What is it like without an OS on a computer? What is an operating system? Types of operating systems
(NT 6.0)
Almost not used
Actively used
Almost not used
Almost not used
Actively used
Server Windows
| Logo | Version | Year | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 | Not supported Generally not used |
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| 1994 | |||
| 1995 | |||
| 1996 | |||
| 2000 | |||
| 2003 | Not supported Still in use |
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| 2005 | |||
| 2008 | |||
| 2009 | Supported Actively used |
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| 2012 | |||
| 2013 | |||
| 2016 | |||
| 2018 | Getting started |
All versions of Windows by line + chronology
| Ruler | Years | Listing versions |
|---|---|---|
| 16 bit | 1985 - 1995 | Windows 1 / 2 / 3 |
| 32 bits (9x) |
1995 - 2001 | Windows 95/98/ME |
| NT (32 and 64 bits) |
since 1993 | Windows NT 3.1 / NT 3.5 / NT 3.51 / NT 4.0 Workstation / 2000 / XP / Vista / 7 / 8 / 8.1 / 10 |
| NT Servers (32 and 64 bits) |
since 1993 | Windows NT 3.1 / NT 3.5 / NT 3.51 / NT 4.0 Server / 2000 Server / 2003 / 2003 R2 / 2008 / 2008 R2 / 2012 / 2012 R2 / 2016 / 2019 |
History of success
This success story reflects the frequency of use of the system; the number of glitches encountered by users; reviews.
| Windows 1 | Failure | |
| Windows 2 | Neutral | |
| Windows 3 | Success | |
| Windows 95 | Failure | |
| Windows 98 | Success | |
| Windows Millennium | Failure | |
| Windows 2000 | Neutral | |
| Windows XP | Big success | |
| Windows Vista | Failure | |
| Windows 7 | Success | |
| Windows 8 | Failure | |
| Windows 8.1 | Failure | |
| Windows 10 | Success |
* despite the failure of some versions of the operating system, they carried new functions that were transferred to already successful versions. For example, beautiful icons and windows appeared in the millennium, which were transferred to Windows 2000. Therefore, failure should not be assessed as unsuccessful work.
Windows 1
Years of support: 1985 - 2001. Branch: 16 bit.
Editions: -
What's new
Before Windows 1 there was MS-DOS, so the most important innovation was the graphical interface and the ability to control using the mouse.
System requirements
Windows 3
Years of support: 1990 - 2008. Branch: 16 bit.
Editions: -
What's new
- The first (from Microsoft) user-friendly interface.
- Appearance of the program manager.
- The emergence of multimedia capabilities.
- Network support (from 3.1).
System requirements
Windows NT 3.1
Editions: -
What's new
- The first system based on the NT kernel.
- NTFS file system support.
System requirements
| CPU | Intel 80386 |
|---|---|
| RAM | 2 MB |
| Hard disk capacity | 8 MB |
Windows NT 3.5 Workstation
Editions: -
What's new
- Built-in support for Winsock and TCP/IP.
- The appearance of a DHCP and WINS server and client.
- VFAT support.
System requirements
| CPU | 33 MHz |
|---|---|
| RAM | 12 MB |
| Hard disk capacity | 70 MB |
Windows NT 3.51 Workstation
Editions: -
System requirements
Windows NT 4.0 Workstation
Editions: -
System requirements
Windows 98
Years of support: 1998 - 2006. Branch: 9x (32 bits).
System requirements
Windows Millennium
Years of support: 2000 - 2006. Branch: 9x (32 bits).
System requirements
Windows 2000
Years of support: 2000 - 2010. Branch: NT.
System requirements
Windows XP
Editions: XP, XP Professional
System requirements
Windows Vista
Years of support: 2006 - 2017. Branch: NT. Bit depth: 32 and 64 bits.
Editions: Starter, Basic Home, Premium, Business, Enterprise, Ultimate
System requirements
Windows 7
Years of support: 2009 - 2020. Branch: NT. Bit depth: 32 and 64 bits.
