What is a flexible grid in responsive layout? Solving the problem using Grid. CSS Grid Alignment

I noticed the Grids technique about a year ago. Then this technique, after a very superficial study, seemed useless and very experimental to me; I was repulsed by the fact that for implementations it was necessary to create extra markup. But now it is becoming difficult not to notice the number of websites built on the grid, as well as the number of articles and tutorials about it. Thanks to the latter, it has become much easier to study and understand the principles and concepts, and draw more or less real conclusions. My conclusion a year later is: “It’s simple and useful solution which was ever created for the layout of web pages, every self-respecting web designer should know.”

Anyone who has ever worked with a grid knows what a grid is. graphic editors (Photoshop, Fireworks, Gimp, etc.) and of course appreciated its necessity when creating any design. But how to implement a Grid on the web? In fact Tabular the layout was a real web page design with a Grid, undoubtedly very convenient. But not the intended use of elements table was horrifying.
Fortunately, the enormous popularity of web standards has grown and continues to grow over last years, as well as their support in modern browsers, gave us the opportunity to create multi-functional pages with very little, logical markup. This layout was called Block. But also Block layout turned out to be weak side. When creating pages with a huge set of elements of different sizes and meanings, marking up such pages has become a very difficult task, and if more than one person works on the markup, such work can become a nightmare.
And then the technique using the Grid came to the rescue. This technique is a hybrid between Block And Tabular layout. Using it gives us:

• speed and ease of development
• freedom of positioning
• proportionality of page elements and their placement

The price for all this is just a little extra markup. I think these days, when the cost of a person's watch is much more expensive than hardware and productivity, it's not hard to guess which way the scales are tipping.

What is layout with Grid? First of all, it's a concept. A concept that includes many design aspects and very few rules for its implementation. This gives complete freedom and no standardization in its execution. I will say even more - the same Grid can be implemented by the most different ways. If you have already read about the Grid, you may have noticed that each author starts from a new angle, going deep into the details, this is, to put it mildly, confusing. Luckily they started to appear Grid Systems- CSS libraries for working with the Grid. And using their example, you can very quickly master the basic principles of this technique.

I think it makes no sense to write about all aspects of the Grid; you can easily find information about it on the Internet. I suggest creating your own simple Grid System.

First you need to understand that the grid consists of columns and spaces between them. There are three main values ​​- the grid width, the column width, and the width of the space between the columns. The width of the columns depends on their number.

Let's try to make a grid 950 pixels wide with 16 columns with 10 pixel spacing, so one column should be 50 pixels wide. Having understood all the values, we open any graphic editor known to us and create a layout. You can also add padding to the Grid on the left and right, say 20 pixels each, and this will result in a layout with a width of 990 pixels. You can see my example.

Now we can start creating our library. Like most CSS libraries ours needs a global reset, I suggest Eric Mayer's CSS Reset, keeping reset.css let's create grid.css to which we can immediately add a method for cleaning containers containing floating blocks - Clear Fix. The first thing we need is a rule for a container that will contain all our columns. The width of each container is equal to the width of our grid.

.container(
margin: 0 auto;
width: 950px;
}

Now we can add a rule for our columns, it contains the width and padding. The indent acts as a gap (gutter) between the columns.

.column(
float: left;
margin-right: 10px;
overflow: hidden;
width: 50px;
}

The last column does not need an indentation; to do this, let’s add a rule for it as well:

Our containers contain columns, the columns are floating blocks, so they have to be cleaned. To avoid unnecessary .clearfix in the markup, you can apply this rule to containers:

.clearfix:after, .container:after{
content: ".";
display: block;
height: 0;
clear: both;
visibility: hidden;
}

clearfix, .container( display: inline-block; )

/* Hides from IE-mac \*/
*html.clearfix, *html.container(height: 1%;)
.clearfix, .container(display: block;)
/* End hide from IE-mac */

Now we can start with our columns. Columns can be two or three wide, and so on. To do this, we can apply the following rules to them:

