Abacus handheld computer. Abacus - the first ancient Russian calculator

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Abacus

The development of European and Asian states and the strengthening of trade ties between them led to the need to create a device that would facilitate calculations when making trade transactions and collecting taxes. As a result, the Abacus device was created, known among almost all nations. It was first used in Babylon (around the 6th century BC).

This device was a wooden plank sprinkled with sand, on which grooves were made. These grooves contained pebbles or tokens that indicated numbers.

The appearance of the Babylonian abacus can be restored by analyzing the principles of Babylonian counting. At that time, the sexagesimal positional system was used, i.e. each digit of the number contained 60 units, and depending on its place in the number, each digit indicated either the number of units or tens, and so on. Since it was difficult to place 60 pebbles in each groove, the grooves were divided into two parts: in one, pebbles were placed that counted tens (no more than five), and in the other, pebbles that counted units (no more than nine).

In this case, the number of pebbles in the first groove indicated the number of units, in the second - tens, and so on. If in one groove the number counted by the pebbles exceeded 59, then the pebbles were removed and one pebble was placed in the next groove.

In ancient Rome, the abacus was improved and, in addition to stone slabs, bronze, ivory and colored glass were used. The vertical grooves in the Roman abacus were divided into 2 parts. The grooves in the lower field were used for counting from one to 5; if 5 balls were collected in the lower groove, then one ball was added to the upper compartment, and all the balls were removed from the lower one.

The Neapolitan Museum of Antiquities houses a Roman abacus, which is a board with slots cut along which pebbles were moved. There were eight long slits on the board and eight short ones located above the long ones. Above each long slit there is a symbol describing the purpose of the slit (from left to right):

Means that the slot is used to deposit the million discharge.

Means that the slot is used to deposit hundreds of thousands discharge.

Means that the slot is used to deposit tens of thousands discharge.

Means that the slot is used to deposit thousands place.

Indicates that the slot is used to deposit the hundreds place.

Indicates that the slot is used to deposit tens digits.

Indicates that the slot is used to deposit the ones digit.

Means that this slot is used to deposit ounces (zero to twelve).

Up to four balls were placed on the seven long left slits, each of which was equal to a unit of the corresponding digit of the number. Up to one ball was placed on the seven left short slits, indicating five discharge units. The eighth long strip (which served to count ounces) contained up to five balls, each of which designated a unit of the ounce. The eighth short contained up to one ball, indicating six units.

In addition, on the board on the right there were two more short slots with one ball and one long slot with two balls. Near these slits there were marks that meant:

Half an ounce

Quarter ounce

Sixth of an ounce

Abacus was also known in Greece. In 1846, on the Greek island of Salamis, a marble abacus was found in the form of a slab measuring 105x75 cm, dating back to the 3rd century BC. This abacus was named after the island on which it was found - the “Salaminian Board”.

The Salamis board was used for fivefold notation, which is confirmed by the letter designations on it. Pebbles symbolizing the ranks of numbers were placed only between the lines. The columns located on the left side of the slab were used to count drachmas and talents, and on the right - for fractions of drachmas (obols and halqas).

Around X-XI, the Aztecs invented their own type of abacus. Threads containing corn kernels were pulled through the wooden frame. The frame was divided into two parts. In one part three grains were strung on threads, in the other - four. To work with the Aztec abacus, they used their own special counting system.

In European countries, abacus began to spread in the 10th century. A number of works by Bernellini, Lansky and other authors devoted to abacus calculations and dating back to the 10th-12th centuries have survived to this day. The most famous are the works of the French scientist and clergyman Herbert, which describe in detail the rules of working with the abacus: multiplication, division, addition and subtraction.

Gerber proposed improving the abacus from 12 columns to 27, which made it possible to operate with huge numbers (up to ten to the twenty-seventh power). Also in this abacus three additional columns were introduced for counting money and other measures. During Herbert's time, many schools taught the art of working with the abacus, and many manuals were created for working with the device, thanks to which it became widespread and was used until the 18th century.