Editions: Starter, Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, Enterprise, Ultimate
System requirements
| Minimum | Featured | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Architecture | 32-bit | 64-bit | 32-bit | 64-bit |
| CPU | 1 GHz | |||
| RAM | 1 GB | 2 GB | 4 GB | |
| Hard disk capacity | 16 GB | 20 GB | 16 GB | 20 GB |
Windows 8
Years of support: 2012 - 2016. Branch: NT. Bit depth: 32 and 64 bits.
System requirements
| Minimum | Featured | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Architecture | 32-bit | 64-bit | 32-bit | 64-bit |
| CPU | 1 GHz | |||
| RAM | 1 GB | 2 GB | 4 GB | |
| Hard disk capacity | 16 GB | 20 GB | 16 GB | 20 GB |
Windows 8.1
Years of support: 2013 - 2023. Branch: NT. Bit depth: 32 and 64 bits.
Editions: 8, 8 Professional (Pro), 8 Corporate (Enterprise)
System requirements
| Minimum | Featured | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Architecture | 32-bit | 64-bit | 32-bit | 64-bit |
| CPU | 1 GHz | |||
| RAM | 1 GB | 2 GB | 4 GB | |
| Hard disk capacity | 16 GB | 20 GB | 16 GB | 20 GB |
Windows 10 (latest for personal computers)
Years of support: 2015 - 2025. Branch: NT. Bit depth: 32 and 64 bits.
Editions
- Home. For most home computers. There is no way to configure a remote desktop so that you can connect to the system remotely; There is no possibility of using group policies and joining a domain.
- Professional (Pro). Contains all the functions of the home version + the ability to join a domain, use group policies, and the ability to connect to a computer using a remote desktop.
- Corporate (Enterprise). Some features of the home version have been reduced. There are all the additional features of the Pro version + DirectAccess, AppLocker.
- S. Is a stripped down version; comes pre-installed on some devices. Does not support standard application installation - installation can only be done from the Windows Store.
What's new
Windows 10 is undergoing major changes with the release of new builds. Therefore, we will consider innovations based on this.
- Improved performance.
- New built-in Microsoft Edge browser.
- Automatically shrinks an adjacent window when the active window is pressed to one side of the desktop.
- All Apps in Start supports a display of 2,048 items (previously only 512).
- Forced installation of updates.
- Using the virtual voice assistant Cortana.
- The updated start menu is a hybrid of previous versions and Windows 8 (the old expansion option has returned, and tiles have appeared on the right side).
- Ability to create multiple desktops.
- Refusal of the Windows 8 tiled system.
- Handwriting capability (Windows Ink).
- Identification using a webcam.
- Synchronization of notifications from a mobile device.
- Change the system settings menu.
- Built-in support for virtual reality headsets.
- Game Mode
- By default, the Powershell command line is offered.
- Access to the classic Control Panel is hidden from the context menu. Now it can be called with the command control.
- Improved performance of the built-in antivirus.
- Identification using a webcam for Active Directory.
- Ability to create a screenshot with a selection of an area using the keyboard shortcut Win + Shaft + S.
- Braille support.
- Extended battery life.
- The ability to run Cortana on one device and stop working on another.
- Disable SMBv1 protocol. You can enable it manually.
- The People panel appears.
- Information about the GPU in the task manager.
- Microsoft Edge Full Screen Mode
- Extended battery life (Power Throttling function).
- The emoji panel appears.
- Selective OneDrive sync.
- Fixing a slowdown issue in games.
- Ability to recover your password using security questions.
- Dark theme for Explorer.
- Ability to access messages from your phone (“Your Phone” function).
- Isolated desktop for safe running of applications.
* this list contains some innovations. Full list on Wikipedia page.
System requirements
| Minimum | Featured | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Architecture | 32-bit | 64-bit | 32-bit | 64-bit |
| CPU | 1 GHz | |||
| RAM | 1 GB | 2 GB | 4 GB | |
| Hard disk capacity | 16 GB | 20 GB | 16 GB | 20 GB |
Windows NT 3.1 Advanced Server
Years of support: 1993 - 2001. Branch: NT. Bit depth: 16, 32 and 64 bits.