.span-1 ( width: 50px; )
.span-2 (width: 110px; )
.span-3 (width: 170px; )
.span-4 (width: 230px; )
.span-5 (width: 290px; )
.span-6 (width: 350px; )
.span-7 (width: 410px; )
.span-8 (width: 470px; )
.span-9 (width: 530px; )
.span-10 (width: 590px; )
.span-11 (width: 650px; )
.span-12 (width: 710px; )
.span-13 (width: 770px; )
.span-14 (width: 830px; )
.span-15 (width: 890px; )
.span-16 ( width: 950px; margin-right: 0; )

In principle, this is all that is needed for Grid implementations; you can also add a wrapper and a class for viewing the Grid with a layout. Let's create main.css and add to it:

.wrapper(
margin: 0 auto;
width: 990px;
}
.overlay(
background: transparent url(overlay.png) repeat-y scroll top left;
}

Here's what the layout might look like:

I think this is enough for a start.
You can see my example

In this article you will find full course by CSS grids. We will look at what it is, what are the differences with FlexBox and how you can work with CSS Grid.

CSS grids are a new approach to creating responsive websites with many blocks located anywhere on the site. Besides CSS Grid There is also a technology that is very similar to meshes. We will not go into the smallest differences between them, since this would require a separate article, but we will briefly describe the main differences.

CSS Grid can be called a cooler and improved version FlexBox, because FlexBox allows you to work only in one plane: either create columns or create rows.

CSS grids allow you to do more because they work on both planes at the same time. Thus, creating adaptive website blocks is much easier, and the possibilities for arranging objects as you please are simply endless.

We invite you to watch a full video on learning CSS grids to instantly understand the essence CSS Grid:

• Lesson on ;

During the lesson, three pages were created, the code for each page can be copied below.

First file

Second file

Third file

Principle of operation

Working with grids is very simple. The algorithm of actions here is as follows:

1. We create one main block and place other blocks in it ( sections);
2. Add the display: grid property to the main block;
3. CSS grid properties can now be applied to all main block elements;
4. Adding various properties. You can find documentation on all possible properties;

Each block can be set in width, height, and location. Blocks that are created based on grids immediately have adaptive design, which adapts blocks to different screen resolutions.

This way you can write less and get more. What else could be cooler? Share your experience of using grids in your projects in the comments to this article ⇣

From the author: article from the series concept of CSS Grid layout. In previous lessons, we learned grid syntax, learned several ways to arrange elements on a page, and said goodbye to some old habits. In this tutorial we will use all our knowledge to create adaptive layout on practice.

Media queries

Let's take the demo from the previous lesson.

The page consists of two grids: the main grid and one nested inside one of the elements. We can control our meshes using media queries. This means that we can completely rebuild the layout to fit a different screen width.

We'll start by copying the first grid's declaration. Let's wrap the duplicate into a media query using the mobile-first technique. I arbitrarily took 500px as the transition point.

Grid-1 ( /* grid styles */ ) @media only screen and (min-width: 500px) ( .grid-1 ( /* grid styles */ ) )

Now we'll change our grid in the first ad to put everything in one column. We set one column using the grid-template-columns property. Check that our four rows are set using the grid-template-rows property and match the layout using the grid-template-areas property:

Grid-1 ( display: grid; width: 100%; margin: 0 auto; grid-template-columns: 1fr; grid-template-rows: 80px auto auto 80px; grid-gap: 10px; grid-template-areas: " header" "main" "sidebar" "footer"; )

Grid - 1 ( display:grid; width: 100%; margin: 0 auto; grid - template - columns : 1fr ; grid - template - rows : 80px auto auto 80px ; grid - gap : 10px ; grid - template - areas : "header" "main" "sidebar" "footer" ;

To fit on small screens, we set the grid-gap to 10px by default. This is what we got. You should also notice that we change padding properties and font-size in .grid-1 div elements using media queries.

Our nested grid

The code above modifies our main layout. However, we still have a nested grid that stubbornly refuses to get rid of its two columns on any screen. To fix this, we'll do exactly the same thing, but take a different transition point using the content-first method:

Item-2 ( /* grid styles */ ) @media only screen and (min-width: 600px) ( .item-2 ( /* grid styles */ ) )

If we were to redo the autofill demo and change the column width to minmax(9em, 1fr), the grid would try to fit as many 9em-wide tracks as possible, and then expand them to 1fr until the entire container is full:

Disadvantage: The grid will only recalculate tracks after a reboot, and not when the window width changes. Try narrowing your browser window and refreshing the page. To change the values, you can connect media queries, but they do not work well with changing the width of the browser window.

