What is the difference between information and data? Concept of data, information and knowledge
Concept, structure, classification, features of intelligent systems.
A system is called intelligent if it implements 3 basic functions:
1. Representation and processing of knowledge.
2. Reasoning.
3. Communication.
User
Functional Mechanisms Knowledge Base
Structural knowledge – knowledge about operating environment. Metaknowledge is knowledge about the properties of knowledge.
1. Biochemical (everything related to the brain);
2. Software-pragmatic direction (writing programs that replace functions).
1. Local (task) approach: for each task special programs who achieve results no worse than humans.
2. Systematic approach based on knowledge – creation of automation tools, creation of the programs themselves.
3. An approach using the method of procedural programming - creating algorithms in natural languages.
Main sections of IIT:
1. Knowledge management.
2. Formal languages and semantics.
3. Quantum semantics.
4. Cognitive modeling.
5. Convergent (converging) decision support systems.
6. Evolutionary genetic algorithms.
7. Neural networks.
8. Ant and immune algorithms.
9. Expert systems.
10. Fuzzy sets and calculations.
11. Nonmonotonic logics.
12. Active multi-agent systems.
13. Natural language communication and translation.
14. Pattern recognition, playing chess.
Characteristics of problem areas where the use of information information systems is necessary:
1. Quality and efficiency of decision making.
2. Unclear goals.
3. Chaotic, fluctuating and quantized behavior of the environment.
4. Multiplicity of factors that replace each other.
5. Weak formalizability.
6. Uniqueness (non-stereotypicality) of the situation.
7. Latency (hiddenness) of information.
8. Deviance in the implementation of plans, as well as the significance of small actions.
9. Paradoxical logic of decisions.
Instability, lack of focus, chaotic environment
Concept of data, information and knowledge. Properties of knowledge and their difference from data.
Information is:
· any information received and transmitted, stored by various sources;
· this is the entire set of information about the world around us, about all kinds of processes occurring in it that can be perceived by living organisms, electronic machines and other information systems;
· this is significant information about something, when the form of its presentation is also information, that is, it has a formatting function in accordance with its own nature;
· this is all that can be added to our knowledge and assumptions.
Data is factual information that describes objects, processes and phenomena. subject area, as well as their properties. In processes computer processing The data goes through the following stages of transformation:
· original form existence of data (results of observations and measurements, tables, reference books, charts, graphs, etc.);
· presentation in special languages of descriptions of data intended for input and processing of source data into a computer;
· databases on computer storage media.
Knowledge - in theory artificial intelligence and expert systems - a set of information and rules of inference (from an individual, society or an AI system) about the world, the properties of objects, the patterns of processes and phenomena, as well as the rules for using them for decision making. The main difference between knowledge and data is their structure and activity; the appearance of new facts in the database or the establishment of new connections can become a source of changes in decision making.
In order to place knowledge into an information system, it must be represented by certain data structures corresponding to the selected development environment intelligent system. Therefore, when developing information system First, the accumulation and presentation of knowledge is carried out, and at this stage human participation is mandatory, and then the knowledge is represented by certain data structures that are convenient for storage and processing in a computer.
IP knowledge exists in the following forms:
· initial knowledge (rules derived from practical experience, mathematical and empirical dependencies reflecting mutual connections between facts; patterns and trends describing changes in facts over time; functions, diagrams, graphs, etc.);
· description of initial knowledge by means of the selected knowledge representation model (set of logical formulas or production rules, semantic network, hierarchies of frames, etc.);
· representation of knowledge by data structures that are intended for storage and processing on a computer;
· knowledge bases on computer storage media.
Knowledge is a more complex category compared to data. Knowledge describes not only individual facts, but also the relationships between them, which is why knowledge is sometimes called structured data. Knowledge is the result of a person’s mental activity aimed at generalizing his experience gained as a result of practical activity.
Knowledge is obtained as a result of applying certain processing methods to the source data and connecting external procedures.
DATA + PROCESSING PROCEDURE = INFORMATION
INFORMATION + PROCESSING PROCEDURE = KNOWLEDGE
Feature knowledge is that it is not contained in original system. Knowledge arises as a result of comparing information units, finding and resolving contradictions between them, i.e. knowledge is active; its appearance or shortage leads to the implementation of certain actions or the emergence of new knowledge. Knowledge differs from data by having the following properties.
Properties of knowledge (from lectures):
· Internal interpretability (data + method data). Methodological - structured data, which represents the characteristics of the described entities for the purposes of their identification, search, evaluation, and management
· Availability of connections (internal, external), communication structure
· Possibility of scaling (assessment of the relationship between information units) – quantitative
· Availability of semantic metrics (a means of assessing poorly formalized information units)
· The presence of activity (incompleteness, inaccuracy encourages them to develop, replenish).