Editions: -
System requirements
| CPU | Intel 80386 |
|---|---|
| RAM | 2 MB |
| Hard disk capacity | 8 MB |
Windows NT 3.5 Server
Years of support: 1994 - 2001. Branch: NT. Bit depth: 16, 32 and 64 bits.
Editions: -
What's new
- Built-in support for Winsock and TCP/IP.
- The emergence of DHCP and WINS servers.
- Share files and printers.
- VFAT support.
System requirements
| CPU | 33 MHz |
|---|---|
| RAM | 16 MB |
| Hard disk capacity | 70 MB |
Windows NT 3.51 Server
Years of support: 1995 - 2001. Branch: NT. Bit depth: 16, 32 and 64 bits.
Editions: -
System requirements
| CPU | 33 MHz |
|---|---|
| RAM | 16 MB |
| Hard disk capacity | 70 MB |
Windows NT 4.0 Server
Years of support: 1996 - 2004. Branch: NT. Bit depth: 32 and 64 bits.
Editions: Server, Enterprise Edition, Terminal Server
System requirements
Windows 2000 Server
Years of support: 2000 - 2010. Branch: NT. Bit depth: 32 and 64 bits.
Editions: Server, Advanced Server and Datacenter Server
System requirements
Windows Server 2003
Years of support: 2003 - 2015. Branch: NT. Bit depth: 32 and 64 bits.
Editions: Web, Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter
System requirements
Web, Standard, Enterprise:
Datacenter Edition:
Windows Server 2003 R2
Years of support: 2005 - 2015. Branch: NT. Bit depth: 32 and 64 bits.
Editions: Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter
System requirements
Standard, Enterprise:
Datacenter Edition:
Windows Server 2008
Years of support: 2008 - 2020. Branch: NT. Bit depth: 32 and 64 bits.
Editions: Web, Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter, HPC, Storage, Itanium
System requirements
| Minimum | Featured | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Architecture | 32-bit | 64-bit | 32-bit | 64-bit |
| CPU | 1 GHz | 1.4 GHz | 2 GHz | |
| RAM | 512 MB | 2 GB | ||
| Hard disk capacity | 10 GB | 40 GB | ||
Windows Server 2008 R2
Years of support: 2009 - 2020. Branch: NT. Bit depth: 64 bits.
Editions: Foundation, Small Business, Web, Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter, HPC, Itanium
System requirements
Windows Server 2012
Years of support: 2012 - 2023. Branch: NT. Bit depth: 64 bits.
System requirements
Windows Server 2012 R2
Years of support: 2013 - 2023. Branch: NT. Bit depth: 64 bits.
Editions: Foundation, Essentials, Standard, Datacenter
System requirements
Windows Server 2016
Years of support: 2016 - 2026. Branch: NT. Bit depth: 64 bits.
Editions: Essentials, Standard, Datacenter
What's new
- Licensing for physical processor cores (minimum 16).
- New installation mode - Nano.
- The emergence of container virtualization.
- OpenGL and OpenCL for RDP.
- Encryption of virtual machines and internal network traffic.
- Block replication of file storages.
System requirements
Windows Server 2019 (latest for servers)
Years of support: 2018 - ?. Branch: NT. Bit depth: 64 bits.
Editions: Standard, Datacenter
What's new
- Improved security - built-in Defender ATP and Defender Exploit Guard technologies.
- Windows Subsystem Linux (WSL) - containers for supporting Linux applications.
- To build a cluster with an even number of nodes, a USB drive can act as a witness disk.
The Mac OS X operating system has a long history of development and improvement. This entire path from the first years to the present day can be traced in this section. Be amazed at how great this system used to be, and admire how it gets better and better every year.