“First,” or initial, literacy in Rus' is associated with learning basic writing and arithmetic. The discovery of birch bark letters in 1951 put this problem on a fundamental basis, which has relatively accurate sources. The question of “second literacy” based on the use of computing devices has not yet been raised. Meanwhile, it is known that in many countries of the East and West, the abacus, the simplest calculating “machine,” has been used since ancient times. And now we managed to establish that in Rus' (already in the 2nd half of the 11th century!) there was also an abacus. Moreover, as part of some of the lists of “Russkaya Pravda”, a problem book was preserved, according to which children were taught to count on it. These tasks were initially perceived by researchers not as educational tasks in the school practice of that time, but as a kind of entertainment that arose in a narrow circle of ancient Russian “number lovers.” But the role of this problem book was more important.

What was the ancient Russian abacus? It was the predecessor of the well-known device - the abacus - that developed in Russia around the 16th century, and had a certain similarity with it, although the abacus did not have the usual wooden frame and rods with counting knuckles. Counting on it could be done with plum and cherry pits (or other small objects) scattered on a flat surface. The bones were arranged in horizontal rows, as later in the abacus. Only they have ten dominoes on each rod, and the ancient Russian calculator used, like many medieval mathematicians, at each counting level no more than six tiles, and one of them was equal to five, located on the left, at some distance from the unit tiles.

There was another important difference. On the abacus, depending on the specific task, addition, subtraction, multiplication or division of given numbers is performed. The Old Russian abacus was intended to obtain a certain computational result, bypassing multiplication and division. With its help, the cost of a product was determined for a given quantity and price per unit.

The process of counting on the ancient Russian abacus should have had common features with how it was carried out among other peoples. But the originality of the ancient Russian abacus lay not only in the fact that the calculator got rid of division, which was difficult at that time, but also in the fact that the desired result was obtained in local money. Thus, we are talking not about the simple fact of acquaintance in Rus' with a certain type of medieval abacus, but about the development of a computing device for the practical needs of converting money into money used at that time.

The Old Russian abacus belongs to a type of specialized “calculators” programmed to solve a certain class of problems. It “produced” the result after performing a series of simple counting operations performed manually. The gain consisted in obtaining results through operations that were inadequate in complexity and in a fairly short period of time. On the reconstructed type of abacus, doubling and addition could be done without much difficulty, having mastered counting skills in the range of 10-20, since simple units, of which there were no more than five at each counting level, and separately tiles-fives were doubled and added separately. All counting operations at each level of the abacus were performed in the same way, so the size of the initial numbers did not play a fundamental role in increasing the complexity of counting. Obviously, working with numbers of the order of tens and hundreds of thousands, which made up a significant part of the numerical material of the problems, was accessible to 12-14-year-old students in Rus'.

Usually, abacus is considered as a secondary, additional means compared to “written” methods of counting. The rationalization that was achieved by using the abacus was seen in the replacement of the pen with mechanical operations and the benefit that the speed of moving counting elements (pebbles, seeds, etc.) could provide. The idea of rationalizing computational work based on increasing the counting speed found implementation first in an adding machine, and then in a computer. In connection with the improvement of computers, the problem of machine language and programming arose. Its solution revealed the independent mathematical significance of programming as a way to rationalize counting.

The use of abacus in the world since ancient times is associated with the advantages provided by its programmability in certain systems of named numbers. The Old Russian abacus shows how this advantage is specifically manifested by the example of converting kindness into money. This conclusion was made possible by the fact that the tasks from “Russkaya Pravda” were analyzed from an educational and pedagogical point of view. Thus, in this case, the ideas of pedagogy acted as a methodological tool that led to an important historical and cultural discovery.

The reconstruction of an ancient Russian specialized calculator, which was used already in the 2nd half of the 11th century, that is, long before the abacus, is comparable to the discovery of birch bark letters, which proved the overall high level of literacy in Rus'. Learning to count on the abacus testifies to the existence of a “second literacy” in Ancient Rus', which strengthened the intellectual capabilities of creative activity, which contributed to an increase in the level of culture of pre-Mongol Rus' as a whole.

All of the above was based on the assumption that in Rus' in the 11th century, calculations were carried out using fruit seeds. No matter how convincing the analysis of the arithmetic problem book from Russkaya Pravda based on it was, it could not cancel other explanations excluding the use of abacus, since there was no direct evidence of its existence. Therefore, the archaeological discovery of clear traces of the use of archaic abacus in Rus' is of extremely important historical and cultural significance. And now we can talk about such a find, made many years ago, but information about which, however, has not yet gone beyond a narrow circle of archaeological researchers.

