Whether Burns. Tim Berners-Lee - creator of the World Wide Web
Internet- a worldwide system of interconnected computer networks, built on the use of the IP protocol and the routing of data packets. The Internet forms a global information space, serves as the physical basis for the World Wide Web (World Wide Web) and many other systems (protocols) of data transmission. At present, when the word "Internet" is used in everyday life, most often it refers to the World Wide Web and the information available on it, and not the physical network itself.
The emergence of the Internet environment
In 1957 US Department of Defense considered that in case of war, America needed a reliable system for transmitting information. United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) proposed to develop a computer network for this. The development of such a network was entrusted University of California In Los Angeles, Stanford Research Center, University of Utah And California State University in Santa Barbara. The computer network was named ARPANET(Eng. Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), and in 1969, as part of the project, the network brought together four of these scientific institutions. October 29, 1969 between the first two nodes of the ARPANET network, located at a distance of 640 km - at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) - held a communication session. This date can be considered the birthday of the Internet.
Cerf and Kahn at the 2005 Presidential Medal of Freedom
By the end of the 1970s, data transfer protocols began to develop rapidly, which were standardized in 1982-83. On January 1, 1983, the ARPANET switched from NCP on the TCP/IP, created Wynton Cerf (Vinton Gray Cerf) and Robert Cann (Robert Elliot Kahn). The TCP / IP protocol has been successfully used so far to combine (or, as they say, “layering”) networks. It was in 1983 that the term "Internet" entrenched in the ARPANET.
In 1984, the ARPANET had a serious competitor: US National Science Foundation (NSF) founded an extensive inter-university network NSFnet(eng. National Science Foundation Network), which was composed of smaller networks (including the then-known Usenet and Bitnet networks) and had much more bandwidth than ARPANET. About 10,000 computers connected to this network in a year, the title of "Internet" began to gradually move to NSFNet.
In 1989 within the walls European Council for Nuclear Research (CERN) The concept of the World Wide Web was born. It was proposed by the famous British scientist Tim Berners-Lee , he developed a protocol within two years HTTP, language HTML and identifiers URI.
In 1990, the ARPANET ceased to exist, completely losing the competition to NSFNet.
In the 1990s, the Internet unified most of the then existing networks. The Internet has become a very popular medium for information exchange. Currently, you can connect to the Internet through communication satellites, radio channels, cable TV, telephone, cellular communications, special fiber optic lines or electric wires. The World Wide Web has become an integral part of life in developed and developing countries.
Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee (Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee) was born in London. His parents, Conway Berners-Lee And Mary Lee Woods, both were mathematicians and worked to create "Manchester Mark I", one of the first computers. Tim studied at King's College at Oxford. There he built his first computer based on the M6800 processor with a TV instead of a monitor. Once, Tim and a friend were caught hacking and were banned from using university computers.
In 1978, Berners-Lee began working for European Laboratory for Nuclear Research CERN software consultant. It was there that he wrote a program for his own needs. "Enquire", which used random associations and laid the conceptual foundation for the World Wide Web.
In 1984, he received a fellowship from CERN where he worked on the development of distributed systems for collecting scientific data. During this time he was working on a system "FASTBUS" and developed his RPC system (English Remote Procedure Call, remote procedure call).
In 1989, while at CERN, Berners-Lee proposed a project known as The World Wide Web(English World Wide Web). The project involved the publication of hypertext documents interconnected by hyperlinks, which would facilitate the search and consolidation of information. The Web Project was intended for CERN scientists and was originally used on the CERN intranet. To implement the project, Tim Berners-Lee (together with his assistants) invented identifiers URI(and, as a special case, URL), protocol HTTP and language HTML. These technologies formed the basis of the modern World Wide Web.
Berners-Lee created the world's first website at http://info.cern.ch. This site went online on the Internet on August 6, 1991. This site described what the World Wide Web was, how to install a web server, how to get a browser, etc. This site was also the first in the world Internet directory, because Tim Berners-Lee later posted and maintained a list of links to other sites there.
From 1991 to 1993, Tim Berners-Lee continued to work on the World Wide Web. He collected feedback from users and coordinated the work of the Web. Then he first proposed for wide discussion his first URI, HTTP and HTML specifications.
Robert Cayo
Robert Cayo
Robert Cayo (Robert Cailliau) was born in Belgium, in the city of Tongeren. After graduating from high school, he entered Ghent University, who graduated in 1969 with a degree civil engineer in electrical and mechanical engineering. Also, in 1971 University of Michigan awarded him a degree MSc in Computers, Informatics and Control Systems Engineering.