Do you like how macOS is evolving? Despite the fact that Apple annually equips its desktop operating system with new features that expand its capabilities more and more, its appearance has largely remained unchanged for many years. iOS, due to its lightness and ease, looks much more modern against its background. Therefore, according to designer Keimer Avdan, Apple has long needed to redraw the design of the desktop operating system, and to ensure that it does not deviate from the general style of other platforms, it must adhere to a common design code. But since adapting the interface for computers would not be very rational, his choice fell on iOS.
Why are beta updates needed? As a rule, thanks to them, developers identify all sorts of flaws and correct them so that the release build of the update is as stable as possible. But these are ordinary developers, to whom the company’s employees clearly do not belong. Otherwise, how can we explain the fact that they alternate weekly versions of the latest OS with test ones, but neither one nor the other is particularly stable, causing various inconveniences to users every now and then?
Encryption is one of the key mechanisms that Apple uses to protect users' personal data. For security purposes, the company encrypts a colossal amount of data - from personal correspondence in instant messenger and email. This is done to ensure that no outsider can read confidential information and cannot use it for personal purposes. However, sometimes even the most advanced encryption protocols designed to protect you and me fail, and then Apple has a hard time.
Often, free space runs out not only on your iPhone or iPad, but also on your Mac computer - especially if you have a 128 GB SSD under the hood. Many people immediately run to third-party applications for help, but firstly, they are most often paid, and sometimes developers are disingenuous, forcing you to buy a new version of the application every time after a major OS update. And secondly, there are ways to clean a Mac using standard operating system tools, and they are available even in .
Probably everyone loves to be right and proudly announce publicly: “Well, I told you so.” Is not it? This immediately, albeit briefly, raises self-esteem and makes us feel at least like competitors to Nostradamus or Vanga. However, sometimes you have to admit your mistakes when trying to give a new forecast on some issue. For journalists, such situations are especially unpleasant, because it means that they either did not immerse themselves deeply enough in the topic, or simply do not understand the issue. But even if the cause of the error turned out to be circumstances beyond their control, most likely no one will remember about it. Fortunately, I'm okay with this. At least this time.
This summer, Apple introduced . She looked very promising at the presentation. Ability to run applications from iPad, use iPad as a graphics tablet or second screen. It all looks and sounds very cool. The only problem is that, like all new operating systems, it works, to put it mildly, so-so. I’m not even talking about the fact that some of the functions don’t work at all at the start. Let's figure out together whether it's worth upgrading to it or whether it's better to wait for now.
There has always been a huge gap between iPad and Mac. Even when Apple tried to turn the tablet into a professional tool by releasing a larger version with support for a smart pen, it did not bring them closer to each other in terms of usability or capabilities. Therefore, they realized that it would not be possible to travel endlessly using only an auxiliary connector and a stylus, and came to the conclusion that the iPad needed its own operating system. But adding several new functions to iOS and calling it iPadOS would also not be enough, but unifying the software for Mac and iPad would be just right.
OS X- one of the most popular operating systems in the world, belongs to the Apple OS family and is built on the UNIX platform. The system is intuitive and beautiful. OS X is only available for Mac computers. It is the successor to Mac OS, that is, Macintosh Operating System.
OS X is the main feature of Mac computers. Without her they wouldn't be so popular. Everything in it works with a bang and the main thing is together. The system is fully integrated, and working with Intel processors provides it with the best performance.
OS X is based on a POSIX-compliant Darwin OS with an XNU kernel that uses BSD services and the Mach kernel itself. OS X has a large number of features. This makes it stable and fast. The use of rounded corners and translucent elements makes the system look amazing.
History of the OS X operating system
Mac OS is the first name of the operating system that was released with the first Macintosh computer in 1984. The developers took the first ideas that were implemented into this system from Xerox, which at the moment already had a graphical OS.
A few years later, combining existing developments and Apple's own ideas, the developers created a completely new graphics system called the Macintosh Operating System. It had a mouse available, which allowed the owner to move the cursor across the entire screen area. A window interface with folders and files has also appeared.
Apple's main goal was to create an operating system that would be fully integrated with Mac computers. It was convenient and intuitive even for a user who found himself near a computer for the first time.