In 1985, archaeologists under the leadership of M.V. Sedova and M.A. Saburova excavated Slavic burials of the 11th century near the village of Novoselki, Suzdal region. In one of them, the skeleton of a young man was discovered, who at waist level had a leather wallet decorated with two bronze ornamented plaques. On the back of the wallet there were wire spikes and a buckle for attaching to a belt. The wallet contained the following items: an iron weight, a quarter of a silver coin and fruit pits - three cherry and one plum. The remaining accompanying items - a bronze ring and ring, an iron knife - indicate the average social status of the buried person. What is original is the presence of the wallet and its contents. Girka suggests that the deceased had a profession related to the weighing operation. Apparently, the man was a merchant, tax collector, or inspector of the correctness of trade transactions. In any case, he had to count well, and he did this with the help of fruit seeds.

Is there written evidence that Russians used fruit seeds, which they carried in wallets, for counting? One such evidence dates back to the second half of the 16th century and belongs to Heinrich Staden, who was a member of the guardsmen of Ivan the Terrible. He notes in his memoirs that Russians use cherry and plum pits for counting. Another evidence was left by the famous traveler and scientist Adam Olearius, who visited Russia in the first half of the 17th century. He wrote that in Rus', plum pits, used for counting, are carried with you in a small bag. At the same time, the foreigner emphasized the professional skills of Russian computers. Consequently, the find of archaeologists is consistent with the data from written sources: even after centuries, the tradition of counting with fruit seeds was preserved.

The main thing is that there is no doubt that already in the 11th century, “counting with dice” existed in Rus', recorded in the 17th century in “Numerical Counting Wisdom” as the name of one of the types of archaic abacus. Written sources merged with material monuments, jointly “highlighting” an amazing phenomenon of ancient Russian culture - the use of a medieval calculator, and with it the problem of “second literacy” in Rus'.

Abacus in various regions

Ancient Babylon

First appeared probably in Ancient Babylon ca. 3 thousand BC e. Originally it was a board cut into strips or with indentations made. Counting marks (pebbles, bones) moved along lines or indentations. In the 5th century BC e. in Egypt, instead of lines and indentations, they began to use sticks and wire with stringed pebbles.

Ancient India

The peoples of India also used abacus. The Arabs became acquainted with the abacus from the peoples they subjugated. The titles of many Arabic arithmetic manuals include words from the root " dust».

Western Europe, VIII-X centuries

Among the Eastern Arabs, as well as among the Indians, the abacus was soon supplanted by Indian numbering, but it was firmly held by the Western Arabs, who captured Spain at the end of the 8th century. In the 10th century, the Frenchman Herbert (-) became acquainted with counting on abacus here, wrote a book about it (-) and promoted the use of abacus himself and through his students. Instead of pebbles, when counting on the abacus, tokens were used with numerical signs inscribed on them, or Roman numerals, or special numerical signs - apexes. Herbert's apexes are close in shape to the gobar numerals of Western Arabs. Herbert's apexes and his 27-column abacus, a subject of surprise to his contemporaries (reproduced in restored form from various manuscripts by Professor N. M. Bubnov, professor of history at Kyiv University, early 20th century). Through the efforts of Herbert's numerous students and followers and thanks to his influence as Pope (Sylvester II, -), the abacus became widespread in Europe. Traces of this spread remained, among other things, in various languages. English verb to checker, or checker, means graphite- the word from the same root is called cellular matter, the check, or check- bank check, exchequer- Treasury Department . The last term comes from the fact that in the bank, calculations were carried out on an abacus, the basis of which was a graphed board. Until recently the English State Treasury was called Chessboard Chamber- on the checkered cloth that covered the meeting table. The checkered tablecloth served as an abacus for calculations. Originating in the 12th century Chessboard Chamber was the supreme financial authority and the highest court in financial matters until 1873.

Far East

In Eastern countries, the Chinese analogue of abacus - suanpan and the Japanese analogue - soroban are common.

Russia, XVI century

Notes

Literature

Depman I. Ya. History of arithmetic. M.: Education, 1965, p. 79-88.

