What are means of manipulation in computer science. Manipulators


Manipulators are special devices that are used to conveniently control the cursor.

The first mouse appeared in 1963 at Stanford University.

*Mice are divided into:

Mechanical (the ball moves, and this rotation is monitored by mechanical sensors).

Optomechanical (when you move the mouse, the ball rotates inside and the rotation is tracked by optical sensors).

Optical (its movement is monitored by optical sensors).

By connection method:

Wired

Wireless

*mice with many buttons – up to 40

*trackball (upside down mouse)

*touch pad – a touch pad that can be moved with a finger or a special stick.

*penmouse – pen on the screen.

*Mouse point – push-button system (like on a mobile phone). Pressing a button in one direction or another corresponds to a similar movement of the cursor on the screen.

*Joystick is usually a rod-handle, the deviation of which from the vertical position leads to the movement of the cursor in the corresponding direction on the monitor screen. Often used in computer games. Some models have a pressure sensor mounted in the joystick. In this case, the harder the user presses the handle, the faster the cursor moves across the display screen.

*Digitizer (Graphics Tablet) - a device for converting finished images (drawings, maps) into digital form. It consists of a flat panel - a tablet, located on the table, and a special tool - a pen, with which the position on the tablet is indicated. When you move the pen across the tablet, its coordinates are recorded at nearby points, which are then converted in the computer into the required units of measurement.

Main characteristics of the mouse
is resolution, measured in dots per inch (dpi). Normal
A mouse that provides a resolution of 300-400 dpi is considered.

The main category in the characteristics of manipulators and keyboards really turns out to be ergonomics. Ergonomic modern mice provide the most comfortable work. They differ from the usual easy mouse not only in design, but also in additional functions that speed up and facilitate work on networks, with graphics, and with large packages of documents. In addition, when buying a mouse, you need to try it on, your hand should like it. If the mouse is the right size, you won’t have to hold your hand up, which means your wrist won’t hurt and your productivity will increase.
Manufacturers today offer simply a huge number of different mouse models. A simple regular mouse with three buttons (for example, Easy mouse, Pilot mouse) is the most common among users, the cheapest among all. Scroll mouse: The scroll mouse is a more complex type that is becoming increasingly popular. Scrolling - scroll wheel or switch key - allows you to quickly view documents and work on the network (Net mouse). There are models with two wheels that provide vertical and horizontal scrolling. Optical mouse - another option, this is an optical mouse with a mouse pad on which special markings are applied. It moves quickly and smoothly, and at the same time has a very high accuracy of hitting the right place on the screen, which has gained the love of designers.
If you are tired of the tail trailing behind the mouse, you can purchase a wireless pointing device. The only drawback of tailless mice is that since nothing holds them up, they often fall off the table.
It is also necessary to mention the additional buttons on modern mice. Such buttons are usually located on the side, perform the function of a window button in Windows (Alt+Tab) or are user-programmable.

The next type of manipulators is trackballs. Outwardly resembling an inverted mouse, they differ from it in high accuracy and ergonomics. Controlling the ball directly does not require movement on the mat. Of course, a more convenient manipulator than a regular mouse. Some manipulators combine the functions of a trackball and a mouse and have many buttons, levers, etc. These are more expensive models, highly valued by professionals.

Articles to read:

Belt conveyors general design purpose types main characteristics

Let's divide the computer parts into four main groups:

  • 1. System unit;
  • 2. Peripheral devices.
  • 3. Means of manipulation;
  • 4. Display media;

System unit, the main part of the computer where all computing processes take place. The system unit is quite complex and consists of various components. We'll look at these components later.

Manipulation means: keyboard, mouse, game joystick. All those devices with the help of which we “tell” the computer what to do, what computing processes to run at the moment.

Display media is, first of all, a monitor. All information about the operation of the computer is displayed on the monitor. The monitor allows you to track what is happening on the computer at a given time, what computing process the computer is busy with.