A large number of ideas that were invented by Apple are now the standard in the software field.
The first version of the Macintosh Operating System occupied only 216 kilobytes of disk space. This product was not at all protected from counterfeiting, so all subsequent updates were focused on increasing protection.
The ninth version of Mac OS became the peak of the company's work, and with the release of the tenth - a completely new Mac OS X system, which saw the world in March 2000, Apple received great recognition. The system code was completely redesigned, using NextStep OS as the basis.
OS X currently uses the Mach kernel, core UNIX features, and standard BSD services. The functionality, stability and, most importantly, security of the system is now at its best.
OS X Features
On OS X, full-color, scaled icons, nice shadows around windows with rounded corners, and translucent menus look good. Spell checking, color and font selection, a dictionary, and a palette of special characters are available for all menu applications.
High-quality antialiasing for text, graphics, and windows makes OS X superior. A beautiful Dock that allows you to move between windows, nice interface elements and dialog modal windows.
OS X Applications
The OS X operating system integrates a large number of applications for working with email, the Internet, contacts, messages, reminders and video.
Mac App Store is a professional online store. Ideologically, it is similar to the App Store for iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad.
The Mac App Store allows you to download, purchase, and install applications, as well as update them when new versions are released.
Time Machine
Time Machine is an application program released by Apple on August 7, 2006 for storing backup copies of documents. To work with it in Mac OS X, the Time Capsule (access point) was released.
Time Machine backs up your files to your external hard drive every hour. Users have the ability to recover specific documents, photos, videos and other files.
Safari browser
Safari is a compact and minimalistic browser developed personally by Apple. It is included in the OS X and iOS operating systems.
Based on the free WebKit engine. It makes it possible to open several tabs in one window at once, search for the necessary information in the Google, Yahoo and Bing search engines, block pop-up windows and quickly fill out forms.
Mail client for Mac
Apple Mail is a universal email client from Apple, present in OS X. Mail for Mac has the ability to support multiple accounts, filter incoming messages based on specified criteria, support mail services GMail, Yahoo! Mail, MobileMe and more.
The main feature of the email client is the creation of smart boxes (smart boxes), which make it possible to quickly search and find the necessary information and messages.
FaceTime
FaceTime is a unique video communication technology between owners of Mac computers, iPhones, iPod Touch players and iPad tablets. It was developed by Apple and makes it possible to make video calls between supporting gadgets.
In order to make a video call, you need to have a FaceTime account and access to the Internet.
Games are computer programs that are created based on films and books. - this is a set of the most popular genres: science fiction, action, shooters.
Specifications
| General requirements |
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|---|---|
| Supported models |
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| Requirements for individual functions |
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Mac OS X, is certainly software excellence and a clear example of what the world's best desktop operating system should look like. But she wasn't always like this. The entire thorny path of development from System 1.0 to macOS 10.14 Mojave is in this material.
In contact with
The Mac OS operating system was first introduced in 1984 along with the release of the first Macintosh computer.
First Macintosh (1984):
Mac OS (Macintosh Operating System) was among the first operating systems to offer users a convenient graphical interface instead of the command line. From 1984 to 2001, versions of System 1 – Mac OS 9, which are considered classic, were released. Since 2000, the operating system has been called Mac OS X, and since 2016 - macOS.
With System 1.0, Apple implemented a user-friendly graphical interface. Already in the very first edition of the OS, the development team was able to make clear interaction with elements in windowed mode. In fact, more advanced versions of the operating system differ from their “ancestor” only in graphics quality and more advanced functionality.
During this period, developers added additional features, settings and standard applications, and a hierarchical file system also appeared. The creators of the operating system paid special attention to its adaptation to new components and devices. In particular, the developers took care of supporting expansion slots, peripheral devices, new processors and more capacious drives. Note that a full-fledged multitasking panel appeared only in version System 5.