Links

// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Synonyms:

See what "Abacus" is in other dictionaries:

- (arch.) Abacus (device for computing). (Greek abax, abakion, Latin abacus board, counting board), 1) a counting board used for arithmetic calculations in Ancient Greece, Rome, then in Western Europe until the 18th century. The board was divided into... ... Collier's Encyclopedia

- (from the Greek abax board), the top plate of the capital of a column, half-column, pilaster. In classical architectural orders, the abacus usually has a square outline with straight lines (in the Doric and Ionic orders) or concave (in the Corinthian order). Art encyclopedia

abacus- a, m, ABAKA and, g. abaque m., it. abaco lat. abacus gr. abax, abakos. 1. architect. In Architectural art Top slab and column capitals. Elevation 1789 The abacus is the upper part of the main pillar; otherwise the board is called.. Slab in stone,... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

A. Mechanical wooden, bone or stone abacus, which is a device with moving along several guide plates, thanks to which calculations were made. Used in Europe and Arab countries until the middle of the 18th century... ... Dictionary of business terms

- (from the Greek abax board), 1) a board for arithmetic calculations, divided into strips, where pebbles and bones were moved (as in Russian abacus), in Ancient Greece, Rome, then in Western Europe until the 18th century. 2) In classical architectural orders... ... Modern encyclopedia

- (from the Greek abax board) 1) a board divided into strips on which pebbles and bones were moved (as in Russian abacus), for arithmetic calculations in Dr. Greece, Rome, then to the West. Europe until the 18th century.2) In architectural orders, the top plate of the capital... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

ABAC, a counting device used in the Middle and Far East for addition and subtraction. The most common form of abacus consists of beads strung on a stretched wire and forming columns corresponding to the digits of units... ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

In the ancient Turkic language it means elder brother, uncle. Among the Mongols: a statue that is worshiped, an idol. Tatar, Turkic, Muslim male names. Glossary of terms... Dictionary of personal names

Complexes for measuring and computing the flow and quantity of liquids and gases "ABAC+" (hereinafter referred to as IVK) are designed for: measurement, conversion, registration, processing, control, storage and indication of process parameters in real time, by measuring signals coming from volumetric and mass flow meters, moisture meters and measuring transducers of density, viscosity, pressure, pressure difference, temperature, level and any other parameters of the flow of liquids and gases, as well as signals coming from thermoelectric converters in accordance with GOST 6616-94 and resistance thermal converters in accordance with GOST 6651-2009 ; performing alarm functions within established limits; transmitting the values of technological process parameters by reproducing output analog signals of DC power and voltage and output digital signals; reception, processing and generation of output discrete signals; performing the functions of an analytical controller for a chromatograph; calculation of calorific value, relative density, Wobbe number and energy content of natural gas according to GOST 31369-2008 and PR 50.2.019-2006; determining the dew point temperature of natural gas in water according to GOST R 53763-2009; bringing the volumetric flow rate (volume) of natural and associated (free) petroleum gases (in accordance with GOST R 8.615-2005 and GOST R 8.733-2011) (hereinafter referred to as APG) under operating conditions to standard conditions in accordance with GOST 2939-63; calculation of the volumetric flow rate (volume) of natural gas and APG, reduced to standard conditions, on restriction devices installed in pipelines in accordance with GOST 8.586.1-2005, GOST 8.586.2-2005, GOST 8.586.4-2005, GOST 8.586.5 -2005 and averaging pressure tubes “ANNUBAR DIAMOND II+”, “ANNUBAR 285”, “ANNUBAR 485” and “ANNUBAR 585” in accordance with MI 2667-2011; calculation of mass flow (mass) of oil and oil products, liquid hydrocarbon media in accordance with GOST R 8.595-2004 and GOST R 8.615-2005 based on the results of measurements with Coriolis (mass) flow measuring transducers, as well as turbine or ultrasonic flow measuring transducers complete with measuring density, pressure and temperature converters; bringing the volume and density of oil, petroleum products, liquid hydrocarbon media to standard conditions in accordance with GOST R 8.595-2004; calculation of mass flow (mass) of single-phase liquids and gases with homogeneous physical properties based on the results of measurements with Coriolis (mass) flow measuring transducers.