Peripheral devices are devices that are structurally separated from the system unit. Devices that have their own control and operate according to commands from the system unit. Serve for external data processing. Peripheral devices include printers, scanners, modems, and external storage devices.

System unit device:

The motherboard is the main part of the system unit to which all devices of the system unit are connected. Through the motherboard, the devices of the system unit communicate with each other, exchange information, and supply electricity. The faster the buses (device communication channels) of the motherboard, the faster the devices communicate with each other, the faster the computer works.

The processor is the brain of the system unit, performs logical operations. The speed of the computer and its entire architecture largely depend on its speed and frequency.

RAM is memory for temporary storage of data in a computer, used only when the computer is running. The speed of the computer depends on the amount and speed of RAM.

Hard drive - serves for long-term storage of information; it contains programs necessary for the computer to operate (Windows, Office, Internet Explorer.) and user files (Mail files, if an email client is used, videos, music, pictures.).

A video card is a board inside the system unit, designed to connect the system unit and the monitor, transmits the image to the monitor and takes on part of the calculations for preparing the image for the monitor. The image quality depends on the video card. The video card has its own built-in RAM and its own image processing processor. The higher the frequency of the video card processor and the more memory the video card has, the cooler (later released) games you can play on your computer.

Sound card - designed to prepare sound signals reproduced by speakers. The sound card is usually built into the motherboard, but it can also be structurally separated and connected via a bus.

Network card is a board, device, installed on the motherboard or built into it. A network card is used to connect a computer to other computers via a local network or to connect to the Internet.

CD/DVD-ROM - a device for reading/writing CDs, CDs, DVDs. These devices differ in the speed of reading or writing information, as well as the ability to read / write various media. Nowadays it is difficult to find anything on sale other than omnivorous CD-ROMs. Modern CD-ROMs are capable of reading and writing both CDs and DVDs of various capacities.

A disk drive is a device designed to read/write information on floppy disks. It is rarely installed in modern computers. A card reader is installed in place of disk drives in modern computers.

Card reader is a device for reading/writing information on memory cards. Card readers differ in speed characteristics of reading / writing information. Card readers can be built into the system unit or structurally independent, connected to the system unit via a USB port.

Computer ports are connectors on the system unit designed to connect peripheral devices, manipulator devices and display devices. We won’t talk about the connectors in detail, we’ll just list some of them: USB, VGA, Power connector, COM port, Ethernet port, Standard audio output connector, etc.

The power supply is the unit that powers all devices inside the computer. Power supplies differ in power. The more powerful the power supply, the more devices you can connect inside the system unit.

Coolers are fans designed for air cooling. Typically, coolers are installed inside the power supply, on the processor, or on the video card. An additional cooler can be installed on the system unit to cool the entire unit.

Radiators are metal plates installed to remove heat from processors in the system unit. Radiators are usually cooled by coolers, but not always.

Basic PC peripherals:

The main peripheral devices of a computer include a printer and a scanner. A printer is designed to output information from a computer onto paper. Printers can be divided into laser and inkjet.

Inkjet printers print on paper using ink drawn from cartridges. Printers can be equipped with a different number of cartridges, it all depends on the model. Inkjet printers are usually color. There are inkjet printers that can print photos. Some photo printers can be connected to the camera/phone directly, bypassing the computer. The disadvantage of inkjet printers is that they are expensive to print; ink from paper is usually washed off with water.

Laser printers come in color and black and white. Laser printers print using a laser beam. The laser beam bakes the toner onto the paper, which falls from the cartridge onto the paper. Laser printers differ in printing speed, the number of sheets printed per minute. As a rule, laser printers are found in offices, because... They have a high printing speed and the printed sheet is not expensive in terms of cost. Like inkjet printers, laser printers have cartridges. These cartridges are filled with toner (powder).

Scanner- a device for scanning documents, photographs and even photo negatives. The most common type of scanner is flatbed. Different scanners have different scanning speeds. Scanners can also be divided by the extension they support when scanning. Some scanners have a special device installed for scanning negatives. The scanner is usually connected to the computer via a USB port.

