What is a layout? Hierarchy of elements and initial positions. Page layout using CSS frameworks

Good day, dear guests of my educational blog and loyal subscribers. In the current publication, I want to tell you what cross-browser layout means.

That is why I will define this term and describe in detail what it is, explain why the problem occurs different display of the same site in html and css and I will give some useful tips. Let's start debriefing!

Crossbrowser, show your face!

All of you know the English name for the term "cross-browser": cross-browser. Literally translated, this means: "working in all browsers." This is essentially the main goal of cross-browser compatibility was named: to promote an identical display in any existing browser.

This means that no matter which browser you open the service in, its styling should not change.

Why is everyone so problematic?

In IT, this philosophical question can be answered. And it's actually very simple. In our time, technology is developing at a breakneck pace, and therefore, every year browser extensions, updates, support for new features of web languages ​​are introduced, and obsolete functions and methods are excluded accordingly.

All this contributes to different browsers work differently with some software solutions, may not display them correctly or may not support working with them at all.

From this it emerges that new versions of browsers support many recently released optimizations of languages ​​​​and libraries, while the earlier ones do not understand what the developer wants from them at all.

Second problem incorrect display objects on web service pages can become browser standard values. So, in every product, be it Safari, or others, some default values ​​are set for most properties and attributes. As an example, we can name different indents from the edge of the screen for the body tag.

And the third problem can be attributed in some way to the negligence of the developers themselves. What do I mean by this? Just non-compliance with the standardized rules that were established by the W3C special organization (the official website is located at https://www.w3.org).

This consortium develops common standards in the field of web development, thanks to which compatibility between different software products is achieved.

Recipes for dealing with display identity issues

Having become acquainted with the main “stumbling blocks” on the way to cross-browser compatibility, you probably asked yourself the question: “How then can you make a site that functions in all browsers the same way?”. To answer this question, I decided to list basic solutions and helpful tips in order.

In fact, much more could be written on this subject. But I think that it is worth stopping at this point of useful recipes, since about important points I told you.

Note that it is impossible to learn cross-browser layout at one time. It is worth practicing and trying new solutions during the implementation of new projects. Therefore, deepen your knowledge through books, watch courses related to this type of layout and the basics of usability, read useful articles.

Sincerely, Roman Chueshov

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Layout has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantage over mockups is that you don't have to code the future site. The makers have already taken care of this. However, the advantage of being able to choose any platform for development at the same time is also a small disadvantage. By at least for newbies. The fact is that when using layout, you still have to have certain knowledge in the field of web development in order to pull the template on the right platform and make the site work well. Do without a specialist this case quite problematic. Therefore, if you need something simpler, it is better to turn to full-fledged templates for professional CMS. For example, or.

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This is a separate topic that did not fit into any category in our review. However, it's cool because it allows you to create a video site with views and ads. High download speed and user friendly interface.

Artyom is the author of numerous reviews and articles on the website of the project website "Web Lab of Success", dedicated to templates, plugins, courses and other topics of the site. Expert in the selection of templates and plugins for WordPress platforms etc. Hobbies: reading interesting literature and active rest.

The layout of illustrations can be roughly divided into seven different types:

1. open layout,
2. closed,
3. deaf,
4. strip,
5. with access to the fields,
6. marginal layout,
7. edging.

All these types of layout are schematically shown in the figure.

At open layout the drawing is placed to the edge of the strip, to two or three margins of the page. With a closed layout, the drawing is placed among the text, with two or one of its sides to the side margins. With blind imposition, the drawing is placed among the text. According to Hessen, the layout is also called "deaf" in the case when the drawing is closed on three sides, and on one side it touches the top or bottom margin.

With an open layout, the cliché is folded or given without a frill; when closed, it is also robbed or given without a frill; in case of deaf imposition, the cliché is necessarily robbed.

In addition to the types of layout listed above, there is another option: the text is placed inside the picture.

In some cases (for example, when making up color books for young children), the main object of construction is a drawing that occupies a significant part of the page. The text only complements the drawing and is arranged depending on it. This type of layout is also found in early printed books.

From the visual side, open layout is beneficial. Here, the drawings, due to the contrast with the white color of the fields, become more expressive. In addition, the text is not divided into passages above and below a figure or between two or three figures.

With an open layout, the drawing should, as a rule, have a clear rectangular shape, otherwise it will violate the squareness of the strip, creating potholes in it. For open layout, therefore, tone clichés are more suitable. Some way out of the situation with open layout of line clichés is the use of frames from rulers. However, this technique greatly complicates the work of both the typesetter and the printer. At the same time, when framing, in most cases, an exact, without a gap, junction of the rulers is not obtained. It is more expedient to make a frame directly on the drawing before cliching.

The absolute squareness of the strip is, of course, not a mandatory rule. Sometimes it is useful to break the stripe rectangle depending on the subject of the image. There are cases when the deliberate destruction of the stripe rectangle is a special design technique. And sometimes the violation of the squareness of the strip increases the readability of the text.