Description

IVK is produced in three versions: according to TU InKS.425210.001, InKS.425210.002 and InKS.425210.003. The IVC consists of a processor with built-in coprocessors, a display and a keyboard built into the case.

Depending on the selected configuration, the IVK may have digital communication ports RS232/RS485, USB, an Ethernet communication interface (10/100BaseT), pulse input counters, input/output modules for analog and frequency signals with support for a hot-swappable mechanism.

The IVK according to TU InKS.425210.003 provides for the possibility of implementing process control algorithms.

The principle of operation of the IVK is to measure and convert input signals coming from measuring transducers of flow (vortex, turbine, rotary, ultrasonic, Coriolis (mass)), pressure, pressure difference, temperature, input signals of thermoelectric converters according to GOST 6616-94 and resistance thermometers according to GOST 6651-2009 (for IVK according to TU InKS.425210.002), frequency measuring signals from density measuring transducers.

Thus, the IVK provides measurement of the following flow parameters:

Natural gas and APG: volume flow (volume) under operating conditions, pressure, temperature, pressure drop on standard orifice devices (diaphragm according to GOST 8.586.2-2005 and Venturi pipe according to GOST 8.586.4-2005) or on averaging pressure tubes " ANNUBAR" according to MI 2667-2011;

Oil and petroleum products, liquid hydrocarbon media: mass flow (mass), volumetric flow (volume) under operating conditions, density under operating conditions, pressure, temperature;

Single-phase liquids with homogeneous physical properties: mass flow (mass), density under operating conditions, pressure, temperature.

IVK calculates the volume flow (volume) of natural gas and APG, reduced to standard conditions, and the mass flow (mass) of liquid using the variable pressure drop method in accordance with the calculation algorithms given in GOST 8.586.2-2005, GOST 8.586.4- 2005, GOST 8.586.5-2005 and MI 2667-2011.

IVK brings the volumetric flow rate (volume) of natural gas and APG under operating conditions to standard conditions in accordance with GOST 2939-63, by automatically electronically correcting the readings of flow measuring transducers: vortex, turbine, rotary, ultrasonic for temperature and pressure of the measured medium (natural gas and APG), the compressibility coefficient of the measured medium (natural gas) in accordance with GOST R 8.740-2011 and PR 50.2.019-2006 for volumetric flow converters.

Calculation of the physical properties of natural gas is carried out by IVK in accordance with GOST 30319.096, GOST 30319.1-96, GOST 30319.2-96 and GOST 30319.3-96. The compressibility coefficient of natural gas is calculated by IVK using any of the four methods presented in GOST 30319.2-96: modified method NX19 mod., modified equation of state GERG-91 mod., equation of state VNITs SMV, equation of state AGA8-92 DC.

Calculation of the physical properties of APG is carried out by IVK in accordance with GSSSD MR 113-03. Calculation of the calorific value, relative density, Wobbe number and energy content of natural gas is carried out by IVK in accordance with GOST 31369-2008 and PR 50.2.019-2006; Determination of the dew point temperature of natural gas from water is carried out by IVK in accordance with GOST R 53763-2009.

IVC calculates mass flow (mass), bringing the volume and density of oil, petroleum products, liquid hydrocarbon media to standard conditions in accordance with GOST R 8.595-2004.

The IVK allows you to keep track of the volumetric flow rate (volume) of natural gas and APG, reduced to standard conditions, the mass flow rate (mass) of oil, petroleum products, liquid hydrocarbon media, single-phase liquids with homogeneous physical properties using no more than three measuring lines for the IVK according to specifications InKS.425210.001, no more than six - for IVK according to TU InKS.425210.002 and no more than twelve - for IVK according to TU InKS.425210.003.

IVK ABAC+ according to specifications

InKS.425210.001 and IVK ABAC+ according to TU InKS.425210.003

InKS.425210.002

The software ensures the implementation of the functions of the IVK. The IVK software is divided into metrologically significant and metrologically insignificant parts. The first stores all procedures, functions and subroutines that perform registration, processing, storage, control, indication and transmission of the results of measurements and calculations of the IVK; as well as software protection and identification. The second stores all libraries, procedures and routines for interaction with the operating system and peripheral devices (not related to measurements and calculations of the CPI).