Multifunctional devices - printer / scanner / copier (copier) in one device. Combines all of the above functions. A distinctive feature of such devices is the ability to use them as a copier, bypassing the computer. Such combined devices can be either inkjet or laser.

Manipulation means:

The keyboard and mouse are the main means of manipulating and controlling a computer. Also, the means of manipulation include various joysticks, steering wheels with pedals, steering wheels, but they are intended mainly to control the game process. It can be noted here that not all released games can correctly use or even use one or another game controller.

P.S:

I would like to draw your attention to the fact that progress does not stand still and this article will become outdated over time. But the architecture of the personal computer will not change so soon. Therefore, this text will be useful as an introductory part for studying computers in more detail.

Every day new production technologies appear in the world or old methods are improved. Scientists and engineers are struggling with new inventions. But the “bicycle” has not yet been invented.

Some very zealous opponents of the Stone Age are predicting the imminent extinction of keyboards. They motivate this by the fact that the keyboard will be replaced by speech input. Of course, it would be very nice, but there are, firstly, different languages ​​(it’s not appropriate, for example, for a Russian to speak English), and, secondly, not everyone can do without interjections like “mmm...”, “uh...”, “this is... what’s his name?...” and so on. All this creates problems in writing software, which in principle can be written, but it is difficult, and it requires a lot of resources. At this stage of development of personal computers, even the most primitive speech recognition system, the reliability of which would be sufficient to replace the keyboard, is very demanding on system resources. Therefore, it is unlikely that in the foreseeable future it will go back to the “stone age” (or, more precisely, we will come out of it), so the keyboard will remain the standard and, perhaps, the only means of entering text information for a long time. By the way, how, when the operating system has not yet been loaded, can you enter the BIOS or install this very system? Build support for speech input into the BIOS? Well, that's still a long way off.

Based on the above, you should still pay some attention to choosing a keyboard. When you go to the store for this most “non-evolving” device, pay attention to the following factors:

Ergonomics

Keyboard type

Ease of key press

Interface

Additional features

Let's start in order. It’s not for nothing that I put the ergonomics of the keyboard in first place, because, in my opinion, this is the main thing - if the keyboard is not comfortable, then it’s unlikely that a fast processor and a powerful video card will be able to correct the situation, and it’s better not to skimp on the keyboard. After all, you may have to type dozens of megabytes of text on it, and if you have worked a lot with text on a bad keyboard, you should know that the latter greatly darkens the whole picture. And many users, unfortunately, pay very little attention to this and are guided by the principle “the cheaper, the better.” And in vain. Although, on the other hand, when you play Unreal, the quality of the keys is not particularly important, but pressing good keys is still more pleasant, and it’s not all the time to play Unreal! Therefore, do not regret a few extra dollars (although I, however, have hardly met people who have “extra” dollars) and buy a good keyboard.

Ergonomics

Ergonomics can be understood as all the properties of a keyboard that are related to comfort. We will discuss only the most, in my opinion, important of them.

The location of the keys, as well as their shape, size, and so on. There are several keys that can have different shapes and sizes: BackSpase, Enter, Shift.

There are two types of BackSpase key: large or small. It is preferable, of course, to have a large one, because it is easier to hit, but the price for this is the displacement of the slash key down and, as a result, a small Enter key.

Which can also be big. But the small size is quite enough, so, in my opinion, it is better, considering that the BackSpase becomes large. True, there are keyboards that have large BackSpace and Enter, but then the right Shift is shortened, which is very bad. If the Enter key is large, then there are also two options: in the form of the letter “L”, turned in the other direction, and in the form of the letter “G”. The last option is the most inconvenient, since pressing usually occurs on the near part of the key, and with the L-configuration it is easy to hit adjacent keys.