Classification of knowledge
Knowledge– a form of existence and systematization of the results of human cognitive activity. Knowledge helps people rationally organize their activities and decide various problems, arising in its process.
Knowledge(in the theory of artificial intelligence and expert systems) - a set of information and rules of inference (from an individual, society or an AI system) about the world, the properties of objects, the patterns of processes and phenomena, as well as the rules for using them for decision making.
The main difference between knowledge and data is their structure and activity; the appearance of new facts in the database or the establishment of new connections can become a source of changes in decision making.
Highlight different kinds knowledge:
Scientific,
Extra-scientific,
Ordinary-practical (ordinary, common sense),
Intuitive,
Religious, etc.
Everyday practical knowledge is unsystematic, unsubstantiated, and unwritten. Ordinary knowledge serves as the basis for a person’s orientation in the world around him, the basis for his everyday behavior and foresight, but usually contains errors and contradictions. Scientific knowledge based on rationality is characterized by objectivity and universality, and claims to be universally valid. Its task is to describe, explain and predict the process and phenomenon of reality. Extrascientific knowledge is produced by a certain intellectual community according to norms and standards that differ from rationalistic ones; they have their own sources and means of knowledge.
Classification of knowledge
I. by nature. Knowledge can be declarative And procedural.
Declarative knowledge contain only an idea of the structure of certain concepts. This knowledge is close to data and facts. For example: higher educational institution there is a set of faculties, and each faculty, in turn, is a set of departments. Procedural knowledge is of an active nature. They define ideas about the means and ways of obtaining new knowledge and testing knowledge. These are different types of algorithms. For example: brainstorming method to find new ideas.
II. according to the degree of science. Knowledge can be scientific And extra-scientific.Scientific knowledge can be:
1) empirical (based on experience or observation);
2) theoretical (based on the analysis of abstract models, analogies, diagrams that reflect the structure and nature of processes, i.e. generalization of empirical data).
Extra-scientific knowledge can be:
parascientific knowledge - teachings or reflections about phenomena, the explanation of which is not convincing from the point of view of scientific criteria.
pseudoscientific – deliberately exploiting conjectures and prejudices.
quasi-scientific - they are looking for supporters and adherents, relying on methods of violence and coercion. Quasi-scientific knowledge, as a rule, flourishes in conditions of strictly hierarchical science, where criticism of those in power is impossible, where the ideological regime is strictly manifested. (In the history of Russia, the periods of “triumph of quasi-science” are well known: Lysenkoism; fixism, etc.)
anti-scientific - as utopian and deliberately distorting ideas about reality.
pseudoscientific - represent intellectual activity that speculates on a set of popular theories (stories about ancient astronauts, about Bigfoot, about the monster from Loch Ness)
everyday-practical - delivering basic information about nature and the surrounding reality. Ordinary knowledge includes common sense, signs, edifications, recipes, and personal experience, and traditions. Although it records the truth, it does so unsystematically and without evidence.
personal – depending on the abilities of a particular subject and on the characteristics of his intellectual cognitive activity. Collective knowledge is generally valid (transpersonal), presupposes the presence of concepts, methods, techniques and rules of construction common to the entire system. III. by location
Highlight personal(tacit, hidden, not yet formalized) knowledge and formalized(explicit) knowledge.
Tacit knowledge– knowledge of people that has not yet been formalized and cannot be transferred to other people.
Formalized in some language (explicit) knowledge:
knowledge in documents;
knowledge on CDs;
knowledge in personal computers;
Internet knowledge;
knowledge in knowledge bases;
knowledge in expert systems, extracted from the tacit knowledge of human experts.
The distinctive characteristics of knowledge are still a matter of uncertainty in philosophy. According to most thinkers, for something to be considered knowledge, it must satisfy three criteria:
a) be confirmed,
b) be true,
c) trustworthy.
Related information.
Information- this is information about objects and phenomena environment, their parameters, properties and states, which reduce the degree of uncertainty and incomplete knowledge about them.
Data is a collection of information recorded on a specific medium in a form suitable for permanent storage, transmission and processing. Transformation and processing of data allows you to obtain information. Become information when used
2.Properties of information: objectivity, reliability, completeness, relevance, adequacy, accessibility.
Information properties:
- Objectivity of information. Objective – existing outside and independently of human consciousness. Information is a reflection of the external objective world. Information is objective if it does not depend on the methods of its recording, anyone’s opinion, or judgment. Example. The message “It’s warm outside” carries subjective information, while the message “It’s 22°C outside” carries objective information. Objective information can be obtained using working sensors and measuring instruments. Reflected in a person’s consciousness, information can be distorted depending on the opinion, judgment, experience, knowledge of a particular subject, and thus cease to be objective.