In December 1974, he enlisted in European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN).
In 1989, he, regardless of Tim Berners-Lee proposed a system hypertext to access CERN documentation. In 1990, this led to the joint proposal of this technology, and then to the creation World Wide Web (World Wide Web).
In 1993, in collaboration with the Fraunhofer Society Caillaux took up the first Internet project for the European Commission, on information dissemination in Europe.
As a result of his work with the legal service of CERN, on April 30, 1993, Internet technology was released into the public domain.
In 1994, Cayo started a joint project with the European Commission "Internet for schools", promoting the network as a resource for education.
In less than two decades, the Internet has become an integral part of the lives of millions of people, giving them the ability to instantly access information and communicate with anyone, anywhere, anytime. Designed by English software engineer Tim Berners-Lee, the Internet is a democratic resource that, in a sense, equalizes all the inhabitants of the planet.
Hundreds of millions of people cannot imagine their existence without the Internet. Perhaps they could stop using the World Wide Web, but life without access to the network would seem to them less pleasant and comfortable. The Internet allows us to communicate, share ideas and knowledge with each other in real time, and at the same time not think about distance, different time zones and social inequality.
Designed by software engineer Tim Berners-Lee, the information network, programmed so that computers mimic some of the intuitive abilities of the human brain, is a remarkable achievement in itself. But Berners-Lee worked to ensure that his invention was unconditionally accessible to everyone.
Berners-Lee was born in London in 1955. His parents are mathematicians Conway Berners-Lee and Mary Lee Woods, who worked on the creation of the first computer. By the time Tim entered Oxford College in 1973, he had already established himself as a great inventor.
He built his first computer using materials and tools such as a homemade soldering iron, an M6800 processor, and parts from an old TV. It even happened that Tim and his friend were convicted of breaking into and illegally using the university computer.
After graduating from university, Tim worked for a telecommunications equipment company and later for various organizations as a freelance software development and maintenance engineer.
His main goal was to find a way to combine the computing power of a computer with the intuitive properties of the human brain.
Over the next three years, Berners-Lee and his colleagues improved Internet sites and convinced other people to actively visit them. From the very beginning, he gave up the right to patent an Internet service and make money from its use by non-profit structures.
By 1994, the traffic he created https://info.cern.ch had reached a level that was a thousand times higher than that of the previous three years. It was then that scientists, Tim's associates, first used the search engine, which marked the beginning of a new stage in the development of the information technology industry.
Berners-Lee, Timothy John (English Berners-Lee Timothy John is a British scientist. Introduced the concept of the World Wide Web in 1991. Since 1994 he has been the head of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Since 1994 he has also been a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and since 2004 a professor at the University of Southampton. Leads the World Wide Web Foundation.
Biography, career
Parents, father Conway Berners-Lee (Conway Berners-Lee) and mother Mary Lee Woods (Mary Lee Woods) were mathematicians-programmers: at the University of Manchester (Manchester University) they worked together to create the Manchester Mark I - the first commercial electronic computer with working memory. As a child, Berners-Lee was fond of drawing on computer punched cards and assembled toy computers from cardboard boxes.
Berners-Lee attended the prestigious Emanuel School from 1969 to 1973. He was fond of design and mathematics, but at the Royal College of Oxford University (Oxford University "s Queen" s College), where he entered in 1973, he decided to study physics. At Oxford, computers became a new passion for Berners-Lee: he independently soldered his first computer based on a Motorola M6800 processor and a simple TV as a monitor. He was also fond of hacking, and after Berners-Lee managed to hack into the university computer, he was forbidden to use it.
After graduating from Oxford University in 1976 with a bachelor's degree in physics with honors, Berners-Lee moved to Dorset and took a job with the Plessey Corporation, where he programmed distributed transaction systems, communication systems, and worked on barcode technology for Plessey Controls. codes. In 1978, he moved to D.G Nash Ltd, where he created software for printers and multitasking systems. In 1980, Berners-Lee worked as a software consultant in Switzerland for the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). There, in his spare time, he wrote the Enquire program, which used hypertext to access documents: later its concept formed the basis of the World Wide Web. From 1981 to 1984, Berners-Lee worked for Image Computer Systems Ltd, working on the architecture of real-time systems and graphics and communications software. In 1984, Berners-Lee took up scientific work at CERN: he developed real-time systems for collecting scientific information, as well as computer applications for particle accelerators and other scientific equipment.