As already mentioned, depending on the size of Enter and Backspace, the Shift (right) key may become smaller. This is extremely undesirable, because Shift is used often, especially in combination with other keys, and it is quite easy to miss it in this case. For example, to switch the keyboard layout it is easy to use the Cntrl+Shift combination, but when this Shift is small, it becomes not so convenient. True, you can use the left Shift, but two hands must be used when typing.

Therefore, choose a keyboard with large Shift and BackSpace and small Enter. A good alternative is also the following key configuration: small BackSpace, large L-shaped Enter and large Shift key. But the first option, it seems to me, is better.

There are keyboards with the so-called Eraze-Eaze configuration, in which the space bar is divided into two halves. One of them (optional) serves as the space bar, and the other serves as the BackSpace key. This was again done for convenience, but the dubiousness of the idea lies in the contradiction with the basic rule of touch typing, according to which the space bar is pressed by the free (and therefore any) hand. That is, if the last letter of a word is entered by one hand, then the subsequent space is entered by the other. Fortunately, in the case of Eraze-Eaze, you don’t have to program the halves, leaving the Space function for both. Some keyboard models may have a larger Escape. This feature can be considered a plus, because it becomes easier to get to. True, this is easy to do anyway, because Escape is always located separately.

Due to the advent of operating systems that allow you to manage power, modern keyboards usually (though not necessarily always) have three so-called sleep keys, allowing you to sleep, wake up and turn on / off the computer. Whether these keys are needed is up to you to decide, but if they are, pay attention to their location. There are three options: the keys are located next to the page keys in the bottom row, the keys are located next to the page keys in the top row, the sleep keys are located above the Break group, and the Break group is pushed down and merges with the page keys. The last option is bad because if you are used to pressing Insert (for example, Shift+Insert), then due to a change in the usual arrangement of keys, you can press PrintScreen, and an image of 3-4 megabytes or more will be pushed into the buffer (depending on resolution and color palette), and even the previous contents will be overwritten. The second arrangement is even “better” - when you click on the supposed Insert, you will actually press the power key. Therefore, the first option, in my opinion, is the best.

For those who use the great and mighty Russian language, it is important how the Russian keyboard layout is made and what color the Russian letters are printed in. The Cyrillic alphabet layout can be Russian (Russian) and Russian typewriter (Russian Typewriter). The typewritten layout, as the name suggests, repeats the keys of a typewriter. It was almost the standard until the advent of Windows, in which a new layout appeared. They are almost the same, but in Russian they were introduced small but effective improvements. For example, the almost unused letter “е” was moved to a far corner, and in its place a key was placed with the often used period and comma. In the typescript layout, they are moved to the top row and entered in upper case. Somewhat awkward that a foreign company developed a more advanced layout for us.

The Cyrillic layout, of course, depends only on the driver (Windows usually has Russian after installation, but you can change it), and you can buy stickers or simply remember the location of inappropriate inscriptions. But is it worth doing this? Therefore, choose a keyboard with a Russian layout. By the way, others are no longer produced. The color of the applied Cyrillic alphabet is also of no small importance. It’s better, of course, red, since the red color is immediately noticeable, but this is basically a matter of habit. Although preference should probably still be given to red.

Microsoft once spent almost two years developing a new type of keyboard designed for Windows 95. This keyboard was called the Natural Keyboard. In the literal translation - a natural keyboard, in the literary translation - an ergonomic one. Subsequently, this name became a household name. Natural Keyboard has vertical rows of keys oriented to the sides, corresponding to the area of ​​each hand. The user is relieved of the stress of holding his hands parallel to each other. The profile of the alphabetic part of the keyboard represents a convex arc. This eliminates the need to keep your hands parallel to the plane of the table. There is a stand for resting your hands. After looking at the Natural Keyboard, it becomes clear that previous keyboards simply inherited the conservative style of typewriters. Natural Keyboard served as an example to follow. However, manufacturers sometimes do not hesitate to call their keyboards ergonomic if they have at least one of the three considered innovations of the original Microsoft keyboard. Perhaps the only drawback of such keyboards is the space they take up. If you work a lot with text and you are not limited by space, then purchase an ergonomic keyboard. It should be noted that they are significantly more expensive than regular ones.