System 3.0
System 4.2
System 6.0
System 7.0 – 7.6 (1991-1996)
The OS received its first large-scale update only after seven years of existence. The upgrade brought a color interface, although many elements were still gray, some of them were colored. The developers have significantly improved the multitasking mode. In subsequent updates, Apple fixed bugs, added support for new components, and implemented new programs, both its own and from third-party software developers.
This edition was released in the summer of 1997 after Steve Jobs rejoined Apple. Initially, it was assumed that the new version would continue the tradition and be released as 7.7, but Jobs made a different decision. At that time, users could install System 7 on computers from other manufacturers. Apple decided to stop this practice and stopped releasing System 7. Since then, the Apple OS has been installed exclusively on Apple devices. In the first two weeks after the release of System 8, the company sold 1.2 million copies, and sold another three million in the next six months. It is noteworthy that System 8 has undergone only a few changes. For example, the company added more colors and shades to interface elements and provided the OS with new design themes and a control panel.
On October 23, 1999, Cupertino released version Mac OS 9, which became the latest update to the classic Mac OS. Users of this edition were able to store their information and set system settings. Among the innovations we should also note the appearance of data encryption using Keychain technology, the ability to work with remote servers and improved support for the USB protocol. On December 5, 2001, the latest update to Mac OS 9.2.2 was released.
Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah (2000)
The first public beta version of OS X became available on September 13, 2000. The cost of the distribution was $30. The official version appeared six months later.
On March 24, 2001, the first official version of OS X 10.0 was released. Apple decided to take a radical step away from the classic perception of Macintosh operating systems. The brand new Aqua user interface was showcased. Applications such as TextEdit, Preview, Mail and QuickTime were used for the first time.
Cheetah was very demanding on hardware: 128 MB of RAM (unofficial minimum 64 MB) and 800 MB of free disk space (preferably 1.5 GB) were luxury items at that time. Subsequently, because of such strict memory requirements, OS X 10.0 was criticized (the standard amount of memory in the Macintosh was 64 MB of RAM).
Mac OS X 10.1 Puma (2001)
The second major launch of Mac OS X occurred just six months later - on September 25, 2001. Owners of OS X 10.0 could upgrade to OS X 10.1 absolutely free. Since then, the Cupertino mega-corporation has made Mac OS X the operating system installed by default on all new computers.
The main emphasis was not on new features, but on improving system performance. More convenient CD and DVD recording and support for DVD playback have appeared. The number of supported printers has increased (more than 200), OpenGL (3D graphics) began to work 20% faster, and AppleScript was introduced. The programs ColorSync 4.0 (color management) and Image Capture (working with images on digital cameras and scanners) appeared.
With all its advantages Mac OS X Puma was subjected to quite serious criticism. Basically, the operating system was criticized for insufficient performance, low reliability and functionality. The work done was not enough to use OS X 10.1 as the main operating system.
Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar (2002)
New applications have been added such as iChat and Address Book. A big step has been taken towards people with disabilities. The startup screen appeared: instead of a happy Mac, it began to be displayed.
Mac OS X 10.3 Panther (2003)
Microsoft executives were somewhat puzzled, since Apple decided to abandon Internet Explorer for Mac in favor of its own browser, on the other hand - OS X 10.3 added many improvements in the area of system interaction with Microsoft Windows (even support for the Active Directory directory service appeared).
An important innovation was the introduction of Exposé technology, in which you can move interfering windows and remove them off the screen.
Between launches Tiger" And " Leopard"The longest period of time has passed. And this is understandable, because Apple was busy launching with the original mobile operating system.
Mac OS X Leopard has become a truly multitasking, multi-user operating system. Among the main innovations, it is worth noting support for 64-bit applications and the appearance of a utility for data backup. An important innovation is the ability to install third-party operating systems using the Boot Camp utility.
Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard (2009)
The main task for the developers was to improve performance and convenience when using the new OS. There was a complete abandonment of the PowerPC architecture (“Snow Leopard” only works on Intel processors). The system became fully 64-bit, as did most of its applications.