Conclusion

Let's summarize all of the above in a list:

Media queries allow us to completely rebuild the grid by changing the grid-template-areas property (and others) for different scenarios.

The transition property has no effect on the grid layout.

Good for filling a mesh container keyword auto-fill

The minmax() function is a great addition to autocomplete, but it doesn't give us real adaptability.

Now you are ready to work with meshes! Stay tuned for more CSS Grid articles, hands-on exercises, and solutions to common grid problems.

From the author: When creating complex websites, grids make a huge difference. Their importance in modern web design becomes clear once you look at the number of frameworks in which this technology has been implemented to speed up development.

Once you are familiar with the CSS Grid Layout specification, you will no longer need separate files styles if you want to work with a grid system. An equally important benefit is that you will no longer rely on inline and float properties to position elements on the page. In this tutorial we will learn the basics of grid systems and also create a simple blog layout.

Browser support

On this moment only IE 10+ and Edge support the Grid Layout specification - on commercial sites this technology cannot be used yet.

In Chrome, this option can be activated via the “Experimental Web Platform features” flag in chrome://flags. In Firefox – layout.css.grid.enabled flag.

Another option is to use a polyfill, and yes, the CSS Grid Polyfill exists! You can use any of the three options described and study Grid Layout while it is still at an early stage of development.

Please note: In IE it currently works old version specification, which means the browser does not fully support the new specification. When we get to the examples, I recommend you use Chrome or Firefox.

Grid System Terminology

As for the positioning of elements, CSS Grid systems are the same tables. However this tool much more powerful and diverse. In this section, I will talk about a few terms that you will need to remember when working with grids:

Units of measurement fr: they are used to set the size free space. Used in conjunction with grid-rows and grid-columns. From the specification: “Space allocation occurs only after all “lengths” or sizes of rows and columns of content have reached their maximum sizes.”

Lines: Lines mark the boundaries of other elements. They are both horizontal and vertical. In the picture below there are 4 vertical and 4 horizontal lines.

Tracks: Tracks are the space between parallel lines. In the picture below there are 3 vertical and 3 horizontal tracks.

Cells: Cells are the building blocks of a grid. There are only 9 cells in the picture below.

Areas: An area is a rectangle of an arbitrary number of cells. Those. a track is both an area and a cell.

Positioning elements in a grid

Let's start with the basics. In this section, I'll show you how to use a grid to place elements in specific places. To work with CSS Grid Layout, you need to create a parent element and one or more children. For example, I'll take the markup below:

< div class = "grid-container" > < div class = "grid-element item-a" >A< / div > < div class = "grid-element item-b" >B< / div > < div class = "grid-element item-c" >C< / div > < div class = "grid-element item-d" >D< / div > < div class = "grid-element item-e" >E< / div > < div class = "grid-element item-f" >F< / div > < / div >

To create a grid, the container must specify the properties display:grid or display:inline-grid, as well as other styles:

Grid-container ( display: grid; grid-template-columns: 200px 10px 0.3fr 10px 0.7fr; grid-template-rows: auto 20px auto; )

Grid - container ( display:grid; grid - template - columns : 200px 10px 0.3fr 10px 0.7fr ; grid - template - rows : auto 20px auto ;

The grid-template-columns and grid-template-rows properties set the width of the rows and columns. In the example above I created 5 columns. A 10px wide column is used as a separator between elements. The first column has a width of 200px. The third column takes up 0.3 of the remaining space. And the fifth column takes up 0.7 of the remaining space.

Since the first row is set to grid-template-rows: auto, this allows the row to expand as content is added. The 20px line works as a separator. In the demo below you can see that the elements are pressed tightly against each other.

Pay attention to element B - it is located in the second column, which we use as a separator. If the positioning of elements is not set manually, the browser will place elements in cells from left to right, and if they do not fit in one row, then the remaining ones will jump to the second row. That's why we left 4 spare columns on the second line.

To move an element to a given grid cell, you need to set the positioning of this element via CSS. Before I explain how to move mesh elements, take a look at the picture below.