Later, broken keyboards appeared, allowing you to adjust the angle of rotation of the two halves. Each half has its own legs, so you can also adjust the tilt in different directions. Some went even further and came up with a keyboard generally consisting of two halves. This can be quite convenient, but you can’t put such a keyboard on your lap like a hacker.

The palm rest introduced in MS Natural Keyboard has now extended to regular keyboards. It is intended for resting the hands, and not for their working position: according to the rules, the hands should be half-bent and hanging over the keys. That's why it's called Palm Rest. However, how many people follow these rules, leaning their wrists on the table when working (I myself am one of them)? For the latter, the stand will be a significant relief, especially in the case of tall keyboards. The stand also improves the appearance, especially when done in a different color. The stands are detachable and molded. Clearly, a detachable stand is a more flexible solution that allows you to seamlessly transition to a keyboard without a stand. If the stand is detachable, then it is good that it has a fastening that allows some rotation relative to the fastening line, so that when tilting the keyboard using the legs, the stand does not bend. Choose keyboards with detachable stands. Note that the palm rest is sold separately as an accessory, so owners of keyboards without a stand can get one at any time.

The system unit contains the following elements (not necessarily all at once), which are connected to the motherboard using connectors (slots):

1. Power supply. It powers the computer.

2. A hard disk drive (HDD -- hard disk drive) is more often called a hard drive. This nickname arose from the slang name for the first model of a hard drive with a capacity of 16 KB (IBM, 1973), which had 30 tracks of 30 sectors, which coincidentally coincided with the "30/30" caliber of the famous "Winchester" hunting rifle. The capacity of this drive is usually measured in gigabytes: from 20 GB (on old computers) to several Terabytes (1 TB = 1024 GB). The most common hard drive capacity is 250-500 GB. The speed of operations depends on the rotation speed (5400-10000 rpm). Depending on the type of connection between the hard drive and the motherboard, ATA and IDE are distinguished.

3. A floppy disk drive (FDD -- floppy disk drive) is nothing more than a floppy drive for floppy disks. Their standard capacity is 1.44 MB with a diameter of 3.5" (89 mm). Magnetic disks use magnetic materials with special properties as a storage medium that allows them to record two magnetic states, each of which is assigned binary digits: 0 and 1.

4. Optical disk drives (CD-ROM) come in different diameters (3.5" and 5.25") and capacities. The most common of them are with a capacity of 700 MB. It happens that CD discs can be used for recording only once (then they are called R), and it is more profitable to use repeatedly rewritable RW discs.

5. DVD originally stood for Digital Video Disk. Despite the name, DVDs can record anything from music to data. Therefore, recently another decoding of this name has become increasingly common - Digital Versatile Disk, loosely translated meaning “digital universal disk”. The main difference between DVDs and CDs is the amount of information that can be recorded on such media. From 4.7 to 13, and even up to 17 Gb can be recorded on a DVD disc. This is achieved in several ways. First, reading DVDs uses a laser with a shorter wavelength than reading CDs, which has significantly increased recording density. Secondly, the standard provides for so-called double-layer disks, in which on one side the data is recorded in two layers, while one layer is translucent, and the second layer is read “through” the first. This made it possible to write data to both sides of DVDs, thereby doubling their capacity, which is sometimes done.

6. Other additional devices (mouse, printer, scanner, etc.) can be connected to the personal computer. The connection is made through ports - special connectors on the rear panel. The ports are parallel (LPT), serial (COM) and universal serial (USB). A serial port transmits information bit by bit (slower) over a small number of wires. A mouse and modem are connected to the serial port. Through a parallel port, information is transmitted simultaneously over a large number of wires corresponding to the number of bits. A printer and an external hard drive are connected to the parallel port. The USB port is used to connect a wide range of peripheral devices - from a mouse to a printer. Data exchange between computers is also possible.