In March 1989, Berners-Lee first proposed the idea of the World Wide Web (the term was coined by himself) to the leadership of his CERN division. It was based on the Enquire program: the idea was to exchange scientific information on hypertext web pages using the TCP / IP data transfer protocol. This protocol was used on the US military network ARPANET, the predecessor of the Internet, and on the university network NSFNET until 1988, and by 1989 it began to be used for commercial purposes, in particular for exchanging mail, reading newsgroups and real-time communication. The idea proposed by Berners-Lee was liked by his leader, Mike Sandall, but he did not allocate any large funds and suggested that for the time being, experiment on one NeXT personal computer. On it, Berners-Lee wrote the first ever CERN HTTPd web server and the first web browser and page editor, WorldWideWeb. He also developed the HTTP application layer protocol, the HTML language, and a standardized way to record a website address on the Internet - URL. In 1990, the Belgian Robert Cailliau joined the Berners-Lee project. He secured funding for the project and tackled organizational issues.
Work on the basic standards of the invention was completed in May 1991, and on August 6, 1991, Berners-Lee, in the alt.hypertext newsgroup, first announced the creation of the World Wide Web and gave a link to the first site on the Internet that talked about the technology, and subsequently was conducted directory of other sites. In 1993, through the efforts of Cayo and the consent of CERN, Berners-Lee released the entire concept of the World Wide Web into the public domain, reserving no right to charge for the use of his invention. The creation of browsers for various operating systems, including Mosaic and Netscape for Microsoft Windows, gave impetus to the development of the World Wide Web and an increase in its share in total Internet traffic. It is noteworthy that the Gopher protocol, developed a few years earlier by the University of Minnesota (University of Minnesota), could become a possible alternative to the World Wide Web, but, according to Berners-Lee, Gopher could not compete with WWW due to the fact that, unlike from CERN, the creators of the protocol demanded money for its implementation.
Thus, the creation of the World Wide Web is generally credited to Berners-Lee and, to a lesser extent, Cayo. Sometimes Berners-Lee is mistakenly called the "creator of the Internet", although he was the creator of only one of the elements of the worldwide network, without which, however, the Internet could have remained a network for the military and scientists.
In 1994, Berners-Lee left CERN with the idea of founding a company to develop a new browser, but instead went to work as a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he founded the World Wide Web Consortium (World Wide Web Consortium, W3C), which began to develop and implement technological standards for the World Wide Web. The goal of the organization was declared to be the full disclosure of the potential of the World Wide Web, as well as ensuring its development in the future.
In 2004, Berners-Lee became Professor and Chair of the Computer Science Department at the University of Southampton. Together with MIT and the University of Southampton, he founded and co-directed the Web Science Research Initiative, an organization dedicated to recruiting scientists to explore the potential of the World Wide Web. In the same year, Berners-Lee was awarded the title of Knight of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain, and a year later he was awarded the British Order of Merit. In 2008, Berners-Lee founded the World Wide Web Foundation, which funds and coordinates spending on the development of the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee himself has repeatedly stated that the Internet is still at the very beginning of its development. He did not stop at creating the basic protocols of the World Wide Web. He called the future of the Internet the "Semantic Web", which will facilitate machine data processing on the network by streamlining the information posted on the Internet: assigning universal resource identifiers (URIs) to all objects and the widespread use of metadata, tags and ontologies (simplistically, metadata dictionaries ), which will greatly simplify the search and work with information.
In 2001, Berners-Lee stated that in a few years the World Wide Web would evolve into the Semantic Web, but the evolution process dragged on, and the concept of the Semantic Web itself was met with criticism: it was noted that the very idea of the Semantic Web was flawed and unrealizable. due to the human factor, experts have been of the opinion that working on it is diverting resources from more important W3C projects. Among the implemented proposals of Berners-Lee, one can note the appearance of websites that became possible not only to read, but also to edit online: Wikipedia and blogs became examples of such sites.
Berners-Lee, in an interview with The Telegraph, said that he did not regret that his invention became popular among pornography distributors and scammers. However, according to him, he would like to change the structure of the World Wide Web so that it does not allow spamming. It is noteworthy that in late 2008, Berners-Lee lost money when he bought a Christmas present in an online store, becoming the victim of online scammers.
Berners-Lee is the author of "Weaving the Web," a book about the history and future of the Web. In 1999, Time magazine named Berners-Lee one of the 100 most important people and 20 most important thinkers of the 20th century. Berners-Lee is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Royal Society of London. In 2004, Berners-Lee became the first recipient of the Finnish Millennium Technology Prize, receiving around 1 million euros as an award.