In this example we will use a linear element placement system. A linear system means that the lines in the grid will play a dominant role in the placement of elements. Let's take element B as an example. Horizontally, this block starts on the third line and ends on the 4th line of columns. Except vertical lines this element located between the lines on the first and second row.

In order to set the starting vertical line of an element, we will use the grid-column-start property. In our case, the value will be 3. The grid-column-end property indicates the ending vertical line of the element. In our case it is 4. Values ​​for horizontal lines are displayed in the same way.

Based on the above, we conclude that to move element B to the second cell, you must use the code:

Element-b ( grid-column-start: 3; grid-column-end: 4; grid-row-start: 1; grid-row-end: 2; )

Element - b ( grid - column - start : 3 ; grid - column - end : 4 ; grid - row - start : 1 ; grid - row - end : 2 ;

Similarly, to move element F to the sixth cell:

Element-f ( grid-column-start: 5; grid-column-end: 6; grid-row-start: 3; grid-row-end: 4; )

Element - f ( grid - column - start : 5 ; grid - column - end : 6 ; grid - row - start : 3 ; grid - row - end : 4 ;

Creating a Basic Layout

Now we will create a basic blog layout, which will have a header, footer, sidebar and two sections for content. First the markings:

< div class = "grid-container" > < div class = "grid-element header" >Header< / div > < div class = "grid-element sidebar" >Sidebar< / div > < div class = "grid-element main" >Main Content< / div > < div class = "grid-element extra" >Extra Info< / div > < div class = "grid-element footer" >Footer< / div > < / div >

Remember that the order in which tags are placed in the markup does not affect the positioning of elements on the web page. Without changing the CSS, you can put the footer in the markup above the header, but the positioning of the elements will still remain the same. But I don't recommend doing that. The main idea here is that the markup no longer tells you where the element will be located.

All we have to do is define the values ​​of properties like grid-row-end for all elements. As in the previous example, we will use a grid diagram to determine the property values.

Hi all! Today we will talk about what are grid systems? or simply flexible meshes in adaptive layout .

First let's define what it is Grid System.

Grid System- a collection of class-based styles that allow the user to control the page layout using a system of rows and columns.

Let's imagine we have a blog page. It is divided into 2 columns: the main part on the left, and the sidebar on the right. Let's try to create a flexible grid for such a page.

Well, first we have to do something basic, but... html markings

Here we have a block that contains the entire page, it contains a block with a blog, which contains 2 blocks: the main part of the page and the sidebar.

So our entire page will be the size 960px. The entire grid is divided into 12 columns 69px. each. The blog part will be wide 900px. The main part of the page will be 566px, sidebar - 331px.

This is what we get in the end

#page (
margin: 36px auto;
width: 960px;
}

Blog (
margin: 0 auto 53px;
width: 900px;
}

Blog.main (
float: left;
width: 566px;
}

Blog .sidebar (
float: right;
width: 331px;
}

Everything would be fine, but, as you can see, all this is static, specified in pixels. We want our grid to change its size depending on what screen the page is viewed on, therefore, we need to set everything in percent. Let's do this.

For this there is the same formula as for fonts

goal / context = result

Let's convert a block of the entire page from pixels to percentages.

#page (
margin: 36px auto;
width: 90%;
}

90% chosen because in this case we will also have indents along the edges along 5% . However, you can choose a different value.

We use our formula: 900 / 960 = 0.9357

Let's multiply the result by 100 to receive interest, and we will register it in our css.

Blog (
margin: 0 auto 53px;
width: 93.75%;
}

The same thing needs to be done with the columns, but notice that the context has changed. Because the columns are inside a block with a class .blog, then it will be the context. Let's do the math.

566 ÷ 900 = .628888889

331 ÷ 900 = .367777778

We convert everything into percentages and write it in the style sheet.

Blog.main (
float: left;
width: 62.8888889%;
}

Blog .sidebar (
float: right;
width: 36.7777778%;
}

That's all! Now we have a flexible grid and can use it for layout.

As you can see, everything is very simple. The basis of a flexible grid, like a flexible font, is the same formula, remembering which, you can easily create responsive websites.

The note! As you can see, we ended up with quite long percentage values. Some may advise you to round them up, but you should never do this! Remember!

And that’s all for me, thank you for your attention and successful adaptive layout!