7. The main devices of the computer (processor, RAM, etc.) are located on the motherboard.

1) Microprocessor (simply processor) is the central unit of a PC, designed to control the operation of all blocks of the machine and to perform arithmetic and logical operations on information. Its main characteristics are the bit depth (the higher it is, the higher the computer’s performance) and clock speed frequency (largely determines the speed of the computer). The clock frequency indicates how many elementary operations (cycles) the processor performs in one second. Intel Pentium processors and its economical version of Celeron are respected in the market, and their competitors are also appreciated - AMD Athlon with an economical version of Duron. Intel processors are characterized by high reliability, low heat generation and compatibility with all software and hardware. And AMD shows greater speed with graphics and games, but is less reliable.

2) Computer memory can be internal or external. External memory devices include the already discussed HDD, FDD, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM. Internal memory includes permanent storage (ROM, ROM), random access memory (RAM), Cache

ROM is designed to store permanent program and reference information (BIOS - Basic Input-Output System - basic input-output system).

RAM is fast and is used by the processor for short-term storage of information while the computer is running. When the power source is turned off, information is not saved in RAM. For the normal functioning of a computer these days, it is advisable to have from 1 GB to 3 GB of RAM.

Cache memory is an ultra-high-speed intermediate memory.

CMOS memory -- CMOS RAM (Complementary Metall-Oxide Semiconductor RAM). It stores computer configuration settings that are checked every time the system is turned on. To change computer configuration settings, the BIOS contains a computer configuration program - SETUP.

8. Sound, video and network cards can be either built into the motherboard or external. External boards can always be replaced, whereas if the built-in video card fails, you will have to replace the entire motherboard. The most commonly used video cards are ATI Radeon and Nvidia. The higher the video card memory, the better.

Peripherals.

The main peripheral devices of a computer include a printer and a scanner. A printer is designed to output information from a computer onto paper. Printers can be divided into laser and inkjet.

Inkjet printers print on paper using ink drawn from cartridges. Printers can be equipped with a different number of cartridges, it all depends on the model. Inkjet printers are usually color. There are inkjet printers that can print photos. Some photo printers can be connected to the camera/phone directly, bypassing the computer. The disadvantage of inkjet printers is that they are expensive to print; ink from paper is usually washed off with water.

Laser printers come in color and black and white. Laser printers print using a laser beam. The laser beam bakes the toner onto the paper, which falls from the cartridge onto the paper. Laser printers differ in printing speed, the number of sheets printed per minute. As a rule, laser printers are found in offices, because... They have a high printing speed and the printed sheet is not expensive in terms of cost. Like inkjet printers, laser printers have cartridges. These cartridges are filled with toner (powder).

A scanner is a device for scanning documents, photographs and even photo negatives. The most common type of scanner is flatbed. Different scanners have different scanning speeds. Scanners can also be divided by the extension they support when scanning. Some scanners have a special device installed for scanning negatives. The scanner is usually connected to the computer via a USB port.

Multifunctional devices - printer/scanner/copier (copier) in one device. Combines all of the above functions. A distinctive feature of such devices is the ability to use them as a copier, bypassing the computer. Such combined devices can be either inkjet or laser.

Means of manipulation

The keyboard and mouse are the main means of manipulating and controlling a computer. Also, the means of manipulation include various joysticks, steering wheels with pedals, steering wheels, but they are intended mainly to control the game process. It can be noted here that not all released games can correctly use or even use one or another game controller.

Devices designed to interact with objects in folder and program windows on a monitor screen in the same way as a hand would do are classified as manipulators (from lat. manipula - hand). Relative manipulators: mouse, joystick, touchpad; absolute – digitizer.

Mouse - a device for positioning the mouse pointer (in the form of an arrow, a cross, a vertical stick) on the screen image and for interacting with objects by issuing commands with buttons. The use of a mouse is based on the capabilities of the graphical interface (user interaction with the computer) provided by modern operating systems.