Personal life
Berners-Lee has been married twice. His first wife was named Jane (Jane), they met while studying at Oxford University, got married immediately after graduation and initially worked together at Plessey. With his second wife, programmer Nancy Carlson (Nancy Carlson), Berners-Lee met while working at CERN, they got married in 1990 and together they raise two children: daughter Alice (Alice) and son Ben (Ben). As a child, Berners-Lee was baptized in the Church of England, but quickly abandoned that religion. After the invention of the World Wide Web, he became a member of the Unitarian-Universalist Church.
Hobby
Berners-Lee loves to walk in nature, plays the piano and guitar.
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee was born on June 8, 1955 in London, England. British scientist, inventor of URI, URL, HTTP, HTML, inventor of the World Wide Web (with Robert Cayo) and current head of the World Wide Web Consortium. The author of the concept of the semantic web. Author of many other developments in the field of information technology. Author of books - "Weaving the Web: the origins and future of the World Wide Web", "Spinning the Semantic Web: the full potential of the World Wide Web."
If we don't have an open, neutral internet that we can rely on without worrying about what goes on behind the back door, then we can't have open government, good democracy, proper healthcare, a united society, and a diverse culture. It's not naive to think it's real, but it's naive to hope to get it by sitting on our hands.
Instead of preventing people from getting all the information, we are moving towards a world where people agree not to use information for any particular purpose. For example, if an insurance agent is a Facebook friend of yours, the insurance company should not be able to use that information to set premiums.
We need more parliamentarians to code, not because they have to code all the time, but because they need to understand the full power of this weapon. Then they could make laws that would require people to program machines to behave in one way or another.
What I like about my computer is that it gives me a choice: write a program or download a ready-made one and install it. This is important to me, and it is also important for the future of the entire Internet: it is obvious that a "closed" platform is a serious brake on innovation.
You need to teach people programming from an early age - then those who will be attracted to it can really advance in it, devoting as much time to it as they need. More people need to go from learning to code to earning a living doing it.
I am afraid of dependence on large companies and the concentration of web services on one large server. This eliminates the spirit of competition and stifles innovation. From my students, I expect them to build the architecture of a new web that will be decentralized.
Smarter systems that use artificial intelligence to streamline workloads will help create a more efficient and simpler Internet environment that will no longer be cluttered with emails and busy business calendars.
On the 25th Anniversary of the Web, I challenge you to come together to design and develop standards for the web of the future, and push every country in the world to adopt a digital "Bill of Rights" that guarantees a free and open internet for all.
It seems to me that a lot of computer programs were written by people who were worried about some small, short-term problem that managed to get bored to death, but in the end they had a great long-term idea born in their head.
In the last quarter century, the Web has changed the world in ways I never imagined. There have been many remarkable achievements. He has generated billions of dollars of economic growth, turned information into the gold of the 21st century.
I worked with volunteers from all over the world. I wanted us to have a place to work together, and even now, the web doesn't give me everything I dreamed of back then: a really powerful tool for collaboration.
The World Wide Web Consortium, the tech industry, all the geeks in town are pushing the web to new heights every second, widening the gap between them and the people who don't use it.
A rising tide of surveillance and censorship "threatens the future of democracy." “Decisive steps must be taken to protect the fundamental rights to privacy and freedom of opinion and assembly online.
It makes no sense to block Internet users who are guilty of "piracy". It seems to me that the fine is quite enough, but you shouldn’t disconnect the whole family from the Internet - it’s like putting them in jail.
The free space of the Internet is fragmented, breaking up into isolated services - "islands" - due to social networks and companies that tightly bind programs to certain devices.
Google, Microsoft, Yahoo, Apple, Facebook... As long as you think you're using their products, they're using your data, dividing the internet among themselves, and starting to dictate increasingly harsh terms.
Certain things, of course, should be legally restricted or prohibited. In other cases, a transparent market works well: people vote with their feet and go to other sites.
As far as I'm concerned, telecoms will profitably invest in deploying networks in non-Internet-connected countries—perhaps even deep in the jungle.
I tend to think that there is not enough scientific work being done. I would like scientists to pay more attention to technologies for processing open data.