Protection of IVK software from unintentional and intentional changes and ensuring its compliance with the approved type is carried out by separating, identifying and protecting against unauthorized access to the software.

Table 1

Identification of the IVK software is carried out by displaying the structure of identification data on the display. The part of this structure related to the identification of a metrologically significant part of the IVK software is a hash sum (checksum) over the significant parts.

The IVK software is protected from unauthorized access, changing algorithms and set parameters by entering a login and password, and maintaining a read-only event log. Access to the metrologically significant part of the IVK software is closed to the user. When changing the set parameters (initial data) in the IVK software, confirmation of changes is provided, changes are checked for compliance with the requirements of the implemented algorithms, while messages about events (changes) are recorded in the event log, which is read-only. Data containing measurement results are protected from any distortion by coding. IVC software has security level C.

Name
Name	InKS.425210.	InKS.425210.	InKS.425210.
Input ranges
voltage, V	from 0 to 5 from 1 to 5	from 0 to 5 from 1 to 5 from 0 to 10
DC current, mA		from 0 to 5 from 0 to 20 from 4 to 20
pulse, Hz	from 0 to 12000
frequency, Hz	from 0 to 12000
thermoelectric converters according to GOST 6616-94 with a nominal static characteristic (NSC): With output signal, mV		from minus 200 to 760 from minus 230 to 1370 from minus 240 to 1000 from minus 240 to 400 ± 80
resistance thermometers according to GOST 66512009 (type Pt100): Temperature, °C Resistance, Ohm		from minus 200 to 800 from 0 to 500
Output ranges
voltage, V		from 0 to 10 from 0 to 5 from 1 to 5 from 2 to 10
DC current, mA		from 0 to 5 from 4 to 20 from 0 to 20
Limits of the permissible reduced error of the IVK when converting the input analog signal into the value of the measured physical quantity
voltage: Main, % Additional, %/°С Under operating conditions, %
DC power: Main, % Additional, %/°С Under operating conditions, %

Name
Name	InKS.425210.	InKS.425210.	InKS.425210.
thermoelectric converter according to GOST 6616 with nominal static characteristic (NSC): With output signal ± 80 mV, %
resistance thermometer according to GOST R 8.625 (type Pt100): Temperature, % Resistance, %
Limits of permissible error of the IVK when converting the input frequency signal into the value of the measured physical quantity
absolute, Hz absolute, units of the smallest size. relative: Main, % Additional, %/°С
Limits of the permissible reduced error of the IVK when converting the value of a physical quantity into an output analog signal
voltage: Main, % Additional, %/°С Under operating conditions, %
DC power Main, % Additional, %/°С Under operating conditions, %
Limits of permissible absolute error of the IVK when converting the input pulse signal into the value of the measured physical quantity, number of pulses per 10,000 pulses
Limits of permissible relative error of the IVK when measuring a time interval, %
Limits of permissible relative error of the IVK:
when calculating the volumetric flow rate (volume) of natural gas and APG, reduced to standard conditions, %
when bringing the volumetric flow rate (volume) of natural gas and APG under operating conditions to standard conditions, %
when calculating the mass flow (mass) of oil and petroleum products, liquid hydrocarbon media, single-phase liquids with homogeneous physical properties, %

Name
	InKS.425210.	InKS.425210.	InKS.425210.
terms of Use
ambient temperature, °C		from minus 40 to 60	from minus 40 to 70
normal ambient temperature, °C
relative humidity, %	from 5 to 95 without condensation
atmospheric pressure, kPa	from 84 to 106.7
Supply voltage (DC source), V
Power consumption, W, no more
Overall dimensions, mm, no more
Weight, kg, no more
Mean time between failures, hours, not less
Average service life, years, not less

Notes:

* - error at normal ambient temperature;

** - additional error caused by a change in ambient temperature for every 1°C from normal (for IVK according to TU InKS.425210.001 and InKS.425210.003);

*** - error at ambient temperature different from normal (for IVK according to TU InKS.425210.002).

Type approval mark

applied to the IVK body using silk-screen printing and to the title page of the passport using printing.