Open layout is associated with some technical difficulties. It is necessary to release the facet beyond the strip not only in width, but also in height. If at the same time the footer or column figure is slightly repulsed from the text, then you have to cut off the facet. When printing, this may cause the zinc plate to come off the last. When lining the form, the facet released beyond the strip also creates some inconvenience. However, this cannot in any way be a decisive consideration when choosing the type of layout.

Closed layout is the most common. With it, you don’t have to take special care either about a certain scale of the drawing (as with an open layout), or about its outlines: all the potholes in the outline are hidden by frill lines.

With a closed layout, a picture can be placed anywhere on the strip, while with an open layout, it can only be placed at the top or bottom.

Blind layout is convenient if you want to isolate the picture from the text. This isolation is created by the fact that the figure is located, as it were, on a rectangle selected among the text, especially if a sufficiently large padding is given around the figure. Blind layout is allowed only when typing in two columns. With one column, the perception of the text is extremely difficult both when reading through a drawing and column by column.

Layout with access to the margins is far from suitable for every type of literature. In a scientific or educational book, it will not always be appropriate. Its scope is magazines and fiction. From the visual side, this type of layout has a number of advantages. It makes it possible to obtain a larger image scale, i.e., it is better to reveal the pattern. The output of the picture on one field is suitable only for an asymmetric design scheme as a whole.

The exit to the fields should be quite noticeable. It is impossible, for example, to release a cliché for 10-12 p.

The use of layout with access to margins always requires careful preliminary layout of spreads. The graphic material should also be carefully calculated for bleed layout. Very often, the expressiveness of bleeded drawings is reduced because they do not reach the edge of the strip, forming a white border.

FROM technical side imposition with access to margins and bleed creates great difficulties when lining in the car.

Layout of drawings in the margins is possible only with large margins. This type of layout is used in fiction, especially in literature for children, where it provides ample opportunities in terms of incidental illustration of the text. Figures must be given in sufficient quantity and distributed evenly throughout the book, otherwise this type of layout is uneconomical.

In strip layout, the drawing is usually equal to the format of the strip. Drawings with a massive color load are best given a slightly smaller format, otherwise they will appear larger than the adjacent stripe. With large margins, there may be cases when the strip illustration will be larger than the strip format. With a strip illustration, you should strictly calculate the space required for captions to the figure.

Pictures that are actually equal to the width of the strip may seem out of proportion, especially if they are massive in color spot or dynamic in the nature of the image. Therefore, when clichéd, they are often given somewhat less than the actual format.

Sometimes a drawing is placed on a separate page even if it is much smaller than the full format. This is not economical, but it can increase the expressiveness of the drawing, freeing it from the influence of text and other elements of the book and making it possible to use the best way interaction of white and black colors (paper and drawing).

The choice of one or another type of layout is prompted by the entire system of book design. The design, as we have repeatedly emphasized, is determined by the content of the book and its type. They should be the basis for choosing a compositional layout scheme.

Website layout is the process of combining HTML code and CSS tables based on the previously selected design solution. The first sign of quality end result is the correct display of the resource as in all popular browsers, and on .

It makes no sense to remind you that a successful web project is characterized by stable operation and constant access to its content. This can only be achieved if the HTML layout is:

Crossbrowser;
- adaptive;
- contain minimal amount code;
- promote high speed downloading web pages;
- be based on the use of HTML tags solely according to their purpose (the sequence and hierarchy of the system for introducing elements is also considered an essential requirement);
- valid (compliance of the site code with generally accepted technical standards W3C).

Kinds

Now let's start looking at the types of HTML layout.

1. Static (fixed) layout. The specifics of the application is different in that the width of the web pages will be identical during the operation of the site as on mobile gadget as well as on a desktop PC. In the case when the monitor resolution is large, and the Internet browser window is expanded to full screen, then on both sides you can observe free (non-functional) space. As for portable devices, with static layout, the user sees a scroll bar at the bottom of the page.

2. The rubber type of HTML-layout implies filling the entire screen of the device with the page. And here it doesn't of great importance where exactly you are viewing the content. The initial page parameters (size, for example) also do not affect anything. Because web elements take up everything free space, the process of developing a convenient design is much more complicated.

3. Tabular layout includes the creation of HTML code by forming a set of tables. It looks something like this: first, the main table is produced, in which there are many cells. They host the following package of tables (if needed). And so on ad infinitum. As a result, the code turns out to be quite voluminous, its subsequent correction, change by the webmaster is difficult.

Tabular HTML-layout in our time, as a rule, is rarely used. The main disadvantage is the slow indexing of the site by search engines. In principle, several tables are allowed on the page, but we would not recommend using them as part of building the structure of the components of a web project.

4. Layout with web blocks (or div layout). It is believed that this is the most common way to design websites today. The grid is formed by tags