An ordinary mouse slides on a table or on a rug, but as it moves, sensors transmit data about the direction and length of the path to the system unit via the mouse's tail cable.

Clicking the mouse buttons sends additional command codes. The processor processes all incoming codes and sends control signals to change the position of the mouse pointer on the screen image or a command.

The mouse has primary and secondary buttons that you can press (hold down), click (click)

short press) to launch a program or open a file.

Mouse actions have several options:

  • click buttons – pressing the right or left button with a quick release;
  • double click– double short and quick press of the button;
  • holding the button when moving the mouse, it allows you to select, hook and move an object or border;
  • holding down a key keyboards Ctrl, Shift or Alt when a mouse button is pressed, it modifies its action and the commands issued.

Moving the mouse alone without pressing buttons causes the mouse pointer to glide across objects on the screen, but does not issue commands. Nothing happens other than tooltips appearing. But when the pointer is positioned and the mouse button is clicked, the image object will be affected.

Position of fingers on mouse buttons: index finger – left button; ring finger – right button; middle finger – scroll wheel (if available) or middle button (for a three-button mouse); for a two-button mouse, the middle finger is not used.

The main mouse button (usually the left one) is briefly pressed with the index finger (click) to select the cursor position in the text, highlight or make an object on the screen active.

Attention! Double-clicking opens a folder or file if the clicks are short, fragmentary, with very close intervals. You should not crush the mouse button, you should not get stuck when clicking. You cannot push or pull the mouse while clicking on a folder, because, having caught a folder, the mouse may not open it, but push it into an adjacent folder. Two calm but short presses (click-click) are required.

A long press of the mouse button while moving it is used to select an area of ​​text or a picture, drag with a “hook,” and move objects and their borders on the screen. Some actions are performed with the mouse in combination with pressing keyboard keys. For example, Ctrl and the left mouse button with a hook on the object - not moving, but copying.

The operating system assigns the secondary mouse button (usually the right one) to open a context menu of commands or parameters (a list for selecting commands based on the position of the pointer on the screen). Contextual commands depend on the program in which you are currently using the mouse.

In some mouse models, some additional command-service is performed by the middle button (for example, closes Windows windows) or the content scroll wheel when viewing folders and programs in windows.

The operation of the mouse is supported by a special program - the mouse driver. In the Windows operating system, the mouse is configured using the command Start, Control Panel, Mouse. You can change the maximum speed (frequency) of pressing the mouse button (click interval), change the type of pointer and its sensitivity to mouse movement, change the assignment of the main and auxiliary buttons for left-handers.

A mechanical mouse monitors its movement by the rotation of an internal ball, which rolls on the mousepad. An optical mouse uses photocells to view the flickering of surface points being traversed and can work without a mouse pad. Radio and gyro mice track and transmit their movements using a radio signal, without a mouse pad or cable. Such "bats" are suitable for remote control, in particular, presentations. (A gyroscope is a top spun to high speed, the axis of rotation of which has the property of maintaining its position under external influences. Gyroscopes are used to orient flying objects, and now “bats.”) An interactive mouse has a vibration generator inside to transmit tactile sensations, accompanies movement “by touch”, with elasticity and trembling, conveys the passage of the pointer over the program buttons and across the window border.

Digitizer– a device for inputting a graphic vector image obtained as a result of moving the pointer along a special surface by the hand of the PC operator. The device consists of a graphics tablet and a pointer (pen, cursor). The tablet connects to the PC, and the pen connects to the tablet. The operating principle of the digitizer is based on fixing the location of the pointer using a grid of conductors built into the tablet. The step of reading the information is called digitizer resolution. Digitizers are used when working with computer-aided design systems and graphic editors.

Computer structure in pictures. The computer has firmly entered our everyday life. Some people would rather not have a TV, but a computer will definitely be in a visible place. And there is nothing surprising in this, because on a computer you can watch a movie, listen to good music, and even earn serious money.