Completeness

Table 3

Name	Quantity
Complexes for measuring and computing the flow and quantity of liquids and gases "ABAC+".
Complexes for measuring and computing the flow and quantity of liquids and gases "ABAC+". Manual.
Complexes for measuring and computing the flow and quantity of liquids and gases "ABAC+". Passport.
Instructions. GSI. Complexes for measuring and computing the flow and quantity of liquids and gases "ABAC+". Verification method.
Configuration software “Interface of the complex for measuring and computing flow and quantity of liquids and gases “ABAC+”.

Verification

carried out according to the document MP 17-30138-2012 “Instructions. GSI. Complexes for measuring and computing the flow and quantity of liquids and gases "ABAC+". Verification methodology”, approved by the GCI SI LLC “STP” on September 18, 2012.

List of basic verification tools (standards):

Multifunctional calibrator MC5-R.

Information about measurement methods

The measurement procedure is described in the operating manual.

Regulatory documents establishing requirements for IVK

1. GOST 2939-63 “Gases. Conditions for determining volume."

2. GOST 30319.0-96 “Natural gas. Methods for calculating physical properties. General provisions."

3. GOST 30319.1-96 “Natural gas. Methods for calculating physical properties. Determination of the physical properties of natural gas, its components and products of its processing.”

4. GOST 30319.2-96 “Natural gas. Methods for calculating physical properties. Determination of the compressibility coefficient."

5. GOST 30319.3-96 “Natural gas. Methods for calculating physical properties. Determination of physical properties using the equation of state.”

6. GOST 31369-2008 “Natural gas. Calculation of calorific value, density, relative density and Wobbe number based on component composition.”

7. GOST 6616-94 “Thermoelectric converters. General technical conditions".

8. GOST 6651-2009 “GSI. Resistance thermal converters made of platinum, copper and nickel. General technical requirements and test methods".

9. GOST 8.586.1-2005 “GSI. Measurement of flow and quantity of liquids and gases using standard restriction devices. The principle of the measurement method and general requirements."

10. GOST 8.586.2-2005 “GSI. Measurement of flow and quantity of liquids and gases using standard restriction devices. Diaphragms. Technical requirements".

11. GOST 8.586.4-2005 “GSI. Measurement of flow and quantity of liquids and gases using standard restriction devices. Venturi tubes. Technical requirements".

12. GOST 8.586.5-2005 “GSI. Measurement of flow and quantity of liquids and gases using standard restriction devices. Methodology for performing measurements."

13. GOST R 8.585-2001 “GSI. Thermocouples. Nominal static characteristics of transformation".

14. GOST R 8.615-2005 “GSI. Measuring the amount of oil and petroleum gas extracted from the subsurface. General metrological and technical requirements".

15. GOST R 8.733-2011 “GSI. Systems for measuring the quantity and parameters of free petroleum gas. General metrological and technical requirements".

16. GOST R 8.740-2011 “GSI. Gas consumption and quantity. Measurement technique using turbine, rotary and vortex flowmeters and counters.”

17. GOST R 8.595-2004 “GSI. Mass of oil and petroleum products. General requirements for measurement techniques."

18. GOST R 53763-2009 “Natural flammable gases. Determination of dew point temperature from water."

19. GSSSD MR 113-03 “GSSSD Methodology. Determination of density, compressibility factor, adiabatic index and dynamic viscosity coefficient of wet petroleum gas in the temperature range 263...500 K at pressures up to 15 MPa."

20. PR 50.2.019-2006 “GSOEI. Methodology for performing measurements using turbine, rotary and vortex counters.”

22. InKS.425210.001 TU “Complexes for measuring and computing the flow and quantity of liquids and gases “ABAC+”. Technical conditions".

23. InKS.425210.002 TU “Complexes for measuring and computing the flow and quantity of liquids and gases “ABAC+”. Technical specifications"

24. InKS.425210.003 TU “Complexes for measuring and computing the flow and quantity of liquids and gases “ABAC+”. Technical conditions".

Carrying out government accounting operations, trade and commodity exchange operations.

Abacus handheld computer. Abacus - the first ancient Russian calculator

Abacus

Similar documents

Abacus in various regions

Ancient Babylon

Ancient India

Western Europe, VIII-X centuries

Far East

Russia, XVI century

see also

Notes

Literature

Links

See what "Abacus" is in other dictionaries:

Description

Type approval mark

Completeness

Verification

Information about measurement methods

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