information, which includes textual, numerical, and graphic information;

    hearing; ears help to perceive sound information - speech, music, sound signals, noise;

    sense of smell; with the help of the nose, people receive information about the smells of the surrounding world;

    taste; taste buds of the tongue make it possible to obtain information about what an object tastes like - bitter, sour, sweet, salty;

    touch; With your fingertips (or just your skin), by touch you can get information about the temperature of an object - whether it is hot or cold, about the quality of its surface - smooth or rough.

A person receives information about the outside world through his senses. Almost 90% of information a person receives through the organs of vision (visual), about 9% through the organs of hearing (auditory) and only 1% through the other senses (smell, taste, touch). It should be noted that human sense organs are called analyzers, since it is through these organs that information enters the brain. But, for example, for a fox, a dog and many other animals, the main information is that which comes through the nose. They have a well-developed sense of smell. For bats, the main information is sound; they perceive it with their large, sensitive ears.

A computer that helps a person store and process information is primarily adapted for processing textual, numeric, and graphic information.

Secondly, according to the form of information presentation .

Most often when working with computers, symbolic, text, graphic and audio information is encountered, because a person works with a computer, and these forms of information presentation are the most important for him.

Character information is based on the use of symbols: letters, signs, etc. It is the simplest, and in practice it is used to transmit simple signals about various events.

    For example, a green traffic light indicates that the movement of people and vehicles in certain directions is allowed, while a red signal prohibits it. Road signs are also symbolic information.

Text information, for example, a text in a textbook, an essay in a notebook, a line from an actor in a play, a weather forecast broadcast on the radio. Note that in oral communication (personal conversation, telephone conversation, radio broadcast of a play) information can only be presented in verbal, text form. Numerical information, such as the multiplication table, arithmetic example, score in a hockey game, train arrival time, etc. Numerical information is rarely found in its pure form, except on math tests. Most often, a combined form of information presentation is used.

    For example, you received a telegram: “Meet the twelfth. The train arrives at eight in the evening.” In this text, we understand the words “twelfth” and “eight” as numbers, although they are expressed in words.

Graphic information: drawings, diagrams, drawings, photographs. This form of information presentation is the most accessible, since it immediately conveys the necessary image (model), while verbal and numerical forms require mental reconstruction of the image. At the same time, the graphical form of presentation does not provide comprehensive explanations of the information being transmitted. Therefore, a combination of text, numbers and graphics is most effective.

    For example, when solving problems in geometry, we use a drawing (graphics) + explanatory text (text) + numerical calculations (numbers).

Musical (sound) information.

Currently, the multimedia (multimedia, combined) form of information presentation in computer technology is becoming the main one. Color graphics are combined in these systems with sound and text, with moving video images and three-dimensional images.

Third, according to the social significance of information.

The information may be:

    personal – this is knowledge, experience, intuition, skills, emotions, heredity of a particular person;

    public – socio-political, popular science, i.e. what we get from the media. In addition, this is the experience of all humanity, historical, cultural and national traditions, etc.;

    ordinary - the one that we exchange in the process of communication;

    aesthetic – fine arts, music, theater, etc.;

    special – scientific, production, technical, managerial.

Information properties

Any substance can be characterized by its properties, for example, solid, liquid, red, etc. Information also has properties, although they are not as visual as the properties of matter.

When considering information, we can highlight such properties as objectivity, reliability, completeness, relevance, value and clarity (intelligibility).

Information is a reflection of the external world, and it exists independently of our consciousness and desire. Therefore, as a property of information we can distinguish it objectivity. Information is objective if it does not depend on anyone’s opinion or judgment.

    Example. The message “It’s warm outside” carries subjective information, and the message “It’s 220C outside” carries objective information (if the thermometer is working).

Objective information can be obtained using working sensors and measuring instruments. But, reflected in the consciousness of a particular person, information ceases to be objective, because transformed (to a greater or lesser extent) depending on the opinion, judgment, experience, knowledge or “harmfulness” of a particular subject.

They say that information reliable, if it reflects the true state of affairs.

Objective information is always reliable, but reliable information can be both objective and subjective.

Reliable information helps us make the right decision.

Information may be inaccurate for the following reasons:

    Intentional distortion (disinformation);

    Distortion due to interference (“damaged phone”);

    When the significance of a real fact is downplayed or exaggerated (rumors, fishing stories).

Information can be called full, if it is sufficient for understanding and making a decision.

    For example, a historian’s dream is to have complete information about past eras. But historical information is never complete, and the completeness of information decreases as the historical era moves away from us. Even events that took place before our eyes are not fully documented, much is forgotten, and memories are distorted.

Incomplete information may lead to an erroneous conclusion or decision. It’s not for nothing that the Russian proverb says: “The half-educated is worse than the uneducated.”

Relevance (timeliness) of information– importance, significance for the present time. Only timely information received can bring the necessary benefits. Information may be outdated for two reasons: it may be outdated (last year's newspaper) or insignificant, unnecessary (for example, a message that prices in Italy have been reduced by 5%).

Usefulness or uselessness (value) of information. Since there is no boundary between these concepts, we should talk about the degree of usefulness in relation to the needs of specific people. The usefulness of information is assessed by the tasks that we can solve with its help.

The most valuable information for us is quite useful, complete, objective, reliable and new. At the same time, let us take into account that a small percentage of useless information even helps, allowing you to rest on uninformative sections of the text. And the most complete, most reliable information cannot be new.

From a technical point of view, it makes no sense to consider the property of utility, since a person sets tasks for the machine.

Clarity information is characterized by the degree of accessibility for understanding. Expressing valuable or relevant information in words we don't understand or in a language we don't know can be useful. Information is understandable if it is expressed in a language understandable to the recipient.


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