- Reliability of information. Information is reliable if it reflects the true state of affairs. Objective information is always reliable, but reliable information can be both objective and subjective. Reliable information helps us make the right decision. Information may be inaccurate for the following reasons:
- intentional or unintentional distortion of a subjective property;
- distortion as a result of interference and insufficiently accurate means of fixing it.
When thinking about the difference between information and data, you can’t help but wonder if they have anything in common?
We so often replace one word with another in speech that we do not notice how our statements become absurd. In order not to get into a stupid situation, you should figure out what each of them means.
There is a gap between data and information close connection that the existence of one without the other is either impossible or simply meaningless.
Data is the basis of information. Essentially, they are just a set of characters. But after they have been interpreted by some perceiving system, the data becomes information.
Occurrence condition
So, information arises only if there is a certain source containing data and, directly, a recipient. Data can be transformed into information in several ways: through counting, correction, compression, contextualization and categorization.
Data is information recorded on some source. IN Lately The amount of data has grown incredibly. This was caused by the rapid growth of the Internet.
Measurement
Data cannot be measured. As soon as we begin to count the data, the processing process will begin. This means that the data will automatically move into the category of “information”. Information can be measured. To do this, it is enough to assess the level of knowledge before and after the receipt of information.
Conversion Result
The human brain, like the most advanced computer, processes the data we receive and produces some information. And when the need arises to apply it to another thought process, then for him this information in turn becomes data from which new information will be obtained.
The final stage of transformation of information that has undergone repeated processing over a certain period of time becomes knowledge.
Thus, ImGist highlights the following main differences between information and data:
Data and information are closely interconnected.
Data is fixed; it actually exists in each unit of time. Information arises only when this data is processed.
Data after transformation becomes information. Repeatedly verified information - knowledge.
Information, unlike data, is a measurable substance.
Information- information about objects and phenomena of the environment, their parameters, properties and condition, which reduce the degree of uncertainty and incomplete knowledge about them.
Source (supplier) and consumer (recipient) of information.
Term information comes from the Latin informatio, which means explanation, information, presentation. In a broad sense information is defined as information (messages) about one or another aspect of the material world and processes. A message is a form of presenting information in the form of speech, text, images, digital data, graphs, tables, etc.
Information is a general scientific concept that includes the exchange of information between people, the exchange of signals between living and inanimate nature, people and devices.
It should be remembered that: information exists outside of its creator; information becomes a message once it is expressed in a specific language.
Along with the concept of “information”, the concept is often used data. Data can be considered as signs or recorded observations that for some reason are not used, but only stored. In
When it becomes possible to use this data to reduce uncertainty about something, the data turns into information. Therefore it can be argued that information is the data used .
Information - structured data.
Information(in biology) = Biology studies living nature and the concept of “information” is associated with the appropriate behavior of living organisms. In living organisms, information is transmitted and stored using objects of different physical nature (DNA state), which are considered as signs of biological alphabets. Genetic information is inherited and stored in all cells of living organisms.
Information(in philosophy) = this is interaction, reflection, cognition.
Information(in cybernetics) = these are the characteristics of the control signal transmitted over the communication line.
The following approaches to determining information can be distinguished:
- traditional(ordinary) used in computer science: Information- this is information, knowledge, messages about the state of affairs that a person perceives from the world around him with the help of his senses (vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch).
- probabilistic- used in information theory: Information– this is information about objects and phenomena of the environment, their parameters, properties and state, which reduce the degree of uncertainty and incomplete knowledge about them.
Information is stored, transmitted and processed in symbolic (sign) form. The same information can be presented in different forms:
1) Sign writing, consisting of various signs, among which symbolic ones are distinguished in the form of text, numbers, specials. characters; graphic; tabular, etc.
2) In the form of gestures or signals.
3) In oral verbal form (conversation).
Presentation of information is carried out using languages as sign systems, which are built on the basis of a certain alphabet and have rules for performing operations on signs.
Language– a certain sign system for presenting information.
Natural languages– spoken languages in oral and written form. In some cases, spoken language can be replaced by the language of facial expressions and gestures, the language of special signs (for example, road signs);
Formal languages– special languages for various areas of human activity, which are characterized by a strictly fixed alphabet, more strict rules of grammar and syntax. This is the language of music (notes), the language of mathematics (numbers, mathematical symbols), number systems, programming languages, etc.
The basis of any language is alphabet– a set of symbols/signs.
The total number of characters in the alphabet is usually called power of the alphabet.
Information carriers– a medium or physical body for transmitting, storing and reproducing information. These are electrical, light, thermal, sound, radio signals, magnetic and laser disks, printed publications, photographs, etc.