Price Snow Leopard for new users was $129 and $29 for Leopard users. If your computer was purchased with Leopard installed between June 8 and December 26, 2009, you could upgrade to OS X 10.6 for just $9.95.
The eighth operating system in the OS X line has received over 250 new functions. Well, the king of beasts sat on the throne. During the first day of sales, over 1 million copies were downloaded. The distribution was distributed through the Mac App Store for $29.99. By the way, Lion became the first operating system not distributed on CDs and DVDs. There are multitasking gestures, Launchpad, the Resume function, Lion Recovery Disk Assistant (system recovery) and much more.
The iCloud cloud storage service was introduced for the first time.
Apple management decided to release Mountain Lion a year earlier than planned, thereby shortening the development cycle from two to one year (most likely, this step was prompted by the imminent launch of competing Windows 8). The desktop version began to adopt the proprietary capabilities of iOS: Notification Center, Notes, Reminders appeared, iChat was replaced. There has been closer integration with . In total, over 200 new functions were integrated. Mountain Lion became the last operating system from the cat family.
Beginning with OS X 10.9, Apple has switched to a new system for selecting titles for its desktop OS. From now on, names are taken from memorable places in California. Mavericks is a popular beach. An important step by Apple to compete was the possibility of free upgrades to OS X 10.9 and subsequent versions. Among the innovations, it is worth noting support for multiple monitors, tags, as well as integration of the Maps and iBooks applications.
Mac OS (Macintosh Operating System listen)) is a family of operating systems produced by Apple for the Macintosh line of personal computers.
The system was one of the first to provide the user with a clear graphical interface instead of a difficult-to-understand command line.
Mac OS was first introduced with the first Macintosh computer in 1984. The term "Mac OS" only began to be used in the mid-90s.
TO THE POINT:From 1984 to 2001, Apple released operating systems with System 1 before Mac OS 9. They are considered classic. Released in 2000 Mac OS X, which later received its own separate numbering.
System 1.0 (1984)
The very first version of the system provided the user with access to a user-friendly graphical interface.
Even then, Jobs’ team managed to make clear interaction with elements in windowed mode. In fact, modern operating systems differ from System 1.0 only in graphics and additional features.
System 2.0 – 6.0 (1985-1988)
During this period, the system acquired additional features, settings and standard applications. The developers have added a full-fledged hierarchical file system.
The main efforts were made to adapt the OS to new components and devices. Support for expansion slots, peripheral devices, new processors and more capacious drives appeared.
It wasn't until System 5 that a full multitasking model was implemented, allowing system resources to be allocated to applications running in the background.
System 7.0 – 7.6 (1991-1996)
The operating system received its first global upgrade for the first time in seven years of existence.
Users saw a colorful interface. Most system applications and settings were dominated by shades of gray, but some elements became colored.
Multitasking took on a complete form and was practically no different from what we use on modern Macs.
In subsequent updates, the developers eliminated shortcomings, added support for new components and built new applications into the system. These were both Apple's own developments and software purchased from third-party developers.
System 8 (1997)
The system was released in the summer of 1997 after Jobs returned to Apple. The system was initially supposed to continue the old numbering and come out with an index of 7.7.
During difficult times for the company, Jobs decided to do something different. Apple officially discontinued System 7, which at the time was available for installation on third-party computers.
So the company decided to do away with Apple clone computers. Since then, the company's operating system has been officially installed only on computers of its own production.
Apple reported 1.2 million copies of System 8 sold in the first two weeks after release and another 3 million licenses sold over the next 6 months.
System 8 itself didn't have many changes. Interface elements received more colors and shades, design themes and a new control panel appeared.
Mac OS 9 (1999)
Mac OS 9 was the last major update to classic versions of Mac OS. The release took place on October 23, 1999.
The developers logically developed the ideas laid down in previous versions, and early builds of Mac OS 9 were called System 8.7.
Mac OS 9 allowed multiple computer users to have their own data and system settings. Data encryption technology has appeared Keychain, work with remote network servers and improved support for the USB protocol.