Some people create masterpieces on their computers that are simply breathtaking. Some people sell their work online, some create custom websites and plugins for them, some edit videos, slide shows, presentations, etc.

For photographers in general, a “golden age” has arrived. Well, if you know how to create a course on any topic (after all, they search for EVERYTHING on the Internet), then selling your knowledge for good money will not be difficult. Of course, not everyone can earn money this way, but what or who is stopping you from buying a computer, studying some course on Photoshop, slide shows, creating a website, and your future and the future of your children is secured.

And if you are good at cars, plumbing, gardening, or assembling furniture with your own hands, then share your experience with people who also want to learn this. And all you need to do is create your own video course or write an e-book. And if you also have your own website, then your opportunities and chances of earning money increase hundreds of times. In short, I gave you the direction of using the computer at least 30%, and then everything depends on your imagination and perseverance.

But in any case, first you need to master the computer so as not to be afraid of it, but to make friends with it, and get the maximum benefit from this friendship for yourself and your loved ones.

What does computer consist of

Let's start with the fact that the entire computer can be roughly divided into four main groups.

  • System unit;
  • Information display tools;
  • Means of manipulation;
  • Peripherals.

System unit , this is the most important thing in a computer. It can be compared to the torso and head. Can you imagine such a monster with a cool brain? It is in the processor that all calculations and information processing take place. This is not a simple device. We will look at what it consists of later.

Information display tools This is, of course, a monitor. Someday we may not need it, but we have not yet learned to receive information only through signals. It is on the monitor that we see information processed by the processor, in a language we understand, namely in pictures, numbers, and letters.

Means of manipulation (not to be confused with the media). These include a keyboard, mouse, game joystick, steering wheel, etc. It is with the help of these means that we give commands to the computer, and the means of manipulation translate these commands into machine language, which is understandable to the computer. Yes, the computer has its own language that only a programmer can understand.

Peripherals - these are devices that have their own control, but operate according to commands from the system unit. Such devices include equipment such as a modem and other external storage devices. A computer can do without them, but for us such devices make life much easier.



System unit device:

  • Motherboard - the largest and most important board inside the system unit. It is to it that all other computer devices are connected, which it supplies with power, and exchanges information with them. Devices located in the processor unit are connected to the motherboard using special connectors. These connectors are called buses. The speed of the computer depends on the bus speed.

  • - This is the brain of the computer. It is he who performs all logical operations. The speed of the computer depends on its speed and frequency.

  • serves for temporary storage of data. All this data is stored in it only while the computer is turned on. As soon as the computer is turned off or restarted, the memory is cleared. The speed of the computer depends on the amount and speed of RAM.

  • (or as it is also called - hard drive)– used to store information. In order for you to be able to store your data (folders and files) on it, the hard drive must be formatted and the operating system (Windows, Linux, etc.) installed on it. And only after installing the operating system can you install other auxiliary programs, such as Office, browsers (programs for working on the Internet), Photoshop, etc.

  • – a board designed to process video signals that are transmitted to the monitor. Without this board we will not see anything on the screen. A modern video card has its own microprocessor and its own RAM. The larger the memory and the higher the frequency of the video card microprocessor, the better the image and the faster the picture changes. This is especially noticeable in cool games. The video card can be built into the motherboard or on a separate board.

  • Sound card - This is a board for processing audio signals. Many modern computers already have it built into the motherboard.

  • LAN card serves to connect a computer to a local network. Now many people are creating a local network so that all family members can work with common documents and access the Internet, independently of each other. The network card can also be built-in.

  • , serves for reading and writing CDs.

  • Card reader– a device for reading and writing information on all kinds of memory cards (phone, camera, video camera, etc.). Card readers also differ in read/write speed characteristics. They can be built into the system unit or external (connected via a USB port).

  • serves to supply and distribute electrical energy throughout the motherboard and devices connected to it.

These are the components our beloved computer consists of. Study it and use it to your fullest advantage.


2024 gtavrl.ru.