BERNERS-LEE (Berners-Lee) Timothy (Tim) John, sir (b. 8.6.1955, London), British scientist, creator world wide web (together with R. Kayo), head of the World Wide Web Consortium, author of the concept of the semantic web, and many other developments in the field of information technology. Born into a family of mathematician-programmers who at Manchester University were working on the Manchester Mark I, the first commercial electronic computer with RAM. Graduated from King's College, Oxford University with a degree in physics (1976); there I assembled my first computer based on the M6800 processor with a TV instead of a monitor. He joined Plessey in Dorset, where he worked for two years, mainly programming distributed transaction systems, transferring information. In 1978, Berners-Lee moved to D. G Nash Ltd, where he developed software for printers and created a kind of multitasking operating system. In 1980 he worked at the European Laboratory for Nuclear Research - CERN (CERN, Geneva) as a software consultant. There he wrote the program "Enquire" (eng. "Enquire", can be loosely translated as "Interrogator"), which used hypertext to access documents. From 1981-84 he worked at Image Computer Systems Ltd as a system architect. In 1984, having moved to CERN, he started developing distributed systems for collecting scientific data (he worked on the FASTBUS system and developed his own RPC system - Remote Procedure Call). In 1989, Berners-Lee proposed to the leadership a global hypertext project, now known as the World Wide Web (a term coined by himself), which was approved and implemented. It is based on the Enquire program used to exchange scientific information on hypertext web pages using the TCP/IP data transfer protocol [a set of network data transfer protocols used in networks, including the Internet; originates from the two protocols Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), which were developed and described first in this standard]. In 1991–93, Berners-Lee continued work on the World Wide Web; first proposed for wide discussion his first specifications URI (Uniform Resource Identifier), HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), and HTML (HyperText Markup Language). As part of the project, Berners-Lee wrote the world's first "httpd" web server and the world's first hypertext web browser called "WorldWideWeb". This browser was also a WYSIWYG editor (English WYSIWYG from What You See Is What You Get, “what you see is what you get”). The program worked in the NeXTStep environment and began to spread over the Internet in the summer of 1991. In 1994, he left CERN and went to work as a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he founded « World Wide Web Consortium » (World Wide Web Consortium, W3C), which began to develop and implement technological standards for the World Wide Web. The goal of the organization was declared to be the full disclosure of the potential of the World Wide Web, as well as ensuring its development in the future. Berners-Lee has repeatedly stated that the Internet is still at the very beginning of its development and he called the Semantic Web the future of the Internet, which will facilitate machine data processing on the network by organizing information posted on the Internet.
On July 16, 2004, Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain made Tim Berners-Lee a Knight Commander for "service to the global development of the Internet." In June 2009, British Prime Minister G. Brown appointed Berners-Lee as Cabinet Adviser. In this position, he worked for six months on the dissemination of open government information.
Sir Berners-Lee is an honorary professor at many universities around the world, including Columbia (2001), Oxford (2001), Manchester (2008), Polytechnic University of Madrid (2009), Harvard University (2011) and others; is a distinguished member of the British Computer Society, an honorary member of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, an honorary member of the Society for Technical Communication, a member of the G. Marconi Foundation, a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering, a member of the American Philosophical Society, a foreign member of the US National Academy of Sciences . Berners-Lee was one of six people inducted into the World Wide Web Hall of Fame (1994), proclaimed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (1997), included in Time magazine's "100 Greatest Minds of the Century" list (1999), along with A. Hoffman topped the list of the greatest living geniuses according to the Daily Telegraph (2007), inducted into the IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Artificial Intelligence Hall of Fame for "significant contributions to the field of artificial intelligence and intelligent systems" (2011). Berners-Lee is the best-selling author of Weaving the Web: Origins and Future of the World Wide Web, Texere Publishing, 1999, in which he talks about the process of creating the Web, its concept and his vision of the development of the Internet, and Spinning the Semantic Web: Bringing the World Wide Web to Its Full Potential, The MIT Press, 2005), in this book he reveals the concept of the Semantic Web, in which he sees the future of the Internet.
Berners-Lee has received many awards of various, including international, levels: Program Systems Award of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM, 1995), Japan Prize from the Science and Technology Foundation (2002); the IEEE Computer and Communications Koji Kobayashi Award; first prize "Technology of the Millennium" (2004); British Commonwealth Award for Outstanding Contribution to Mass Communications (2005); American Academy of Achievement Award (2007); Order of Merit (2007); Wolfson and J.C. Maxwell Prize (IIEE/RSE) for the development of the World Wide Web (2008); Webby Award for Lifetime Achievement (2009), Lovelace Medal from the British Computer Society (2007); the Niels Bohr medal from UNESCO (2010) and others.