The latest update to the classic Mac OS was version 9.2.2, released on December 5, 2001.
Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah (2001)
The first system of the modern Mac OS line was released in March 2001. Until 2012, the family was called “Mac OS X”, then until 2016, updates received the simplified name “OS X”, and in recent years the company has returned to the classic “macOS”.
Mac OS X was essentially the successor to Mac OS 9, but, unlike classic systems, it was based on Unix. The system has a place for many of the company’s developments NeXT late 80s early 90s.
The company was founded by Jobs, and one of his conditions for returning to Apple was the absorption of the smaller NeXT by the apple giant.
OS X 10.0 Cheetah introduced a redesigned GUI Aqua, new applications have appeared TextEdit, Preview, Mail And QuickTime.
To operate, the system required 128 MB of RAM and 800 MB of storage space, which was considerable for those times.
Many users criticized the system for the lack of support for drivers for peripheral devices from Mac OS 9. OS X 10.0 was more demanding and performed less efficiently on older hardware than previous versions of the system.
Mac OS X 10.1 Puma (2001)
Just six months after Cheetah, Apple is releasing a major update to Mac OS X 10.1 Puma.
The main emphasis was placed on increasing productivity and optimizing the operation of hardware. Since the fall of 2001, all new Apple computers have been sold with Mac OS X 10.1 pre-installed; before that, many models were equipped with the old Mac OS 9.
Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar (2002)
The developers have focused on expanding communication capabilities. Appears in the system iChat And The address book.
Users with disabilities received a block of special options for the first time Universal access.
Mac OS X 10.3 Panther (2003)
Apple has perfected its own browser Safari, which has become the default web viewer in the new version of Mac OS X.
The emphasis was placed on convenient work with multiple applications and workspaces. The system has a mode Expose.
Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger (2005-2007)
The release of a new version of the operating system coincided with the transition of computer production to the platform Intel. Apple decided to increase the cycle of major updates from one year to two.
From April 2005 to November 2007, more than 10 versions of Mac OS X 10.4 were released with minor innovations, compatibility and performance improvements.
Users saw universal search for the first time Spotlight and panel Dashboard with widgets.
Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard (2007-2009)
The company spent the next two years updating and supporting Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard. Even the parallel development of iPhone OS (iOS) for the first iPhone did not prevent the addition of a number of key features.
A convenient backup tool appeared Time Machine, service Boot Camp made it possible to run other operating systems on the Mac, and Mac OS itself acquired support for 64-bit programs.
Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard (2009-2011)
The code name, slightly different from the previous one, hinted that the developers did not make major changes to the system, but were only working on polishing the existing features and capabilities.
In Mac OS X 10.6 we saw the App Store for the first time Mac App Store.
Meanwhile, Apple finally abandoned the architecture PowerPC and switched to processors Intel. Snow Leopard OS did not support PowerPC.
Mac OS X 10.7 Lion (2011-2012)
The company cleaned things up a bit with iOS and returned to the annual Mac OS update cycle. The desktop system inherited several new features from the mobile one.
Mac OS X 10.7 introduced convenient gestures for working with most standard applications and the system. Cloud service debuted iCloud.
Starting with the Lion version, Mac OS was no longer distributed on CD or DVD; software was downloaded only over the network.
Mac OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion (2012-2013)
Mac OS X 10.9 Mavericks (2013-2014)
Apple has moved away from the usual OS naming system, which in the Mac OS X line was previously chosen by the name of species from the cat family. Now the operating system was named after famous places in California.
Users received analogues of mobile applications Cards And iBooks, improved support for multiple displays, and the ability to use Apple TV as a full screen for your Mac.
The update is now free for the first time. The company promised to continue to distribute the OS free of charge.
Mac OS X 10.10 Yosemite (2014-2015)
This version will be remembered primarily for its serious redesign. The rejection of skeuomorphism following iOS contributed to the convergence and closer integration of desktop and mobile OS, which already had common applications and services.
Mac OS X 10.11 El Capitan (2015-2016)
